Ali Sedad Bey’s (d. 1900), ()

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazif Muhtaroglu
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Working Mechanism ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
First Time ◽  
Late Ottoman

This chapter presents and evaluates Ali Sedāt’s (d. 1900) Principles of Transformation in the Motion of Particles. In this work, Ali Sedad gives a detailed description of the working mechanism of the whole universe, including topics that range from the interaction of atoms to the emergence of animate bodies and the motion of heavenly bodies. In doing this, he introduces thermodynamics and Darwin’s theory of evolution for the first time to the Turkish-speaking community in a detailed way and discusses the laws behind natural phenomena in a philosophical way. Ali Sedāt’s Principles of Transformation is a unique work introducing the basic principles of the natural sciences in nineteenth-century European circles to the Ottoman world and interpreting them from an Ashʿarite perspective. It shows how an Ashʿarite scholar from the late Ottoman era followed modern science thoroughly but interpreted it critically from its own philosophical point of view.

scholarly journals CREATIVITY IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 444-460
Author(s):  
Piotr Giza
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Explanatory Models ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Software Market ◽  
The One

The aim of this paper is to briefly explore creative thinking in computer science, and compare it to natural sciences, mathematics or engineering. It is also meant as polemics with some theses of the pioneer work under the same title by Daniel Saunders and Paul Thagard because I point to important motivations in computer science the authors do not mention, and give examples of the origins of problems they explicitly deny. Computer science is a very specific field for it relates the abstract, theoretical discipline – mathematics, on the one hand, and engineering, often concerned with very practical tasks of building computers, on the other. It is like engineering in that it is concerned with solving practical problems or implementing solutions, often with strongly financial reasons, e.g. increasing a company’s income. It is like mathematics in that is deals with abstract symbols, logical relations, algorithms, computability problems, etc. Saunders and Thagard analyse rich experimental material from historical and contemporary work in computer science and argue that, as opposed to natural sciences, computer science is not concerned with describing and explaining natural phenomena. Now, I argue that there is a field of research in artificial intelligence (which, in turn, is a branch of computer science), called machine discovery, where explanation of natural phenomena, finding experimental laws and explanatory models is the primary goal. This goal is achieved by constructing computer systems whose job is to simulate various processes involved in scientific discovery done by human researchers, and help them in making new discoveries. On the other hand, motivations that give rise to ingenious projects in computer science can be very strange and include curiosity, fun or attempts to be famous out of boring, stable life of a successful programmer in a big corporation. A good example is the phenomenon of open-source software, especially the development of the Linux operating system and its applications when, from economical point of view, Microsoft absolutely dominated the software market of personal computers.

scholarly journals CO RELATIVE STUDY OF BHRAJAK PITTA AND MELANIN

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Geeta Tambe Geeta kadam
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Normal Skin ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Skin Colour ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Skin Tanning ◽  
Body Heat

Dosa dhatu mala are the basic principles of Ayurveda. In Ayurveda vata,pitta, kapha are the main 3 types of dosa. According to Vagbhata pitta has  these main function  namely pakti (digestion),ushma(maintain proper body temperature),darshan (vision), kshudha(hunger), trushna(thirst), prabha (lustre) to skin ,medha( intellect). Pathological increase in Pitta causes yellow coloured skin and eyes and decrease in Pitta causes loss of lustre and low glorification (prabhahani). pitta has five subtypes Aalochak ,Ranjak ,Sadhak ,Pachak and Bhrajak pitta . Bhrajak pitta is located in skin and its functions are regulation of body heat and maintain normal skin colour and absorption and digestion of medicine applied on skin. According to modern science the colour of skin depends upon melanin concentration.  Excess level of melanin results in skin tanning while absence of melanin causes albinism. Co- relative study of Bhrajak Pitta and melanin may helpful to ayurvedic students  to understand ayurvedic concept Bhrajak pitta in modern point of view hence, detail study of Bhrajak pitta and Melanin in has been elaborated in this article.

scholarly journals Wokół ewolucji i kreacji - wstępna analiza ankiet nauczycieli i studentów

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-198
Author(s):  
Jacek Tomczyk ◽  
Grzegorz Bugajak
Keyword(s):  
Popular Literature ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Environment Protection ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
University Professors ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Book Of Genesis ◽  
Origin Of Man ◽  
First Time

The paper presents the results of the research which was carried out as part of the project: Current controversies about human origins. Between anthropology and the Bible. This project focuses on the supposed conflict between natural sciences and some branches of the humanities (notably philosophy and theology) with regard to the origin of man. The research was aimed at finding out whether such a conflict really exits. For one thing, we cannot exclude the possibility that these would-be controversies have no factual ground and that their significance is inflated by American popular literature. If, on the other hand, we assume that the conflict is real, it should be worthwhile examining its sources. Such an approach may prove helpful in systematising the highly emotional debates about the origin of man. One of the ways of tackling the issue was the questionnaire which was distributed among students, teachers and university professors. Our respondents represented three disciplines: theology, philosophy and the natural sciences, the paper will present selected results of the questionnaire which was addressed to a group of school teachers, whereas the responses of the students are given less attention in order to emphasise the teachers’ point of view, the teachers of religion and the natural sciences (biology, chemistry and physics) and the students of theology, philosophy and the natural sciences (specialising in biology and environment protection) were asked to fill in the form consisting of eleven questions, these questions concerned the following issues: the existence of the conflict between evolutionism and creationism, the definitions of creation and evolution, the existence of the spiritual element in man, ways of interpreting the Bible (esp. the first chapters of the Book of Genesis). Out of 1000 questionnaires sent out, we received 449, which should be considered a satisfactory number, given the fact that it was the first time this type of research was carried out in Poland.

scholarly journals The Problem of Crisis in the Theory of Postmodernism

2018 ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
Alexey A. Khudin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Detailed Consideration ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
First Time ◽  
Derivatives Of

The article is aimed at studying the theory of postmodernism, asLittLe studied and insufficiently disclosed in modern science, extremely complex and requiring detailed and in-depth analysis. The article sets the task to consider the problems of the crisis perception of the situation in postmodernism architecture period, existing in the regime of a multicultural polylogue. The issue of changing of architectural styles, reflecting global processes, is considered. The peculiarity of architectural thinking in the 1960-1990 period is studied from the point of view of changing of cultural paradigmatic attitudes. The author for the first time explores the causes of the emergence of a sense of crisis, as well as its effects in the form of growing reflection, irony, the formation of criticism and deconstruction, as derivatives of this state. Insufficient study of this problem requires a detailed consideration of the features of eschatological thinking in the cultural processes of the twentieth century and their reflection in the ideology of postmodernism, which is done by the author for the first time. The problem of confrontation between culture and civilization is analyzed, which is one of the little-studied phenomena of thinking in the second half of the twentieth century. The research touches upon the issues of values reassessment, the emergence of distrust to meta-narratives, skepticism to rationality, the defeat of the ideas of humanism, the death of culture, the existence in the process of global polemics, the loss of unambiguous self-identification and landmarks of contemporary human in the world. The author demonstrates the reasons for the emergence of pluralism, antiauthoritarianism, democracy, autoreflexia as ideologemes opposed to modernism. The article contains an examination of the emergence of neoromanticism, deconstruction, escapism as different directions in postmodernism.

“Even Three-Year-Old Children Know That the Source of Enlightenment is not Religion but Science”

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 98-122
Author(s):  
Hans Martin Krämer
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Science And Religion ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Unity Of Science ◽  
Japanese Buddhism ◽  
Modern Natural ◽  
Modern Natural Science ◽  
Modern Japan

Abstract When Japanese Buddhists faced the challenge of materialistic natural sciences in the last decades of the nineteenth century, their responses were not uniform. Some advocated a unity of science and religion in the sense that Buddhism was thought to be substantially compatible with the findings of modern natural science, while others argued for a separation of domains, salvaging for religion a sphere of life that would remain unaffected by modern rationalist forms of critique. Yet, both sides already argued from within a logic of the secular/non-secular, thus showing that, next to political demands, the challenges posed by modern science were an important catalyst for the emergence of expressions of secularity in modern Japan. This article attempts to make sense of the diverse Buddhist self-articulations vis-à-vis modern science by differentiating chronologically, by sect, and by addressee, thus seeking out patterns to explain the contemporaneity of opposing positions within Japanese Buddhism.

Some Opinions on Exemption from Military Service in Nineteenth-Century Europe

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuria Sales de Bohigas
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
De Se ◽  
First Time ◽  
Strong Contrast

In strong contrast with twentieth-century prevailing forms of military obligation (by which service, whenever exacted, is individual, uncommutable for money, untransferable, no social status or fortune providing a legal basis by itself for exemption), nineteenth-century standards as imposed for the first time in revolutionary France after 1792–1793, were based on principles such as those stated in 1776 in Massachusetts: “That no rank or station in life, employment or office … shall excuse or exempt any person from serving in arms for the defence of his country either by himself or some able-bodied effective man in his stead … or from paying the fine.” As the brokers who made it their business to provide substitutes put it, more crudely, “le conscrit paye sa dette de sa personne ou par celle de l'homme qu'il achete”. Whatever the reasons invoked to justify “rich man's money and poor man's blood”, “l'impôt de sang pour le pauvre, impôt d'argent pour le riche“ the basis for this bastard form of equality in face of military obligation, from a juridical point of view, could be defined as a transition between Old Regime frank inequality and post-1870 personl, uncommutable, untransferable obligation. It was best summed up in Napoleon's words: “Chez un peuple dont Pexistence repose sur l'inegalite des fortunes il faut laisser aux riches la faculte de se faire remplacer.”

scholarly journals Termin "rasa" i jego synonimy w polskiej refleksji naukowej i popularnonaukowej w latach 1864–1918

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Wrzesińska
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Popular Science ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Western Science ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
As Species

The Term Race and its Synonyms in Polish Scholarly and Popular Science Thought, 1864–1918In the Polish scholarly literature concerning terminology used in different fields of knowledge, issues of the meaning and usage of the term race have not been discussed. The article aims at demonstrating how the term race was used in the Polish writings. Typically, it was in use interchangeably with terms considered as its synonyms, such as plemię, szczep, gałąź, lud and naród, as well as the notions adapted from natural sciences such as species and variety. All these terms were applied in order to categorize human groups, describe and classify them. The meaning of the notion race was not fully analyzed. Moreover, despite the fact that the Western science and its development was followed and popularized in Poland, no clear definitions appeared there. The majority of Polish authors still used the terms mentioned above as synonyms and understood quite different contents from the point of view of biology, culture and spiritual and social contexts. The term racial was still used interchangeably with such terms as ethnic, ethnographic, ethnological. Even though in the second half of the nineteenth century some Polish scholars (e.g. Ludwik Gumplowicz, Erazm Majewski, and Ludwik Krzywicki) initiated attempts to clarify this terminology, their effort did not ultimately exert an influence on the language of the message. Termin rasa i jego synonimy w polskiej refleksji naukowej i popularnonaukowej w latach 1864–1918W polskiej literaturze naukowej dotyczącej terminologii stosowanej w różnych dziedzinach wiedzy nie poruszono dotąd zagadnień związanych ze znaczeniem i użyciem terminu rasa. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie sposobu pojmowania tego terminu i zakresu jego stosowania w piśmiennictwie polskim. Najczęściej był on używany zamiennie z określeniami uważanymi za jego synonimy, takimi jak plemię, szczep, gałąź, lud i naród oraz przyswojonymi z nauk przyrodniczych: gatunek i odmiana. Wszystkie te terminy służyły rozróżnianiu grup ludzkich, ich opisowi i klasyfikacji. Nie udawało się zgłębić znaczenia pojęcia rasa. Także nauka zachodnia, którą śledzono i popularyzowano, nie przynosiła jasnych definicji. Większość z piszących stosowała synonimicznie wspomniane terminy i rozumiała pod nimi zupełnie inne treści: biologiczne, kulturowe i duchowe, społeczne. Określenia rasowy natomiast używano zamiennie z takimi wyrazami jak etniczny, etnograficzny, etnologiczny. Choć w drugiej połowie XIX wieku polscy uczeni (Ludwik Gumplowicz, Erazm Majewski, Ludwik Krzywicki) podejmowali próby uporządkowania terminologii, pozostały one bez większego wpływu na język przekazu.

scholarly journals Thinking Europe on Europe’s margins: Alexander Sturdza, Konstantinos Oikonomos and Russian-Greek orthodoxy in the early nineteenth century

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Ada Dialla
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Equality ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Orthodoxy ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
The North ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
First Time

This article seeks to examine the construction of the notion of Europe not from a West–East perspective but from a more complex geographical and conceptual vantage point, including the north and the south in relation to the West and East and, more specifically, from the point of view of the Ggreek orthodox and Russian worlds in the postnapoleonic era. Following the political, religious and intellectual activity of two expatriates and close friends, Alexander Sturdza and Konstantinos Oikonomos, it explores how the idea of Europe was visited and how these two intellectuals and politicians negotiated and renegotiated to what extent their respective communities (Russian and Greek) were part of Europe, with religion as the central axis and the notions of the Orthodox world and Orthodox East in the arsenal of both. The first decades of the nineteenth century brought Russia and the Greeks to the forefront of the European scene. First, Russia, in the wake of its military campaigns against Napoleon’s empire (1812–1814), at the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) found itself in a leading position in European politics and as the pacesetter in the elaboration of the idea of a united Europe. a little later, the Greek struggle for independence, the first protracted successful national struggle in Europe, raised the principle of nationalities (as national self-determination was called in the nineteenth century) for the first time as one to be reckoned with in Europe. as i argue, in the early nineteenth century the rise of Russian power provided fertile ground to challenge the idea of the secondary character of Eastern Orthodoxy in comparison to the Latin West and of the Eastern peripheral character of both Russia and Greece, and to elaborate the idea of the cultural and political equality of West and East.

Methods of Network Planning and Management when Implementing Territory Planning Projects

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-54
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Network Planning ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Planning And Management ◽  
Planning Project ◽  
Complex Process

The success of the Program of housing stock renovation in Moscow depends on the efficiency of resource management. One of the main urban planning documents that determine the nature of the reorganization of residential areas included in the Program of renovation is the territory planning project. The implementation of the planning project is a complex process that has a time point of its beginning and end, and also includes a set of interdependent parallel-sequential activities. From an organizational point of view, it is convenient to use network planning and management methods for project implementation. These methods are based on the construction of network models, including its varieties – a Gantt chart. A special application has been developed to simulate the implementation of planning projects. The article describes the basic principles and elements of modeling. The list of the main implementation parameters of the Program of renovation obtained with the help of the developed software for modeling is presented. The variants of using the results obtained for a comprehensive analysis of the implementation of large-scale urban projects are proposed.

Adam Zalužanský’s “De sexu plantarum” (1592): an early pioneering chapter on plant sexuality

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Funk
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
English Translation ◽  
History Of Botany ◽  
Main Work ◽  
Botanical History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
First Time

In the history of botany, Adam Zalužanský (d. 1613), a Bohemian physician, apothecary, botanist and professor at the University of Prague, is a little-known personality. Linnaeus's first biographers, for example, only knew Zalužanský from hearsay and suspected he was a native of Poland. This ignorance still pervades botanical history. Zalužanský is mentioned only peripherally or not at all. As late as the nineteenth century, a researcher would be unaware that Zalužanský’s main work Methodi herbariae libri tres actually existed in two editions from two different publishers (1592, Prague; 1604, Frankfurt). This paper introduces the life and work of Zalužanský. Special attention is paid to the chapter “De sexu plantarum” of Zalužanský’s Methodus, in which, more than one hundred years before the well-known De sexu plantarum epistola of R. J. Camerarius, the sexuality of plants is suggested. Additionally, for the first time, an English translation of Zalužanský’s chapter on plant sexuality is provided.

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