A Rapid Laboratory Method of Assessing Susceptibility of Hevea Clones to Oidium Heveae

1973 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Lim
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Systematic Method ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Rapid Laboratory

SUMMARYA detached-leaf technique is described for assessing susceptibility of Hevea clones to Oidium heveae, based on intensity of sporulation. This offers a rapid, systematic method of screening clones in vitro against the disease, in place of the current nursery and field methods.

scholarly journals Identification of the Active Constituents and Significant Pathways of Shen-qi-Yi-zhu Decoction on Antigastric Cancer: A Network Pharmacology Research and Experimental Validation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Shuhong Zeng ◽  
Zhibao Yu ◽  
Xintian Xu ◽  
Yuanjie Liu ◽  
Jiepin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Validation ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Disease Network ◽  
Systematic Method ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Ppi Networks ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Shen-qi-Yi-zhu decoction (SQYZD) is an empirical prescription with antigastric cancer (GC) property created by Xu Jing-fan, a National Chinese Medical Master. However, its underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Based on network pharmacology and experimental verification, this study puts forward a systematic method to clarify the anti-GC mechanism of SQYZD. The active ingredients of SQYZD and their potential targets were acquired from the TCMSP database. The target genes related to GC gathered from GeneCards, DisGeNET, OMIM, TTD, and DrugBank databases were imported to establish protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks in GeneMANIA. Cytoscape was used to establish the drug-ingredients-targets-disease network. The hub target genes collected from the SQYZD and GC were parsed via GO and KEGG analysis. Our findings from network pharmacology were successfully validated using an in vitro HGC27 cell model experiment. In a word, this study proves that the combination of network pharmacology and in vitro experiments is effective in clarifying the potential molecular mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

scholarly journals A Laboratory Method to Measure Skin Surface Staining by Cigarette Smoke, Tobacco Heating Products and E-Cigarettes

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 158-166
Author(s):  
Annette Dalrymple ◽  
Emma-Jayne Bean ◽  
Jesse Thissen ◽  
Holger Behrsing ◽  
Steven Coburn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Porcine Skin ◽  
Skin Sample ◽  
Side Stream ◽  
Air Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Skin Samples

Summary Exhaled or side-stream cigarette smoke (CS) may visually stain a consumer's skin over time. Tobacco heating products (THPs) and e-cigarettes (ECs) have reduced staining potential because they do not produce side-stream aerosols and their exhaled aerosols have significantly reduced levels of toxicants, particles and odour. Here we assess discolouration of porcine skin in vitro after exposure to particulate matter (PM) or aerosols from CS (3R4F), two THPs (glo and glo sens) and an EC (iSwitch Maxx). PM was prepared by capturing aerosols on Cambridge filter pads and eluting with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Abattoir-obtained porcine skin samples were incubated with PM or DMSO control at 37 °C between 0 and 6.0 h. For aerosol assessment, porcine skin samples were exposed to between 50 and 400 puffs of the products, or air control, using a smoking machine. Colour profiles and staining levels of each skin sample were measured at different timepoints and puff thresholds using a spectrophotometer. Staining increased with time and dose, the greatest changes being observed following exposure to aerosols and PM from CS. THP, EC and control values were significantly different from CS after 0.5 h exposure to PM or 50 puffs of aerosols. The minimal staining induced by THPs and EC was comparable to controls. These data suggest that THPs and ECs could offer hygiene benefits to consumers who switch from smoking cigarettes. Further studies are required to assess the longer-term effects of THPs and ECs on skin discoloration. [Contrib. Tob. Nicotine Res. 30 (2021) 158–166]

scholarly journals Controlling Brown Spot of Pear by a Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptide Under Field Conditions

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (12) ◽  
pp. 1816-1822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireia Puig ◽  
Concepció Moragrega ◽  
Lídia Ruz ◽  
Emilio Montesinos ◽  
Isidre Llorente
Keyword(s):  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Brown Spot Disease ◽  
Pear Trees

Brown spot of pear, caused by Stemphylium vesicarium, is a fungal disease of increasing importance in several pear-growing areas of Europe. Disease control measures include the application of fungicides and sanitation methods. Antimicrobial peptides may be a complement or alternative to conventional fungicides used to manage brown spot disease. In a previous study, the synthetic peptide BP15 showed postinfection fungicidal activity against S. vesicarium in in vitro and detached-leaf assays. In the present study, the efficacy of BP15 (KKLFKKILKVL-NH2) in controlling brown spot of pear was evaluated under field conditions using potted plants and pear trees in orchards. In field trials, the treatments with BP15 or with the fungicide thiram were scheduled according to the infection risk predicted by the BSPcast model. Potted pear plants treated with BP15 showed a disease reduction of about 42 to 60% in five of seven trials. In three of four tree trials, the disease severity on shoots treated with BP15 was significantly lower than in the nontreated controls, with a mean efficacy of 38.2%. It was concluded that BP15 is a good candidate to be further developed as a fungicide for controlling brown spot of pear.

scholarly journals Detached leaf in vitro model for masked mycotoxin biosynthesis and subsequent analysis of unknown conjugates

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. De Boevre ◽  
A. Vanheule ◽  
K. Audenaert ◽  
B. Bekaert ◽  
J. Diana Di Mavungu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Model ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Mycotoxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Derivatives Of

The manuscript details the development of an in vitro model plant system using detached leaves because there is a need for biosynthetic methods for the production and isolation of masked mycotoxins. This detached leaf in vitro model was firstly applied to deoxynivalenol with satisfying results. The biosynthesis of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside was confirmed using its respective commercially available reference standard. Secondly, the detached leaf in vitro model was applied to T-2 toxin. Mono- and tri-glucoside derivatives of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin, T-2-(3)-glucoside, T-2-(3)-triglucoside and HT-2-(3)-glucoside were identified and characterised using Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. This is the first report on a triglucoside of T-2 toxin. The discovery of new masked forms implies the importance of the development of analytical methods for their detection, the constitution of toxicity studies, and proving the relevance of their presence in the food and feed chain.

A DETACHED LEAF TECHNIQUE FOR SCREENING BEANS (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) IN VITRO AGAINST ANTHRACNOSE (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum)

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 805-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. TU
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum ◽  
Effective Alternative ◽  
High Humidity ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Screening Technique ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Paper Towels

An effective alternative method of screening white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Briosi & Cav.) resistance was developed using excised leaves or leaflets. The inoculum was brushed on the underside of the excised leaves and leaflets. The inoculated leaves were placed, inoculated side up, on several layers of wet paper towels in a tray which was then covered with a transparent lid or plastic to maintain high humidity. The trays were kept at 22 ± 1 °C with 9 h light daily for 6 d for symptom development. With this method one plant can be assayed several times either for the same race or for different races of the pathogen. The latter is particularly important when resistance to different races involves different genes.Key words: Bean (navy), anthracnose, screening technique

scholarly journals Reaction of wheat cultivars and differential lines to Puccinia triticina races in detached leaves

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Turra ◽  
Erlei M. Reis ◽  
Amarilis L. Barcellos
Keyword(s):  
Puccinia Triticina ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Leaf Rust ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Wheat Leaf ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Wheat Leaves

The method of preserving detached wheat leaves in Petri dish was used for the inoculation and development of the fungus Puccinia triticina, the causal agent of wheat leaf rust. The reaction of 26 wheat cultivars was compared by using seedlings cultivated in pots (in vivo) and detached leaves (in vitro) inoculated with four physiological races of the pathogen. After inoculation, the material was kept in a growth chamber for 15 days. The reaction was evaluated on the 15th day after inoculation. Results for each race in the evaluated genotypes confirmed the efficiency of the detached leaf method in assessing the reaction of wheat cultivars.

scholarly journals Refinement of a Quantitative Method for Determining the Lime Requirements of Soils

1969 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Fernando Abruña ◽  
José Vicente
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Direct Titration ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Rapid Laboratory

In determining the lime requirement of kaolinitic soils by direct titration with a calcium hydroxide solution it was found that boiling for 5 minutes reduced the time required for the attainment of equilibrium between the soil and the solution from over 100 hours to 1 hour. The variation in the pH values of the sons at equilibrium with the two methods were in all cases less than 0.1 unit. A precise, rapid laboratory method based on 5-minute boiling is described for determining the lime requirement of these soils. Results of a field experiment are shown to demonstrate the accuracy of the method.

scholarly journals Inexpensive Screening Method to Validate the Efficacy of Ethanedinitrile Fumigant on the Forest Invasive Nematode Pest Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4765
Author(s):  
Ondřej Douda ◽  
Václav Stejskal ◽  
Marie Manasova ◽  
Miloslav Zouhar ◽  
Jonáš Hnatek
Keyword(s):  
Screening Method ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
High Survival ◽  
Initial Screening ◽  
Innovative Method ◽  
International Laws

At a global scale, the sustainability of forests is endangered by multiple invasive species, including the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), a quarantine pest. International laws and standards require that all exported wood coming from countries in which B. xylophilus is present be chemically or physically treated. Since a major fumigant, methyl bromide, was banned, there has been a need to generate data for alternative fumigants, such as ethanedinitrile (EDN), for this purpose. Since the field screening of fumigants (i.e., the application of various doses to and exposure times of naturally infested wood logs) is prohibitively expensive, the aim of this study was to develop a quick and inexpensive laboratory method. Here, we suggest and describe an innovative method based on sawdust cultures for EDN efficacy screening. In the validation part of this study, we demonstrated (i) the high survival of the nematodes in the sawdust and (ii) the high efficacy of EDN against this pest under in vitro conditions; 100% mortality was observed after 6 h of EDN exposure to a dose of 25 g/m3. In particular, our newly developed model system could be used for the initial screening of various doses of and exposure protocols for EDN and similar types of fumigants developed with the intention of regulating B. xylophilus occurrence in exported wood. It is believed that the validated method may help to develop new and effective EDN fumigation procedures and thereby contribute to the long-term protection of forests worldwide.

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