War and the Working Class: The Case of Düsseldorf 1914–1918

1985 ◽  
Vol 18 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 257-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth H. Tobin
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
German Revolution ◽  
Insufficient Knowledge ◽  
Skilled And Unskilled Workers

The causes of any revolution are notoriously hard to discover. Despite years of effort, historians still disagree about the relative importance of the short-term and long-term causes of the German revolution in 1918–19. Some describe the “events” at the end of the war as a largely unrevolutionary desire for peace and food, brought about by the privations of the war years; others explain them as the culmination of decades of escalating class conflicts, which the conditions of war sharply exposed. One problem with this whole debate has been an insufficient knowledge of exactly what happened to Germany's workers during the war. Although most historians agree that money wages went up, real wages declined and most people ate less, few have been able to gauge the extent or importance of the change in wages or determine whether workers were simply somewhat hungry, malnourished, or starving. Furthermore there is not enough known about the composition of the work force during the war and the different hardships endured by skilled and unskilled workers.

View of the Regulatory Use of Rat Liver Foci Data in the Federal Republic of Germany

1989 ◽  
Vol 17 (4_part_1) ◽  
pp. 721-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Richter-Reichhelm
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Development ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Regulatory Decision ◽  
Carcinogenic Potential ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Insufficient Knowledge ◽  
Phenotypic Forms

Altered hepatocellular foci (AHF) are suspected of being phenotypic markers of a stage in the sequential process of tumor development in the liver. A number of short-term and mid-term tests, including some that use AHF as an endpoint, have been reviewed by the Federal Health Office to determine if they are suitable to replace long-term animals experiments for predicting the carcinogenic potential of chemicals. Although regulatory authorities recognize the advantages of short-term tests, including a possible reduction in the number of animals used, it is still premature to make a general recommendation regarding the suitability of these tests for regulatory decision-making. At this time, the Commission of European Communities (CEC) follows a decision-tree approach for regulating chemicals coming to the market. Since it is unrealistic to expect a reasonable number of AHF to evaluate in 28-day or 90-day studies, AHF can only be practically evaluated in the conventional long-term bioassay. There is still insufficient knowledge regarding the biological significance of the various phenotypic forms of AHF to use them as a relevant endpoint for regulatory purposes. However, data on AHF derived from routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) work can be used to aid in the interpretation of the study and in recommending additional investigations.

scholarly journals The Effect of Health Indicator on Economic Growth of Iran

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Asma Rashki Kemmak
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Health Index ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
Capital Growth

<p class="a"><span lang="EN-US">The most important factors in the economic production subordinating, are work force and human capital. These factors and their functions depend on the role of hygiene, individual health and related index in improving the economy of a country. Therefore, one economic growth stimulating factor can be evaluated by using health index thorough effecting labor and human capital. Accordingly, this paper tries to study the effect of health index on economic growth during 1975 to 2012 and it does this by self-explanatory approach with distributed lag (ARDL) and the estimated long-term and short-term effects of these measures on economic growth. Results show the fact that health index related variables like fertility rate, life expectancy will bring economic index and capital growth increasing and it leads to more economic growth. These results are available in long-term and short-term period.</span></p>

Were Wages That Low? Real Wages in the Strasbourg Region Before 1775

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Geloso
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Southern England ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Per Se ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Skilled And Unskilled Workers

Robert Allen characterized the region of Strasbourg in France in the period before 1789 as exceptionally poor. New evidence suggests, however, that Allen underestimated wage levels because of a failure to include payments in-kind and to clarify the differences between skilled and unskilled workers. Moreover, his wages came from a region that is wider than Strasbourg per se. The use of wage data for the agricultural sector that were higher in nominal terms than Allen’s, with reference to regions like Paris and southern England, elevates the economic standing of Strasbourg and, by extension, that of France.

scholarly journals Savings bank depositors in a crisis: Glasgow 1847 and 1857

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Ross
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Savings Banks ◽  
Savings Bank

Savings banks were created as a means to encourage the newly created working class to save for the uncertainties of urban industrial life. This article explores the success of the Savings Bank of Glasgow, and pays particular attention to the response of savers to the financial and commercial crises of 1847 and 1857. The crisis of 1847 was shallower but longer lasting in Glasgow, while that of 1857 was greatly exacerbated by local conditions in the short term, but of little long-term importance to savers. It suggests that, in both crises, some elements of contagion may have been present but that those who panicked in 1857 were systematically different from those who did not.

scholarly journals Utopian disjunctures: Popular democracy and the communal state in urban Venezuela

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Wilde
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Electoral Politics ◽  
Radical Democracy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Community Organisations ◽  
The City

This article examines the Venezuelan government’s efforts to establish a ‘communal state’ through the eyes of working-class chavista activists in the city of Valencia. It argues that the attempt to incorporate grassroots community organisations into a state-managed model of popular democracy produces a series of ‘utopian disjunctures’ for the actors involved. These disjunctures, the article contends, stem from conflicting political temporalities within the chavista project, as long-term aspirations of radical democracy clash with more short-term demands to obtain state resources and consolidate the government’s power. The case highlights the tensions generated by efforts to reconcile radical democratic experiments with left-nationalist electoral politics.

scholarly journals Lines of Conflict: Labour Disputes in London, 1790–1870

1998 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Green
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Labour Process ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Price Movements ◽  
Labour Disputes ◽  
Skilled And Unskilled Workers

This paper examines labour disputes in London between 1790 and 1870, based on a systematic coverage of working-class newspapers. Disputes were classified by type, cause and trade. Evidence exists for 294 disputes, the large majority of which were strikes. The incidence of disputes roughly paralleled cyclical and seasonal fluctuations in the economy. Wage claims were the main cause for conflict, although interpretation of such disputes needs to be related to price movements. The most serious disputes were associated with significant changes in control over employment and the labour process. Skilled and unskilled workers were involved in disputes, both taking advantage of specific circumstances to exert power at the workplace. The extent to which London was prone to disputes is discussed and tentative comparisons drawn with other regions in Britain.

scholarly journals THE NORTH–SOUTH DIVIDE: REAL WAGES AND WELFARE IN BRAZIL DURING THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-214
Author(s):  
Thales Augusto Zamberlan Pereira
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Regional Inequality ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
State Information ◽  
The North ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Skilled And Unskilled Workers

ABSTRACTWhat was the degree of Brazil's regional inequality in living standards during the first decades of the 20th century? This paper presents municipal and state information on wages and prices in order to build welfare ratios for skilled and unskilled workers between 1912 and 1940. Despite the significant differences in nominal wages and costs of living throughout the country, real wage differentials remained lower than those estimated by earlier studies. Williamson (1999) argued that real wages in the Southeast were approximately six times higher than in the Northeast during the 1930s. The new evidence in this paper suggests that wages were on average only 1.5 times higher.

scholarly journals GLOBALISASI EKONOMI DAN PENGANGGURAN: STUDI KASUS INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 263
Author(s):  
Ari Setyawan ◽  
I Wayan Suparta ◽  
Neli Aida
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Economic Globalization ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Government

ABSTRACTThis study aims to examine the effect of economic globalization on the unemployment rate in Indonesia and the relationship of other macroeconomic variables such as economic growth, inflation rate, and real wage with unemployment. The data used is in the form of annual time series data from 1986 to 2018, whose research results are analyzed using the ARDL method. This study concludes that economic globalization can reduce the unemployment rate in Indonesia in the short term, although in the long term, it increases the unemployment rate. Economic growth and inflation in the short and long term have not been able to reduce the current unemployment rate, while the increase in real wages has reduced the unemployment rate in the short term, although not in the long term. By looking at these results, we need to be wary of economic globalization because economic globalization has a destructive impact in the long term. So that concrete and consistent efforts are needed from the government, the private sector, and other stakeholders so that Indonesia gets the maximum benefit from economic globalization, especially in job creation and reducing unemployment.JEL : B22, E22.Keywords : unemployment, economic globalization, economic growth, inflation, real wages. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan melihat pengaruh tingkat globalisasi ekonomi terhadap tingkat pengangguran di Indonesia serta hubungan variabel makroekonomi lain seperti tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi, tingkat inflasi dan tingkat upah riil dengan tingkat pengangguran. Data yang dipergunakan berupa data time series tahunan dari periode 1986 hingga 2018 yang hasil penelitiannya dianalisis menggunakan metode ARDL. Kesimpulan penelitian ini yaitu globalisasi ekonomi mampu mengurangi tingkat pengangguran di Indonesia dalam jangka pendek meskipun dalam jangka panjang malah meningkatkan tingkat pengangguran. Pertumbuhan ekonomi dan inflasi baik dalam jangka pendek dan jangka panjangnya belum mampu menurunkan tingkat pengangguran yang ada sedangkan naiknya upah riil mampu menurunkan tingkat pengangguran dalam jangka pendek meskipun tidak dalam jangka panjang. Dengan melihat hasil ini, kita perlu waspada terhadap globalisasi ekonomi karena globalisasi ekonomi ini memiliki dampak buruk dalam jangka panjang sehingga dibutuhkan upaya kongkrit dan konsisten baik dari pemerintah, swasta maupun para stakeholder lain agar Indonesia memperoleh manfaat yang sebesar-besarnya dari globalisasi ekonomi khusunya dalam upaya penciptaan lapangan kerja dan mengurangi pengangguran.

scholarly journals Do Immigrants Bring Fiscal Dividends?: The Case of Venezuelan Immigration in Colombia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Valencia ◽  
Matilde Angarita ◽  
Juan Santaella ◽  
Marcela De Castro
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Employment Level ◽  
Dynamic General Equilibrium Model ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Fiscal Balance ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
Matching Structure

This paper analyzes the effects of recent Venezuelan immigration to Colombia on the fiscal balance, the labor market, and economic growth. For this purpose, we built a dynamic general equilibrium model with a search and matching structure in the labor market. The higher fiscal spending to address immigration negatively impacts the government's budget in the short term, which is offset by higher output, consumption, and employment level, increasing the government's revenues mainly through indirect tax collection. The effect on the labor market is different for unskilled workers--whose higher supply generates a negative effect on wages and an increase in the unemployment rate--and skilled workers, who benefit from higher wages and lower unemployment. These changes in the labor market affect the government's revenue, resulting, in the long term, in positive fiscal dividends of migration.

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