Some Opinions on Exemption from Military Service in Nineteenth-Century Europe

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuria Sales de Bohigas
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
De Se ◽  
First Time ◽  
Strong Contrast

In strong contrast with twentieth-century prevailing forms of military obligation (by which service, whenever exacted, is individual, uncommutable for money, untransferable, no social status or fortune providing a legal basis by itself for exemption), nineteenth-century standards as imposed for the first time in revolutionary France after 1792–1793, were based on principles such as those stated in 1776 in Massachusetts: “That no rank or station in life, employment or office … shall excuse or exempt any person from serving in arms for the defence of his country either by himself or some able-bodied effective man in his stead … or from paying the fine.” As the brokers who made it their business to provide substitutes put it, more crudely, “le conscrit paye sa dette de sa personne ou par celle de l'homme qu'il achete”. Whatever the reasons invoked to justify “rich man's money and poor man's blood”, “l'impôt de sang pour le pauvre, impôt d'argent pour le riche“ the basis for this bastard form of equality in face of military obligation, from a juridical point of view, could be defined as a transition between Old Regime frank inequality and post-1870 personl, uncommutable, untransferable obligation. It was best summed up in Napoleon's words: “Chez un peuple dont Pexistence repose sur l'inegalite des fortunes il faut laisser aux riches la faculte de se faire remplacer.”

scholarly journals Dialogical elements in Harris, Dewey, Cutter, Otlet, Kaiser, and Ranganathan: Theoretical convergences in the history of Knowledge Organization

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-362
Author(s):  
Rodrigo de SALES ◽  
Daniel MARTÍNEZ-ÁVILA ◽  
José Augusto GUIMARÃES
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Knowledge Organization ◽  
Methodological Development ◽  
History Of Knowledge ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Descriptive Approach

Abstract In this paper, we study the theoretical intersections and dialogues between some foundational authors on classification and indexing of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that helped developing the theoretical-methodological framework of knowledge organization. More specifically, we highlight and analyze the theoretical convergences of Harris, Dewey, Cutter, Otlet, Kaiser, and Ranganathan as they can provide a clearer picture of the historical and theoretical contributions to the epistemological foundations of knowledge organization. Our methodology follows a critical-descriptive approach to the analysis of the main contributions of the authors and the critical reflections of some specialists and biographers. We continue with a discussion of the links between bibliographic classifications and knowledge organization drawing on the ideas of Bliss; then, we divide our historical narrative between the theoretical contributions during the nineteenth-century (Harris, Dewey, and Cutter) and the twentieth century (Otlet, Kaiser, and Ranganathan); and finally, we present a discussion of the history of knowledge organization from the point of view of the theoretical and methodological development of classification and indexing at the turn of the nineteenth century to the twentieth century. We conclude with some remarks on their main contributions to the development of the knowledge organization field.

Ali Sedad Bey’s (d. 1900), ()

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazif Muhtaroglu
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Working Mechanism ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
First Time ◽  
Late Ottoman

This chapter presents and evaluates Ali Sedāt’s (d. 1900) Principles of Transformation in the Motion of Particles. In this work, Ali Sedad gives a detailed description of the working mechanism of the whole universe, including topics that range from the interaction of atoms to the emergence of animate bodies and the motion of heavenly bodies. In doing this, he introduces thermodynamics and Darwin’s theory of evolution for the first time to the Turkish-speaking community in a detailed way and discusses the laws behind natural phenomena in a philosophical way. Ali Sedāt’s Principles of Transformation is a unique work introducing the basic principles of the natural sciences in nineteenth-century European circles to the Ottoman world and interpreting them from an Ashʿarite perspective. It shows how an Ashʿarite scholar from the late Ottoman era followed modern science thoroughly but interpreted it critically from its own philosophical point of view.

NEO-VICTORIAN STUDIES

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret D. Stetz
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Victorian Novel ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Literary Genres ◽  
Victorian Studies ◽  
Remarkable Effect

Long ago, Margery Williams'sThe Velveteen Rabbit(1922) taught us that toys become real when they are loved. Literary genres, however, become real when they are parodied. The neo-Victorian novel, therefore, must now be real, for its features have become so familiar and readily distinguishable that John Crace has been able to have naughty fun at their expense inBrideshead Abbreviated: The Digested Read of the Twentieth Century(2010), where John Fowles'sThe French Lieutenant's Woman(1969) stands as representative of the type. Crace's treatment of Fowles's first-person narrator results in a remarkable effect: the ironic commentary upon the nineteenth century from a twentieth-century vantage point that runs throughout the novel gets subjected, in turn, to ironic commentary from a twenty-first-century point-of-view:

Poland and the Poles through the Eyes of a Don Cossack: Memoir, Journalistic and Literary Heritage of Ivan S. Ulyanov, Staff Officer of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 42-56
Author(s):  
Artyom Yu. Peretyatko
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Russian Translation ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
Rostov Region ◽  
Literary Heritage ◽  
First Time ◽  
Major General

Major General Ivan S. Ulyanov served more than ten years in Poland. He was one of the most famous public figures of the Don Region in the mid-nineteenth century. Ulyanov was an officer of the headquarters of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich and was captured by the Poles during the November Uprising of 1830–1831. He wrote a number of manuscripts about Poland and made translations from Polish into Russian, most of them remained unpublished during his life. Among the most interesting materials, there are, in particular, his “Notes” about the Polish captivity, which were published by the famous Don Region historian Khariton I. Popov in the early twentieth century, in regional editions. Later they were forgotten. In the article, for the first time in historiography, an attempt was made to systematize Ivanov’s materials related to Poland. Both published and unpublished documents from the State Archive of the Rostov Region (GARO) have not yet been put into scholarly circulation. The author analyzes the circumstances of appearance of these materials, Ulyanov’s biography and his thoughts. The author concludes that Ulyanov’s work is interesting both as evidence of contemporaries, containing factual material about Poland in the years of 1830–1831, and as a cultural phenomenon as such. It is considered to be unique, because it is the first Polish-Russian translation made by a Don Region author. Also, it was an expression of a certain concept of Russian-Polish relations, formed under the influence of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich. This concept assumed friendship and cooperation between the two nations, but under the condition of the Russian domination over the Poles.

The Ideal Christmas Dinner

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
cathy kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Charles Dickens ◽  
Nineteenth Century America ◽  
Changing Attitudes ◽  
First Time ◽  
Twentieth Century America ◽  
The Ideal

Christmas dinner emerged for the first time as an important and distinctive meal in mid-nineteenth century America, fueled by changing attitudes towards the Christmas holiday, changing meal patterns, and the need to unify Americans after the Civil War and to assimilate waves of immigrants. Charles Dickens’ Christmas Carol provided an ideal template for meals centering on turkey and plum pudding, and that model has continued to inform many middle and working class tables. But by the end of the nineteenth century, cookery writers for the more affluent market began to disdain turkey at Christmas, and the uniform tapestry of Christmas foods began to unravel. Christmas dinner in twentieth-century America became more a statement of class than of national identity.

Peter M. Beattie, The Tribute of Blood: Army, Honor, Race, and Nation in Brazil, 1864–1945. Durham: Duke University Press, 2001. xxiv + 390 pp. $64.95 cloth; $19.95 paper

2004 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 213-215
Author(s):  
James P. Woodard
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Military Recruitment ◽  
Labor Practices ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Duke University ◽  
Brazilian History

The Tribute of Blood has already earned an audience among historians of nineteenth and twentieth-century Brazil, who have found in Peter M. Beattie's analysis of military recruitment and enlisted service an innovative and often compelling exploration of a neglected facet of Brazilian history. But the book deserves a wider audience, not least because of Beattie's stated ambition of providing the first book-length study, “that explicitly focuses on impressment and conscription as transatlantic tribute labor systems intricately linked to other labor practices and relations in broader society” (14). Prospective members of such an audience not only stand to learn a great deal about Brazil (indeed, the novice might read The Tribute of Blood as an introduction to the socio-cultural history of Brazil during a “long nineteenth century” of its own). They also might be forced to rethink some of their own assumptions regarding military service in particular and institutional modernization more generally, and draw inspiration from Beattie's impressive command of a wide range of Brazilian sources and his willingness to extend comparisons to and borrow approaches from fields situated at some remove—geographic and otherwise—from his own.

scholarly journals Nazwy zawodów, godności i urzędów jako podstawy motywacyjne współczesnych nazwisk Podlasian

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 265-287
Author(s):  
Michał Mordań ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Food Preparation

The paper presents contemporary surnames of Podlasie derived from the names of professions, courtesy titles, held offices and performed functions. Several groups of anthroponyms were identified through etymological analysis of the gathered material, primarily focused on the semantics of word roots. Contemporary surnames were formed from the following categories of words associated with: 1) crafts (Bondar, Kowalczuk), 2) agriculture, forestry and animal production (Fiszer, Pastuszak), 3) food preparation (Kucharczuk, Mielczarek), 4) trade (Budnik, Salnikow), 5) protection of objects and facilities (Leśnik, Pasiecznik), 6) mansion service (Dworańczyk, Pachołek), 7) music (Fidler, Grajko), 8) occasional functions (Drużba, Krzyżak), 9) religion (Kirchner, Monachowicz), 10) military service (Atamańczyk, Janczar), 11) public offices (Rejent, Tywonek), 12) social status (Dziedzic, Ofman), 13) others (Godun, Stangryciuk). Some surnames (e.g. Budnik, Hajduk, Pachołek) were allocated to more than one category because of their polysemous lexemes. From a linguistic point of view the analysed surnames come from Polish (Cieśla, Krawiec), East Slavic (Czebotariow, Monach), German (Rezler, Sznajderuk) or Baltic words (Dojlida). In terms of word formation, most surnames are the equivalents of common names (Kołodziej, Ogrodnik), although there are also derivative surnames with suffixes (Korolko, Szwajdych), some representing the patronymic model (Majstrowicz, Tokarzewicz; Puszkaruk, Szklaruk) or having genetically possessive suffixes (Kniaziew, Winnikow).

scholarly journals Capri’s Touristification. A Millennial Cultural Landscape Reinvented by Luxury Tourism

Heritage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1509-1529
Author(s):  
Giovanna Russo Krauss
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Slow Pace ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Over Time

In recent years the issue of touristification has been progressively discussed in relation to its impact on historic towns. In this regard, physical transformations and gentrification consequences are both issues often addressed. In Italy, consciousness on the subject primarily grew in relation to Florence and Venice, both national cases widely discussed also on newspapers. The awareness of a wider range of cases affected by this problem, from big cities to small holiday destinations, is even more recent. The aim of the present paper is to address Capri’s touristification process, which started in the last decades of the nineteenth century and exploded in the second half of the twentieth century, from the point of view of the field of study of history and conservation of cultural heritage and landscape. Therefore, this process and some of its consequences on the island’s cultural landscape and identity are thoroughly analyzed. The paper starts with a brief introduction to the island and its history, which is necessary in order to highlight its rich cultural heritage and the slow pace at which Capri has grown over time as a fishermen island to suddenly transforming into a touristic destination during the last century. Finally, the current touristic vocation and the consequences on Capri’s natural and built environment are discussed, with the aim of individuating if and why there have already been losses and what should be done to prevent this negative process from going on.

scholarly journals IRAQI WOMEN'S SITUATION AT THE END OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Ahmed Al-Nasiri Abedalrazak
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Religious Perspective ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Iraqi Women ◽  
Local Traditions

From a historical point of view, the Iraqi society is well known for its conservative social fabric, but that didn’t necessarily mean that Iraqi women were shadowed over by that conservative atmosphere. Through its history Iraq has produced famous, courageous, and self dependent women, in different fields of life. During Modern History Iraq was a part of the Ottoman Empire for about four centuries, with the decline of that Empire, the Iraqi society was affected either directly or indirectly, and the situation of women in Iraq wasn’t getting any better, not to mention some of the local traditions that were designed to prevent women from taking their right role, even from a religious perspective, due to the tribal way of life that the Iraqi society was ruled by. All the above and more were elements that slowed down women in the Iraqi society in having a wider, more diverse role, and resulted in the long lasting; acuminated an affection of these elements, the Iraqi society has lost its capacity to rebuild and flourish.

scholarly journals The Problem of Crisis in the Theory of Postmodernism

2018 ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
Alexey A. Khudin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Detailed Consideration ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
First Time ◽  
Derivatives Of

The article is aimed at studying the theory of postmodernism, asLittLe studied and insufficiently disclosed in modern science, extremely complex and requiring detailed and in-depth analysis. The article sets the task to consider the problems of the crisis perception of the situation in postmodernism architecture period, existing in the regime of a multicultural polylogue. The issue of changing of architectural styles, reflecting global processes, is considered. The peculiarity of architectural thinking in the 1960-1990 period is studied from the point of view of changing of cultural paradigmatic attitudes. The author for the first time explores the causes of the emergence of a sense of crisis, as well as its effects in the form of growing reflection, irony, the formation of criticism and deconstruction, as derivatives of this state. Insufficient study of this problem requires a detailed consideration of the features of eschatological thinking in the cultural processes of the twentieth century and their reflection in the ideology of postmodernism, which is done by the author for the first time. The problem of confrontation between culture and civilization is analyzed, which is one of the little-studied phenomena of thinking in the second half of the twentieth century. The research touches upon the issues of values reassessment, the emergence of distrust to meta-narratives, skepticism to rationality, the defeat of the ideas of humanism, the death of culture, the existence in the process of global polemics, the loss of unambiguous self-identification and landmarks of contemporary human in the world. The author demonstrates the reasons for the emergence of pluralism, antiauthoritarianism, democracy, autoreflexia as ideologemes opposed to modernism. The article contains an examination of the emergence of neoromanticism, deconstruction, escapism as different directions in postmodernism.

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