Genetic Variability and Correlation Studies for Pre-harvest Sprouting Tolerance and Associated Traits in Soybean [Glycine max L. Merrill.]

Evaluation of a set of 65 diverse genotypes of soybean was carried out for their pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) tolerance in a field study during kharif 2019. Percentage of pods ruptured by sprouting seed (PPR) was used as a measure of pre-harvest sprouting tolerance. It ranged from 0-5.8% among the genotypes. High estimates of genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) were recorded for the percentage of pods ruptured by sprouting seed (PPR) indicating the presence of wider variability over which selection can be effective. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent mean was recorded for number of pods ruptured by sprouting seed per plant and PPR. The phenotypic character association revealed a significant negative correlation of PPR with pod wall thickness, number of pods per plant, and number of clusters per plant. Path coefficient analysis revealed number of pods per plant, plant height, and pod wall thickness have a negative influence on pre-harvest sprouting.

KARAKTERISTIK FENOTIPE BEBERAPA SIFAT KUANTITATIF AYAM KAMPUNG DI MINAHASA

PHENOTYPE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME QUANTITATIVE TRAITS OF NATIVE CHICKEN IN MINAHASA. This study aims to obtain a measure of the phenotypic character of the quantitative traits of native chickens in Minahasa, North Sulawesi. This research was useful as additional information about the quantitative character of native chickens in Minahasa as a reference in efforts to preserve genetic resources (SDG) both for the development of native chickens and other breeding purposes. The material used was 291 male and female native chickens that had been separated by age (6 months and above) and had reached adult sex in the Minahasa Regency. The research method used was descriptive analysis (average, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and correlation) and continued withT-test. Retrieval of data by direct observation and measurement of quantitative properties based on the observed parameters. The results of this study illustrate the phenotypic character of quantitative traits of male and female native chickens in Minahasa where the size of the FL (femur length) and WL (wing length) were not different or the same in both sexes. SC (shank circumference) and CL (comb length) were significantly different (P<0.05), while the trait of TL (tibia length), SL (shank length), TFL (third finger length), CH (comb height) showed differences very significant (P<0.01). It can be concluded quatitavive characteristics of native chicken in Minahasa were diverse and correlate from high to low.Keywords: native chicken, phenotype, quantitative characteristics.

KERAGAMAN SPESIES PALA (Myristica spp.) MALUKU UTARA BERDASARKAN PENANDA MORFOLOGI DAN AGRONOMI

ABSTRAK<br />Pala merupakan tanaman asli Indonesia dan informasi keragaman-<br />nya masih terbatas. Keragaman spesies dan varietas pala penting untuk dievaluasi sebagai dasar tindakan konservasi. Keragaman varietas dan<br />spesies pala dapat dievaluasi dengan mengamati keragaman morfologi dan fenotipe di lapangan. Penelitian yang dilakukan bertujuan mengevaluasi keragaman fenotipik di antara aksesi pala dan mengevaluasi pengelompokan intra dan inter spesies pala dari Maluku Utara. Populasi pohon pala yang berumur minimal 15 tahun dari Tidore dan Patani, Halmahera Tengah, Maluku Utara digunakan dalam penelitian. Aksesi yang digunakan terdiri atas spesies Myristica fragrans, Myristica fatua, Myristica argentea, Myristica succedane, dan sejumlah aksesi yang tidak diketahui nama spesiesnya. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan aksesi pala dari Patani dan Tidore menunjukkan variasi yang tinggi dalam bentuk buah, warna buah tua, dan bentuk biji. Hanya aksesi pala asal Tidore yang menunjukkan variasi dalam bobot fuli. Dendogram yang dibuat berdasarkan karakter fenotipe menjelaskan aksesi pala yang dianalisis ke dalam empat kelompok pada indeks kesamaan 70%. Kelompok pertama terdiri atas dua aksesi M. fatua dan satu aksesi pala yang tidak diketahui spesiesnya dari Tidore serta satu aksesi M. fragrans. Kelompok kedua terdiri atas dua aksesi M. argentea dan dua aksesi pala yang tidak diketahui spesiesnya dari Tidore serta satu aksesi M. succedanea dari Patani. Kelompok ketiga terdiri atas tiga aksesi M. argentea dan enam aksesi pala yang tidak diketahui spesiesnya dari Patani. Kelompok keempat terdiri atas dua aksesi M. fragrans dari Tidore.<br />Kata kunci : Myristica spp., keragaman fenotipik, spesies pala, analisis<br />pengelompokan, hubungan kekerabatan<br /><br />ABSTRACT<br />Nutmeg is native to Indonesia and information about its diversities<br />are limited. Species and varietal diversities are important to be evaluated<br />for conservation purposes of this crop. Nutmeg species and varietal<br />diversities could be assessed by observing morphological and phenotypic<br />variabilities in the field. The objectives of this research were to assess<br />phenotypic variabilities among nutmeg accessions of North Moluccas and<br />evaluate intra and inter specific clustering of nutmeg accessions in the<br />regions. At least fifteen years old provenances of nutmeg population at<br />Tidore and Patani, Central Halmahera, North Moluccas were used in this<br />experiment. The accessions consisted of Myristica fragrans, Myristica<br />fatua, Myristica argentea, Myristica succedane, and a number of unknown<br />nutmeg species. Nutmeg accessions from Patani and Tidore showed wide<br />variabilities in fruit shape, mature fruit color, and seed shape. While only<br />nutmeg accessions from Tidore showed variabilities in mace weight.<br />Dendogram constructed based on phenotypic character grouped the<br />nutmeg accessions into four groups at 70% similarity index. The first<br />group consisted of two accessions M. fatua and one unknown nutmeg<br />species from Tidore and M. fragrans from Patani. The second group<br />consisted of two accessions of M. argentea and two unknown nutmeg<br />species from Tidore and one accessions of M. succedanea from Patani.<br />The third group consisted of only M. argentea and six unknown nutmeg<br />species from Patani. The fourth group consisted of two M. fragrans<br />assessions from Tidore.<br />Key words : Phenotypic diversity, nutmeg species, clustering analysis,<br />kinship relationships, Indonesian nutmeg

Phenotypic Noise and the Cost of Complexity

Experimental studies demonstrate the existence of phenotypic diversity despite constant genotype and environment. Theoretical models based on a single phenotypic character predict that during an adaptation event, phenotypic noise should be positively selected far from the fitness optimum because it increases the fitness of the genotype, and then be selected against when the population reaches the optimum. It is suggested that because of this fitness gain, phenotypic noise should promote adaptive evolution. However, it is unclear how the selective advantage of phenotypic noise is linked to the rate of evolution, and whether any advantage would hold for more realistic, multi-dimensional phenotypes. Indeed, complex organisms suffer a cost of complexity, where beneficial mutations become rarer as the number of phenotypic characters increases. By using a quantitative genetics approach, we first show that for a one-dimensional phenotype, phenotypic noise promotes adaptive evolution on plateaus of positive fitness, independently from the direct selective advantage on fitness. Second, we show that for multi-dimensional phenotypes, phenotypic noise evolves to a low-dimensional configuration, with elevated noise in the direction of the fitness optimum. Such a dimensionality reduction of the phenotypic noise promotes adaptive evolution and numerical simulations show that it reduces the cost of complexity.

Inheritance and Comparison of Phenotypic Characters from Hybrid Chicken GK-Bro (Gallus gallus Linnaeus, 1758)

GK-Bro (Gallus gallus Linnaeus, 1758) is a hybrid chicken from crossing between ♀ F2 Broiler ♂ F2 Golden Kamper that have variation of phenotypic character. To meet the market’s demand, GK-Bro must have prime phenotypic character in both quantity and quality. This research aims to examine the phenotype character that occur in GK-Bro by the character of feet morphometry, crest’s shape, feather’s color, and feet’s color. The parental chicken are crossed in Innovation and Agriculture Centre of Gadjah Mada University (Indonesia) and produce 11 chickens with five males and six females filial. The filial are maintained intensively and qualitative data were observed at the end of seven weeks, classified based on the percentage of the phenotypic class. Quantitative characters that observed were tibia and femur length after seven weeks, using control pelung, broiler, and F1 broiler. Quantitative data showed that the average length of the tibia and femur of GK-Bro is lower when compared to the control but the ratio of feet morphometry is closer to pelung. Qualitative data classified crest form in one class, feather’s color in 4 classes and feet’s color in 3 class.

Identifikasi Karakter Fenotip Daun Tanaman Aren (Arenga pinnata Merr) di Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan

Identification Phenotypic Character of the Leaves Palm Plant in South Tapanuli Regency This studyaims to determine the effect of the phenotype character of palm leaf leaves on the production of roomiein wild populations of natural habitats in South Tapanuli Regency. The study was conducted in fivevillages in each oft he four sub-districts in the South Tapanuli district. Two hundred sugar palm plantsoriginating from four natural habitats have been identified in accordance with plant identificationprocedures issued by the IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, 1995) and analyzed.The results show that 4 clusters were formed with 75% similarity or 25% diversity. These results canbe concluded that cluster 1 is the population of palm plants that have the long character of petioleand the highest number of unproductive leaves. Whereas the characters of leaf length and rachis lengthare still lower than the population of sugar palm plants in cluster 4. Cluster 2 is the population of sugarpalm plants that has the highest character of sap production per day. Cluster 3 is a population ofpalm plants that have the highest leaf width character. Cluster 4 is a population of palm plants thathave the highest leaf length and rachis length with the highest number of leaflets and the largest rachiscircumference and petiole circumference. The number of productive leaves and the percentage of sapsugar content above average.

THE APPEARANCE OF PHENOTYPIC CHARACTER ON FIVE GENOTYPES OF CAYENNE PEPPER

This study was aimed at determining the appearance of phenotypic characters in five cayenne genotypes in Sukamantri, Ciamis Regency. The research method used was the experimental method with Randomized Block Design (RBD) with five treatments repeated five times. Data were analyzed by variance and followed by Least Significant Difference (LSD) Test. The testing material consisted of five genotypes of cayenne pepper, namely one of the new superior varieties (Ratuni Unpad), and four varieties (CR8873, Dewata, Taruna, and Rabani). The tests were carried out in Sukamantri, Ciamis Regency in 983 m asl in August 2017 to February 2018. The observations were made on the character of the results and components of results which included the seed length, the seed diameter, the seed weight per unit, the seed weight per plant, the seed weight per plot, and the seed weight per hectare. The test results showed that there were differences in phenotypic characters between the five genotypes tested. The Dewata, Ratuni Unpad, and CR8873 genotypes show the highest potential yield (8.34 tons/ha, 7.71 tons/ha, and 7.24), with the character of fruit weights per fruit of 1.382 grams, 0.911 grams respectively. and 1,311 grams.PENAMPILAN KARAKTER FENOTIPIK HASIL PADA LIMA GENOTIP CABAI RAWITPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penampilan karakter fenotipik pada lima genotip cabai rawit di Sukamantri, Kabupaten Ciamis. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen dengan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan lima perlakuan diulang lima kali. Data dianalisis dengan sidik ragam dan dilanjutkan dengan Uji Least Significant Difference (LSD). Bahan pengujian terdiri atas lima genotip cabai rawit, yaitu salah satu varietas unggul baru (Ratuni Unpad), dan empat varietas (CR8873, Dewata, Taruna, dan Rabani). Pengujian dilakukan di Sukamantri, Kabupaten Ciamis dengan ketinggian tempat 983 m di atas permukaan laut (dpl.) pada Agustus 2017 sampai Februari 2018. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap karakter hasil dan komponen hasil yang meliputi panjang buah, diameter buah, bobot buah per buah, bobot buah per tanaman, bobot buah per plot, dan bobot buah per hektar.Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan karakter fenotipik antarlima genotip yang diuji. Genotip Dewata, Ratuni Unpad, dan CR8873 menampilkan potensi hasil yang tertinggi (8,34 ton/ha; 7,71 ton/ha; dan 7,24); dengan karakter bobot buah per buah masing-masing sebesar 1,382 gram; 0,911 gram; dan 1,311 gram.

Phenotypic appearance the yield character of five genotypes of cayenne pepper at Sukamantri, Ciamis

The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the phenotypic appearance the yield character of five genotypes of cayenne pepper at Sukamantri, Ciamis region. The experiment used a randomized block design, with five replications. The experiment material consists of five genotypes of cayenne pepper, namely Unpad Ratuni, CR8873, Dewata, Taruna, and Rabani. The experiment was conducted at Sukamantri, Ciamis with altitude of 983 m above sea level (asl.) from August 2017 to February 2018. Data observed included fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight per fruit, fruit weight per plant, fruit weight per plot, and fruit weight per hectare. The experiment results show that there are differences in phenotypic characters among the five genotypes tested. Genotypes of the Gods, CR8873, and Ratuni Unpad show the highest potential yield (10.961 ton/ha, 0.345, and 10.232), with fruit weight of fruit per 1.382 gram, 0.911 grams, and 1.311 grams.Keywords: cayenne pepper, phenotypic character, yield

ANALISIS FENOTIPE DAN PLOIDI TANAMAN MELON (Cucumis melo L.) HASIL PERLAKUAN EKSTRAK ETANOLIK DAUN TAPAK DARA (Catharanthus roseus [L] G. Don.)

Anti-mitotic agents such as colchicine have been used to induce polyploidy in various plants. On the other hand, vincristine and vinblastine are also antimitotic agent extracted from Periwincle (Catharanthus roseus [L] G. Don) were previously studied to produce autotetraploid on shallot tuber (Allium cepa L.). Therefore, in this study phenotype character and ploidy of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) produced by etanolic extract of periwikle leaves were determined. The effects of different concentration of etanolic extract of periwinkle leaves on polyploidy induction in muskmelon were examined. Melon seedling of two days old were immersed in 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.05% for 8 hours. Then seedling was grown on the polybag and a drop of each concentration of periwinkle leaves’s etanolic extract was added into apical shoot. Melon seedling of ten days old were moved and cultivated and harvested on 60 days after cultivation. Phenotypic character such as: plant high, stem diameter, leaf area, fruit weight, fruit area around, flesh fruit thickness, skin fruit thickness, fruit horizontal diameter, fruit, vertical diameter, number of seeds, weight of 100 gram of seed, seed leght, seed width, and seed thickness were examined. The ploidy degree was determined by count of chromosome number root tips of second generation muskmelon sprout. Result of this study revealed that 0.05% etanolic extract of periwinkle leaves for 8 hours immersed is optimum concentration to induce autotetraploid muskmelon (4n=48). Autotetraploid phenotypic character of muskmelon produced by 0.05% etanolic extract of periwinkle leaves were generally bigger than control plants statistically significant in stem diameter, leaf area, and fruit horizontal diameter. The result also showed that the chromosome number of second generation autotetraploid muskmelon sprout was tetraploid (4n=48).