A new aphid genus Neoaulacorthum (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Macrosiphini), determined by molecular and morphometric analyses

2010 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Lee ◽  
H. Kim ◽  
S. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Congeneric Species ◽  
Morphometric Analyses

AbstractWe performed molecular and morphological analyses to determine the generic limit of the genus Aulacorthum, including several species with controversial taxonomic histories. The sequences of four mitochondrial genes, COI, COII, srRNA and lrRNA, and one nuclear gene, EF1a, implied that Aulacorthum is not monophyletic, with Aulacorthum magnoliae and Aulacorthum nipponicum forming a clade that is not sister to other currently recognized Aulacorthum species. Morphometric analysis based on 20 morphological characters also showed that A. magnoliae and A. nipponicum exhibited morphological characteristics distinct from congeneric species. Based on these results, we propose a new genus, Neoaulacorthum ge. n., for A. magnoliae and A. nipponicum.

scholarly journals Cryptophyllium, the hidden leaf insects – descriptions of a new leaf insect genus and thirteen species from the former celebicum species group (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae)

ZooKeys ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1018 ◽  
pp. 1-179
Author(s):  
Royce T. Cumming ◽  
Sarah Bank ◽  
Joachim Bresseel ◽  
Jérôme Constant ◽  
Stéphane Le Tirant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yunnan Province ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Guangxi Province ◽  
Siem Reap ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Cryptic Taxa

While the leaf insects (Phylliidae) are a well-supported group within Phasmatodea, the genus Phyllium Illiger, 1798 has repeatedly been recovered as paraphyletic. Here, the Phyllium (Phyllium) celebicum species group is reviewed and its distinctiveness from the remaining Phylliini genera and subgenera in a phylogenetic context based on morphological review and a phylogenetic analysis of three genes (nuclear gene 28S and mitochondrial genes COI and 16S) from most known and multiple undescribed species is shown. A new genus, Cryptophylliumgen. nov., is erected to partially accommodate the former members of the celebicum species group. Two species, Phyllium ericoriaiHennemann et al., 2009 and Phyllium bonifacioi Lit & Eusebio, 2014 morphologically and molecularly do not fall within this clade and are therefore left within Phyllium (Phyllium). The transfer of the remaining celebicum group members from Phyllium Illiger, 1798 to this new genus creates the following new combinations; Cryptophyllium athanysus (Westwood, 1859), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium celebicum (de Haan, 1842), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium chrisangi (Seow-Choen, 2017), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium drunganum (Yang, 1995), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium oyae (Cumming & Le Tirant, 2020), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium parum (Liu, 1993), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium rarum (Liu, 1993), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium tibetense (Liu, 1993), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium westwoodii (Wood-Mason, 1875), comb. nov.; Cryptophyllium yapicum (Cumming & Teemsma, 2018), comb. nov.; and Cryptophyllium yunnanense (Liu, 1993), comb. nov. The review of specimens belonging to this clade also revealed 13 undescribed species, which are described within as: Cryptophyllium animatumgen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Quang Nam Province; Cryptophyllium bankoigen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Quang Ngai, Thua Thien Hue, Da Nang, Gia Lai, Quang Nam, and Dak Nong Provinces; Cryptophyllium bollensigen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Ninh Thuan Province; Cryptophyllium daparogen. et sp. nov. from China: Yunnan Province; Cryptophyllium echidnagen. et sp. nov. from Indonesia: Wangi-wangi Island; Cryptophyllium faulknerigen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Quang Ngai and Lam Dong Provinces; Cryptophyllium icarusgen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Lam Dong and Dak Lak Provinces; Cryptophyllium khmergen. et sp. nov. from Cambodia: Koh Kong and Siem Reap Provinces; Cryptophyllium limogesigen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Lam Dong, Dak Lak, and Dak Nong Provinces; Cryptophyllium liyananaegen. et sp. nov. from China: Guangxi Province; Cryptophyllium nuichuaensegen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Ninh Thuan Province; Cryptophyllium phamigen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Dong Nai and Ninh Thuan Provinces; and Cryptophyllium wennaegen. et sp. nov. from China: Yunnan Province. All newly described species are morphologically described, illustrated, and molecularly compared to congenerics. With the molecular results revealing cryptic taxa, it was found necessary for Cryptophyllium westwoodii (Wood-Mason, 1875), comb. nov. to have a neotype specimen designated to allow accurate differentiation from congenerics. To conclude, male and female dichotomous keys to species for the Cryptophylliumgen. nov. are presented.

Caelestium (Polygonaceae, Polygoneae), evidence bаsed on morphology

2019 ◽  
pp. 80-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. V. Yurtseva ◽  
G. A. Lazkov ◽  
U. A. Ukrainskaja ◽  
A. G. Deviatov
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Structure ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Life Form ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Tien Shan ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Its1 And Its2

Morphological characters and fruit anatomy were analysed for distinguishing the new genus Caelestium, containing C. lazkovii (= Bactria lazkovii), endemic of the Central Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan), and C. tianschanicum (= Polygonum tianschanicum), endemic of the Eastern Tien Shan (Xinjiang, China), from the genus Bactria in its updated circumscription, now containing only B. ovczinnikovii, endemic of the Pamir (Tajikistan). The genus Caelestium was established based on the results of molecular analyses and the details of the secondary structure of pre-rRNA of the ITS1 and ITS2 loci, but its morphology is poorly known. The morphological characteristics of Bactria and Caelestium were compared, and the anatomy of fruit was examined for these taxa and some species of Persepolium and Atraphaxis. Caelestium lazkovii and C. tianschanicum share the morphology of their leaf blades, perianth, fruits and styles, but differ in the color of annual shoots, the size of the perianth and fruits. They resemble Bactria ovczinnikovii in their life form, morphology of shoots, ochreas, inflorescences, and sporoderm ornamentation, but differ from the latter in the shape of leaf blades, fruits, and styles, micromorphology of tepals, and exocarp structure. SEM and LM images illustrating morphological characters are provided. The geographic ranges of the taxa are presented on the distribution map. Morphological characteristics distinguishing Caelestium and Bactria from Atraphaxis, Persepolium, and Polygonum are discussed.

scholarly journals Arceuthobium tsugense (Viscaceae): four subspecies with contrasting morphologies and host distributions

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-390
Author(s):  
Robert L. Mathiasen ◽  
Shawn C. Kenaley
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Analyses ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Discriminant Function Analyses

There have been four subspecies of hemlock dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium tsugense: Viscaceae) described by various investigators of this complex group of parasitic flowering plants: subsp. tsugense, subsp. amabilae, subsp. contortae, and subsp. mertensianae. As suggested by their subspecific epithets, these taxa differ in their host affinities; parasitizing different and the same hosts to varying degrees. Although these taxa also have morphological differences, their classifica-tion has been under debate for many years. Therefore, we compared the morphological characteristics of each subspecies using both univariate and multivariate statistical analyses in order to better assess their differences. Because some investigators have grouped hemlock dwarf mistletoe with western dwarf mistletoe (A. campylopodum), we also compared the subspecies of hemlock dwarf mistletoe with western dwarf mistletoe. Our morphometric analyses demonstrated that all of the subspecies are morphologically distinct from western dwarf mistletoe and that subsp. contortae is the most morphologically differentiated of the subspecies. Overlap in the morphological characters across two of the other three subspecies was evident; yet, subsp. amabilae and subsp. mertensianae were also consistently delimited using female and male plant morphologies. Statistical comparisons of female or male plants via standard and stepwise discriminant function analyses demonstrated that without consideration of host plant, female and male A. tsugense subsp. tsugense are morphologically similar to corresponding plants of subsp. amabilae and mertensianae but not subsp. contortae or A. campylopodum.

scholarly journals A phylogenetic review of the North American band-winged grasshopper genus, Encoptolophus Scudder with description of Nebulatettix gen.n. (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Oedipodinae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Antonio Gómez ◽  
David C. Lightfoot ◽  
Kelly B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
12S Rrna ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
The North ◽  
Phenotypic Character ◽  
Combined Data

A taxonomic review of the North American band-winged grasshopper genusEncoptolophusScudder (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Oedipodinae) was conducted. This genus is hypothesized to be non-monophyletic following a cladistic analysis of the genera in theChortophagagenus group. We examined all species currently classified in this genus group for morphological characters and one behavioral character. The phenotypic character data were combined with three mitochondrial genes: cytochromecoxidase subunit II, 16S rRNA and 12S rRNA. A parsimony analysis was performed on the combined data resulting in two equally parsimonious trees.Encoptolophus, as historically defined, is resolved in three separate clades. The results support erection of a new genus,NebulatettixGómez, Lightfoot & Miller gen.n. to comprise one of the groups historically classified inEncoptolophus. In addition, we transfer the speciesEncoptolophus californicusBruner toChimarocephalaScudder, comb.n., a combination used historically. The evolution of certain characters in theChortophagagroup is discussed, and a key to the genera is provided.

Phylogeny of Trematomus (Notothenioidei: Nototheniidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 565-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen L. Kuhn ◽  
Thomas J. Near
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Phylogenetic Resolution

AbstractThe biota of Antarctica is amazingly rich and highly endemic. The phylogenetics of notothenioid fishes has been extensively investigated through analyses of morphological characters, DNA sequences from mitochondrial genes, and single copy nuclear genes. These phylogenetic analyses have produced reasonably similar phylogenetic trees of notothenioids, however a number of phylogenetic questions remain. The nototheniid clade Trematomus is an example of a group where phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved. In this paper we revisit the phylogenetic relationships of Trematomus using both increased taxon sampling and an expanded dataset which includes DNA sequences from two mitochondrial genes (ND2 and 16S rRNA) and one single-copy nuclear gene (RPS7). The Bayesian phylogeny resulting from the analysis of the combined mitochondrial and nuclear gene datasets was well resolved and contained more interspecific nodes supported with significant Bayesian posteriors than either the mitochondrial or nuclear gene phylogenies alone. This demonstrates that the addition of nuclear gene sequence data to mitochondrial data can enhance phylogenetic resolution and increase node support. Additionally, the results of the combined mitochondrial and nuclear Bayesian analyses provide further support for the inclusion of species previously classified as Pagothenia and Cryothenia in Trematomus.

Systematic revision of the family Kalliapseudidae (Crustacea: Tanaidacea)

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 3142 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID T. DRUMM ◽  
RICHARD W. HEARD
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Strict Consensus Tree ◽  
Systematic Revision ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Multiple Exemplars ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
The Family

Kalliapseudidae is a family of shallow burrow–dwelling and fossorial marine and estuarine tanaidaceans. There are currently 39 known species in 12 genera and three subfamilies. They are distributed throughout the world’s tropical, subtropical, and temperate coastal waters and, with a few known exceptions, are restricted to depths of less than 200 m. The phylogeny of Kalliapseudidae is assessed to test the monophyly of currently accepted subfamilies and genera, based largely on examination of material loaned from various museums and institutions. Multiple exemplars from other apseudomorph families were also included in the ingroup to test the monophyly of the family. Parsimony analyses included 41 terminal taxa and 64 binary and multistate morphological characters. Analyses based on successive weighting resulted in 20 most parsimonious trees. The strict consensus tree of these most parsimonious trees supported Kalliapseudidae, Kalliapseudinae, Tanapseudes, Cristapseudes, and Mesokalliapseudes as monophyletic. The genus Kalliapseudes could not be resolved, but constraining it to be monophyletic resulted in a significantly worse tree. The subfamilies Hemikalliapseudinae and Tanapseudinae were recovered as polyphyletic and paraphyletic, respectively, but without support. Constraining them to be monophyletic did not result in a significantly worse tree. Results indicated high levels of homoplasy in three morphological characteristics traditionally used to differentiate groups. Alokalliapseudes macsweenyi is transferred back to the genus Mesokalliapseudes, rendering Alokalliapseudes a junior subjective synonym. Nine new taxa, including six species of Kalliapseudes and one species of the genus Cristapseudes, and one new genus (Phoxokalliapseudes) and species (P. singaporensis) were discovered and described. Two species of Kalliapseudes (K. gobinae and K. multiarticulus) are transferred to Phoxokalliapseudes n. gen. Neotypes are designated for K. magnus, C. omercooperi and M. schubarti, and a lectotype is designated for K. mauritanicus. Distribution maps, illustrated keys to the subfamilies, genera and species, and preliminary remarks on biogeographic history are also presented.

Phylogeny of the semiaquatic bugs (Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Gerromorpha)

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Damgaard
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Simultaneous Analysis ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Individual Character ◽  
Aquatic Bugs

AbstractThe phylogeny of semi-aquatic bugs (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Gerromorpha) was tested in parsimony analyses of 64 morphological characters and approximately 2.5 kb of DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial genes encoding COI+II and 16SrRNA and the nuclear gene encoding 28SrRNA. The taxon sample included representatives of all families and most subfamilies of Gerromorpha and a selection of outgroup taxa representing the two basal infraorders of Heteroptera, Enicocephalomorpha and Dipsocoromorpha, and two families of Nepomorpha. A simultaneous analysis (SA) of all data, and with gaps scored as fifth state characters, gave a single most parsimonious tree with all families resolved as monophyletic, except the Veliidae, where Microveliinae + Haloveliinae, Veliinae, Rhagoveliinae, Perittopinae, and Ocelloveliinae were resolved as successive sister groups to the Gerridae, thus confirming earlier statements about paraphyly of this family. The Gerridae + Veliidae clade was strongly supported, but otherwise only the Gerridae + Veliidae less Ocelloveliinae and the Gerridae itself had support. These three clades could all be diagnosed on apomorphic morphological characters, although no characters diagnosing the Gerridae were without convergences or present in all included taxa. While the Ocelloveliinae, Veliinae and Haloveliinae could not be diagnosed on convincing apomorphies, the Microveliinae + Haloveliinae, and their sister group relationship with the Gerridae, could be diagnosed on rather strong morphological synapomorphies, suggesting that Gerridae could be expanded to include these two veliid subfamilies, while Ocelloveliinae, and perhaps the remaining veliid subfamilies, could be elevated to new families. In Gerridae, the Ptilomerinae + Halobatinae was sister group to all other subfamilies, while the Rhagadotarsinae + Trepobatinae was sister group to a clade comprising the Gerrinae, Eotrechinae, Cylindrostethinae and Charmatometrinae. Most relationships in this clade were poorly supported and diagnosed, and Cylindrostethinae was surprisingly found to be paraphyletic. The sister group to the Gerridae + Veliidae clade was a strongly supported clade comprising the Paraphrynoveliidae and Macroveliidae, and this, and the lack of convincing synapomorphies for Paraphrynoveliidae, suggest that these two small families could be synonymized. For the basal relationships of Gerromorpha, the Mesoveliidae was strongly supported sister group to all other families, while the Hebridae, Hermatobatidae and Hydrometridae formed a poorly supported and poorly diagnosed sister group to the Gerridae + Veliidae + Paraphrynoveliidae + Macroveliidae clade. The unexpected sister group relationship between Hermatobatidae and Hydrometridae was moderately supported, and could be diagnosed on two synapomorphies, thus giving a new hypothesis about the relationships of these very divergent families. Phylogenetic analyses of individual character partitions gave less resolved and less supported relationships, and the mitochondrial genes COI+II and 16SrRNA contributed negative hidden partitioned Bremer support (HPBS) to the simultaneous analysis tree, probably due to homoplasy caused by saturation effects.

Phylogeny and revision of the Oriental leafhopper genus Amritodus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Idiocerini)

2019 ◽  
Vol 189 (4) ◽  
pp. 1438-1463
Author(s):  
Qingquan Xue ◽  
Yalin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Type Species ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
First Time

Abstract The phylogeny of the Oriental leafhopper genus Amritodus is reconstructed, for the first time, based on 47 discrete morphological characters and DNA sequence data from one nuclear and two mitochondrial genes. The phylogenetic results show that Amritodus is not monophyletic, and its concept is narrowed here to include four species: Amritodus atkinsoni, Amritodus brevis, Amritodus brevistylus and Amritodus saeedi. The phylogenetic results support establishment of a new genus, Paramritodus gen. nov., with three new species,Paramritodus triangulus sp. nov. (type species), Paramritodus introflexus sp. nov., Paramritodus spatiosus sp. nov. and three species previously included in Amritodus: Paramritodus pistacious comb. nov., Paramritodus flavocapitatus comb. nov. and Paramritodus podocarpus comb. nov. In addition, Amritodus flavoscutatus is transferred from Amritodus to Hyalinocerus as Hyalinocerus flavoscutatus comb. nov. Keys to species of Amritodus and Paramritodus are provided.

scholarly journals Taxonomic assessment of species of the genus Octopus from the northeastern Pacific via morphological, molecular and morphometric analyses

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e8118
Author(s):  
Mariana Díaz-Santana-Iturrios ◽  
César Augusto Salinas-Zavala ◽  
Francisco Javier García-Rodríguez ◽  
Jasmín Granados-Amores
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
Northeastern Pacific ◽  
Morphometry Analysis ◽  
Taxonomic Evaluation

Species of the genus Octopus from the northeastern Pacific are ecologically and economically important; however, their taxonomy is confusing and has not been comprehensively assessed. In this study, we performed a taxonomic evaluation of these species considering the morphological characteristics of the original descriptions, a molecular analysis of partial COI-gene sequences, and a traditional morphometry analysis of nine body measurements. Several interesting findings were obtained with our results: for instance, we updated the diagnoses of some species by including characters such as the number of lamellae per demibranch and the presence of chromatophores in the visceral sac; we deposited partial COI-gene sequences of species that had not been incorporated into the GenBank repository; and according to the morphometric analysis, we confirmed that the lengths of arms I–IV are relevant to discriminate the species under study. The taxa evaluated were morphologically, molecularly and morphometrically well-delimited; however, features such as funnel organ shape and arm length proportions in regard to dorsal mantle length are either not included in the diagnosis of the genus Octopus or overlap with other genera. Hence, this information, combined with the results obtained from the molecular analysis, supports the generic re-assignation of two of the species evaluated.

Phylogeny and conservation status of the Indian egg-eater snake, Elachistodon westermanni Reinhardt, 1863 (Serpentes, Colubridae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashwini Venkatanarayana Mohan ◽  
Avinash C. Visvanathan ◽  
Karthikeyan Vasudevan
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Morphological Character ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Diet Specialization ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Lazarus Effect

Abstract The Indian egg-eater (Elachistodon westermanni) is a monotypic species of the Genus Elachistodon distributed across the Indian sub-continent. In Africa, there are 13 species of egg-eating snakes of the Genus Dasypeltis. These two genera, Elachistodon and Dasypeltis were thought to be closely related due to similar diet specialization, and shared biogeographic history between the Indian sub-continent and the continent of Africa. In our study, we amplified three mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene from E. westermanni and reconstructed molecular phylogeny utilizing published sequences to understand the evolutionary relationships between the African, and the Indian egg-eating snakes. We used morphological characters to reinforce our inferences on phylogenetic relationships. We show that the Indian egg-eater is sister to cat snakes of the Genus Boiga, and it does not share recent ancestry with the African egg-eating snakes. Morphological character states point at similarities between Elachistodon and Dasypeltis only in characters associated with their feeding behaviour. Elachistodon westermanni was similar to the Boiga spp. in several other morphological characters, and we provisionally assign E. westermanni under the genus Boiga. Compilation of records of E. westermanni across the Indian sub-continent over the years revealed a positive “Lazarus” effect. We conclude that, the egg-eating behaviour and the associated morphological characters in the snake genera Dasypeltis and Elachistodon are a result of convergent evolution. Based on the conservation status of E. westermanni, it could serve as a flagship species to conserve important wildlife habitats that are being lost rapidly in India.

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