Fascism versus Totalitarianism: Ernst Nolte's Views Reexamined

1971 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-284
Author(s):  
Carl J. Friedrich
Keyword(s):  
National Socialism ◽  
Hannah Arendt ◽  
European History ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
Italian Fascism ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Vested Interests ◽  
Charles Maurras ◽  
Sharp Criticism

Ernst Nolte, Professor of History at Marburg University, challenged the attention of all students of recent European history as well as specialists on totalitarian dictatorship some years ago by a new and intersting interpretation in his Der Faschismus in seiner Epoche (1963). In it he undertook to see the Action Française group of Charles Maurras and his friends, Fascism, and National Socialism as cut from the same cloth.It was a view based upon a strong emphasis on the ideological features of these movements, rather than their conduct of politics. Like all syntheses, it encountered sharp criticism by specialists in the three national histories and cultures, with their vested interests in their particular specialties. I myself considered it a very valuable contribution, having always stressed the kinship of Italian Fascism and German National Socialism, in conduct as well as ideology—in opposition to Hannah Arendt, who inclined to an ideal-typical restriction of the notion of totalitarianism to Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia on the ground that “the essence of totalitarianism is total terror”; this has always seemed to me like restricting the concept of absolute monarchy to Louis XIV and Peter the Great.

1. The History of the Practice of Strategy from Antiquity to Napoleon

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Heuser
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
European History ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
Napoleon Bonaparte ◽  
History Of ◽  
Medieval Warfare ◽  
Philip Ii Of Spain

This chapter traces the history of the practice of strategy from Antiquity to Napoleon Bonaparte. It first considers various definitions of strategy before discussing episodes of European history since Antiquity for which historians claim to have found evidence of the practice of strategy. While focusing only on Europe, the chapter covers case studies over nearly 2,500 years, ranging from the wars of Ancient Greece, of the Romans to medieval warfare, the warfare of Philip II of Spain, Louis XIV of France, Frederick II of Prussia, the French Revolutionaries, and Napoleon. It also considers two sets of incremental changes that ultimately led to the transformation of warfare and of strategy: the growth, centralization, and diversifiation of the structure of European states; and technological innovation.

scholarly journals Norwegian Fascism in a Transnational Perspective: The Influence of German National Socialism and Italian Fascism on the Nasjonal Samling, 1933–1936

Fascism ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-60
Author(s):  
Martin Kristoffer Hamre
Keyword(s):  
National Socialism ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Initial Point ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Italian Fascism ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
National Movement ◽  
The Common ◽  
Party Press

Following the transnational turn within fascist studies, this paper examines the role German National Socialism and Italian Fascism played in the transformation of the Norwegian fascist party Nasjonal Samling in the years 1933–1936. It takes the rivalry of the two role models as the initial point and focusses on the reception of Italy and Germany in the party press of the Nasjonal Samling. The main topics of research are therefore the role of corporatism, the involvement in the organization caur and the increasing importance of anti-Semitism. One main argument is that both indirect and direct German influence on the Nasjonal Samling in autumn 1935 led to a radicalization of the party and the endorsement of anti-Semitic attitudes. However, the Nasjonal Samling under leader Vidkun Quisling never prioritized Italo-German rivalry as such. Instead, it perceived itself as an independent national movement in the common battle of a European-wide phenomenon against its arch-enemies: liberalism and communism.

scholarly journals The Fascist Challenge. Networks, Promises for the Future and Cultures of Violence in Europe, 1922 – 1945

Fascism ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-154
Author(s):  
Jana Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
Conference Report ◽  
Educational Policies ◽  
Italian Fascism ◽  
New Man ◽  
The Future ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Acquisition Processes

This conference report comprises the contributions of European and American specialists in Fascism on the topic of networks, promises for the future and cultures of violence in Europe, 1922–1945. It was concluded that a much more in-depth examination of fascist networks, as well as their learning and acquisition processes is required, especially after 1939 and in the currently under-researched regions of Eastern and Southern-Eastern Europe. Secondly, the concept of a ‘New Man’ should be applied in more detailed studies on population and educational policies. Thirdly, there is a need to counter the frequently lamented asymmetrical state of research between Italian fascism and National Socialism.

The Berkshire Studies in European History: The Age of Louis XIV

1931 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 676
Author(s):  
E. M. Violette ◽  
Laurence B. Packard ◽  
Arthur H. Buffington ◽  
Summerfield Baldwin ◽  
Halford Lancaster Hoskins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European History ◽  
Louis Xiv

Comments on Victor Lieberman, Strange Parallels

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 971-974
Author(s):  
John E. Wills
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Recent Book ◽  
Louis Xiv ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Review Copy ◽  
The World ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Large Work

In the presence of such a powerhouse lineup of Asianists I think I will tiptoe off to the other end of Lieberman's Eurasia and presume on my unique qualifications in this company as having published over twenty pages for the general reader on the France of Louis XIV and fifteen on the Russia of Peter the Great. Also, I have a bee in my bonnet at the moment about how the world changed between 1770 and 1830, and will have most to say about what Lieberman offers on that period. I owe Jerry Bentley a review article on all this for the Journal of World History, because he got me a review copy of the large work of Jürgen Osterhammel, Die Verwandlung der Welt: Eine Geschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts. I also got hooked by listening in on a fine conference at the Clark Library in Los Angeles in 2008, which led to The Age of Revolutions in Global Context, edited by David Armitage and Sanjay Subrahmanyam. A less recent book which I think is an under-appreciated breakthrough for this effort is Chris Bayly's Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780–1830.

scholarly journals Separatist Currents in Moravian Fascism and National Socialism

Fascism ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-67
Author(s):  
Miroslav Mareš
Keyword(s):  
National Socialism ◽  
European History ◽  
Ethnic Nationalism ◽  
Central European ◽  
Czech Lands

The article deals with separatism within Moravian fascism and National Socialism. It identifies fundamental links between ethnic nationalism and fascism, and describes the development of the ‘Moravian question’ within the context of Central European history. The separatist tendencies of Moravian fascism and National Socialism are examined in the context of the interwar history, the period of occupation of the Czech lands, and postwar developments, including contemporary tendencies. It also identifies similarities with and differences from some other ethno-national fascisms in Europe. The author concludes that although marginal, Moravian fascism and National Socialism have enjoyed a long existence.

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