Without Comment or Controversy: The G.I. Bill and Catholic Colleges

2002 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 820-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Edmondson

In a 1999 speech at the Yale Law School, former Christian Coalition executive director Ralph Reed was asked to explain how school vouchers could be constitutional. The questioner argued that voucher programs that allowed government money to be used at religious schools would violate the constitutional separation of church and state. In reply, Reed argued, in part, that the voucher system was really nothing new. He failed to see the difference, he said, between the program he was advocating and an earlier program under which the federal government had paid for hundreds of thousands of individuals to go to religious schools. That program, he said, was the G.I. Bill.

1976 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 619-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Géry D'ydewalle

Subjects (100 first-year students of both sexes from the Law School at Leuven, Belgium) selected one of several nonsense words as a “translation” of a real word and were told whether their choice was “right” or “wrong.” Subjects who expected to have the whole series of items a number of times until the correct translation for each word was completely learned (multiple-trial condition) recalled more “right” responses than subjects who expected a single second trial (two-trial condition). A preliminary exposure to a similar but shorter task had a different influence according to the two conditions: there was a decrease in recall of response in the multiple-trial condition but an increase in the two-trial condition. The data suggest that conflicting conclusions about the difference in recall between “right” and “wrong” responses are related to differences in the instructions for intentional learning.


2021 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Bishop

This paper examines Kuyper’s view of the natural sciences. For Kuyper science is by design a unique creature of God, it flourishes within society, it grows and develops. It is part of creation, so even if there were to have been no fall, we would still have science. The fall, however, has impacted on science to an unimaginable extent. Science is independent of both church and state, thus science must be allowed to flourish unhampered by both. Science, for Kuyper, involves thinking God’s thoughts after him. There are two kinds of science and two kinds of people: normalists and abnormalists – what makes the difference is regeneration or palingenesis – this is Kuyper’s antithesis. Common grace is important for science without it the post-fall decline of science would be absolute. Strands of scholasticism are identified in Kuyper’s approach.


sjesr ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Dr. Muhammad Shabbir ◽  
Dr. Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
Dr. Shumaila Mahmood

This study is aimed to investigate the teachers’ practices regarding classroom conflict management at Federal Government Educational Institutions (Cants/Garrisons) – FGEI’s (C/G). This was quantitative research that has been conducted under the Positivist paradigm. All the Elementary School teachers at FGEI’s (C/G) were the population for this study. However, 150 male and 150 female teachers have been selected conveniently. The data were collected by using the survey method. The instrument was developed by the researchers for this study. The survey questionnaire was a 5 point Likert rating scale ranging from Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree. There were 30 items on this scale. Descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) have been used to analyze the data regarding the demographic detail whereas the Mann Whitney U test has been applied to the data so to find out the difference among the teachers’ practices regarding classroom conflicts based on their gender. It is concluded that the teachers deal with “Interpersonal Conflicts” and “Organizational Conflict” appropriately. As far as it is concerned with the teachers’ practices regarding “Conflict Management”, they deal with the conflicts properly for resolving and managing them. However, it is revealed that the teachers remain failed to observe the others’ self-respect while posing their stance. They also drag the debates instead of resolving the conflicts and also become autocratic while stating their stance regarding the conflict. On the other hand, there is a significant difference found between male and female teachers’ practices regarding classroom conflict management.


2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-109
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fathullah Al Haq Muhamad Asni ◽  
Jasni Sulong

Fatwa is usually associated with a formal decision in respect of any Islamic law issued by a committee of religious-based regions or countries that have legal jurisdiction. Therefore, a fatwa gazetted in particular has the power legally enforceable against civilians in the territory. However the difference territory and jurisdiction of religion causing inconsistencies especially pronounced in response to the question of who gets disputes by fuqaha’ (khilafiyyah). This situation is clearly in Malaysia, where there are 14 State Mufti Department varying representing their respective states. Some fatwas issued by these states are found to be unparalleled to each other and this situation poses a conflict, especially in the administration of law. Although each state has a State Administration of Islamic Affairs which is almost uniform, have a provision referring to Islamic law (qawl final) and monitoring by the National Fatwa Committee on an issue of national fatwa, but some of the fatwa still in dispute resolution. The situation is the existence of a situation of unjust laws, there is no consistency in doing ijtihad, which denies the meaning of equality in the decision of Islamic law in the country. Thus, based on this, the study was conducted to identify the cause of the inconsistency of this fatwa, the factors influencing and measures and proposals to overcome. This is a qualitative research methodology in which data were collected through library research and field studies. Field studies conducted interviews with the mufti method, istinbat officials and senior academics. The study found that the Federal Government through  Jabatan Kemajuan Agama Islam Malaysia (JAKIM) has undertaken several initiatives to overcome this but the attitude of some members of the committee of states fatwa on the matter, which holds tight (rigid) to the Shafi'i and mastering knowledge in accepting differences of opinion (mura'ah al-khilaf ) restrain to reach this goal. This is because the Majlis Jawatankuasa Fatwa Kebangsaan (MJFK) was agreed as the medium of fatwa union between the states in the country and should be given priority at this stage of legal decisions ruling that the state can participate fully. Keywords: Fatwa, the difference (khilaf), Mufti, istinbat methods, Shafi'i madhhab Abstrak Fatwa adalah biasanya dikaitkan dengan keputusan rasmi berkenaan sesuatu hukum syarak yang dikeluarkan oleh sesuatu jawatankuasa agama yang berasaskan wilayah atau negara yang mempunyai bidangkuasa undang-undang. Oleh kerana itu, sesuatu fatwa khususnya yang diwartakan mempunyai kuasa perundangan yang boleh dikuatkuasakan ke atas orang awam di wilayah terbabit. Bagaimanapun perbezaan wilayah dan bidangkuasa agama menyebabkan berlakunya ketidakseragaman fatwa khususnya dalam menanggapi persoalan yang mendapat perselisihan fuqaha’ (khilafiyyah). Keadaan ini amat terserlah di Malaysia di mana terdapat 14 Jabatan Mufti Negeri yang berbeza-beza yang mewakili negeri masing-masing. Sebahagian fatwa yang dikeluarkan oleh negeri-negeri ini didapati tidak selari antara satu sama lain dan keadaan ini menimbulkan konflik terutamanya dalam pentadbiran undang-undang. Walaupun setiap negeri mempunyai Enakmen Hal Ehwal Pentadbiran Agama Islam yang hampir seragam, mempunyai peruntukan rujukan hukum syarak (qawl muktamad) yang sama dan pemantauan Muzakarah Jawatankuasa Fatwa Kebangsaan dalam sesuatu isu fatwa nasional, namun sebahagian fatwa tersebut masih lagi mendapat perselisihan keputusan. Keadaan ini mewujudan situasi hukum yang tidak adil, tiada keselarasan dalam melakukan ijtihad, yang menafikan maksud kesaksamaan dalam keputusan hukum syarak dalam negara ini. Justeru berdasarkan hal ini, kajian dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti punca ketidakselarasan fatwa ini, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi dan langkah serta cadangan untuk mengatasinya. Metodologi kajian ini bersifat kualitatif di mana data-data dikumpulkan melalui kajian kepustakaan dan kajian lapangan. Kajian lapangan dilakukan secara metod temubual dengan para mufti, pegawai istinbat dan ahli akademik. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa Kerajaan Persekutuan melalui Jabatan Kemajuan Agama Islam Malaysia (JAKIM) telah melakukan beberapa inisiatif untuk mengatasi hal ini namun sikap sesetengah ahli jawatankuasa fatwa negeri yang ketat (rigid) kepada Mazhab Syafi'i dan penguasaan ilmu dalam menerima perbezaan pandangan (mura'ah al-khilaf) mengekang kepada capaian matlamat ini. Ini kerana Majlis Jawatankuasa Fatwa Kebangsaan (MJFK) telah dipersetujui sebagai medium penyatuan fatwa antara negeri-negeri di negara ini dan sepatutnya diutamakan keputusan hukum di peringkat ini supaya fatwa negeri dapat mengikuti dengan sepenuhnya. Kata kunci: Fatwa, perbezaan (khilaf), Mufti, kaedah istinbat, Mazhab Syafi'i.


Author(s):  
Andrew Copson

Until the modern period, the integration of church and state had been taken for granted. But from the 18th century onwards, some European states began to set up their political order on a different basis. The rule of law through non-religious values embedded in constitutions became the foundation of some states—a movement we now call secularism. Secularism: A Very Short Introduction tells the story of secularism and considers the role of secularism when engaging with some of the most contentious political and legal issues of our time: ‘blasphemy’, ‘apostasy’, religious persecution, religious discrimination, religious schools, and freedom of belief and freedom of thought in a divided world.


2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-53
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Hofmann

ABSTRACT In a democracy characterized by the separation of church and state, what role does the federal government play in regulating the activities and the financial transactions of churches and other religious nonprofit organizations? What are the current federal requirements regarding tax exemption for churches, tax deductibility of donations to churches, and political activity by churches, and are these requirements justified? Rather than interfering with the free exercise of religion, does the federal government actually come closer to violating the establishment clause of the First Amendment by providing inappropriate tax benefits to churches and clergy? This paper discusses tax laws and federal court decisions relating to these and other issues.


1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Brennan

In the January 6, 1991, issue of the Washington Post Magazine, reporter Walt Harrington wrote a profile of Bryan Stevenson. Mr. Stevenson is a 31-year-old working-class African-American from Delaware who graduated from Harvard Law School and the Kennedy School of Government. Like the typical graduate of Harvard Law School, Mr. Stevenson had the opportunity to join the worlds of six-figure corporate law or high-visibility politics. Rather than follow his colleagues, however, Mr. Stevenson works seven-day, eighty-hour weeks as director of the Alabama Capital Representation Center. He appeals death sentences, handling twenty-four death-row cases himself, supervises five other lawyers who cover about thirty cases, and raises federal government and foundation funding. He does this living a Spartan existence on a salary of $24,000, refusing even the $50,000 directorship salary offered to him.


2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 848-876
Author(s):  
Kathy Schneider

“The religious question” regarding the role of the Catholic Church in Spanish society shaped the often contentious relationship between the Church and state. This relationship entered a new chapter with the coming of the Second Republic and the passage of the 1931 constitution. Among the legislation aimed at implementing the articles of the constitution was the 1933 Law of Confessions and Congregations that outlawed schools run by religious orders. Despite this law, most religious schools remained open. Using three schools of the Sisters of the Company of Mary in the cities of Tudela, Valladolid, and Tarragona, this article shows how orders adapted under the new government. One of the Church's primary tactics was to establish front organizations directed by the laity that permitted the religious orders to circumvent the law in order to maintain their schools.


2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-610
Author(s):  
Paul Guyer

AbstractTwo foremost spokesmen for the German Enlightenment, Moses Mendelssohn and Immanuel Kant, continued the defence of the separation of church and state that was at the heart of the Enlightenment in general and advocated by such great predecessors as Roger Williams and John Locke and contemporaries such as James Madison. The difference between Mendelssohn and Kant on which I focus here is that while Mendelssohn argues against his critics that Judaism is the appropriate religion for a specific people without being appropriate for all, thus implying more generally that different religions are appropriate for groups with different histories, Kant argues first that Judaism is not a genuine religion at all, second that Christianity provides the most suitable symbols or aesthetic representations of the core truths of the religion of reason, and finally that in any case all historical religion will ultimately fade away in favour of the pure religion of reason. Kant’s assumptions are tendentious and his conclusion implausible; Mendelssohn’s view that religion and differences of religion are here to stay provides a far stronger basis for genuine toleration and a strict separation of church and state.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-172
Author(s):  
Rachel Alberstadt ◽  
Jesse Scott ◽  
David Warwick ◽  
Elizabeth Williams ◽  
Thomas Kennedy

In todays workplace, especially in the midst of todays challenging times, we must understand the values of resilience, communication, decision-making, team-building, and diversity. These core competencies contribute to the success of being a diligent leader within government agencies. These competencies make the difference between opportunity and performance, and promote a positive work environment. Government agencies must make sure they are creating inclusive, diverse, and equitable workplaces.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document