RESPONSE OF CANOLA (Brassica napus L.) AND MUSTARD (B. juncea L.) TO DIFFERENT WATERING REGIMES

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. T. ZELEKE ◽  
D. J. LUCKETT ◽  
R. B. COWLEY
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Crop Water

SUMMARYIn arid and semiarid winter crop growing regions of southern Australia, low rainfall, high evaporation, and low soil moisture storage are the limiting factors for crop production. In this region canola (Brassica napus L.) is principally grown in rotation with wheat and pasture species. Some field studies have indicated Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) to be more drought tolerant than canola and therefore considered to be better adapted than canola to short season environments. A field experiment was conducted at Wagga Wagga in NSW to determine the effect of two soil moisture regimes on water use efficiency, harvest index, seed and oil quality of cv. Oasis of Indian mustard and cv. Skipton of canola. Significant year × stress and species × stress interaction effects were observed for grain yield, harvest index, seed weight, biomass water productivity, and grain water productivity. Irrigation during the post flowering period resulted in 50% and 200% increases in canola grain yield in the first year (year with higher in-crop water) and the second year (year with low in-crop water), respectively. For mustard, these values were 7% and 45%, respectively. Stressed mustard resulted in higher grain yield than stressed canola while irrigated canola performed better than irrigated mustard. High mustard biomass production resulted in lowering its harvest index. Generally, the biomass water productivity of mustard was higher than that of canola. Grain yield-based water productivity of stressed mustard was higher than that of stressed canola while irrigated canola had higher water productivity than irrigated mustard. When rainfall and actual evapotranspiration drop below some thresholds, mustard becomes a favourable crop. Generally, effects due to the water treatments (stressed v irrigated) were much larger than the differences due to species.

scholarly journals Maize Seedling Establishment, Grain Yield and Crop Water Productivity Response to Seed Priming and Irrigation Management in a Mediterranean Arid Environment

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 756
Author(s):  
AbdAllah M. El-Sanatawy ◽  
Ahmed S. M. El-Kholy ◽  
Mohamed M. A. Ali ◽  
Mohamed F. Awad ◽  
Elsayed Mansour
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Crop Water Productivity ◽  
Irrigation Regimes

Water shortage is a major environmental stress that destructively impacts maize production, particularly in arid regions. Therefore, improving irrigation management and increasing productivity per unit of water applied are needed, especially under the rising temperature and precipitation fluctuations induced by climate change. Laboratory and field trials were carried out in the present study, which were aimed at assessing the possibility of promoting maize germination, growth, grain yield and crop water productivity (CWP) using seed priming under different irrigation regimes. Two seed priming treatments, i.e., hydro-priming and hardening versus unprimed seeds, were applied under four irrigation regimes, i.e., 120, 100, 80 and 60% of estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc). The obtained results indicated that increasing irrigation water from 100% up to 120% ETc did not significantly increase grain yield or contributing traits, while it decreased CWP. Deficit irrigation of 80 and 60% ETc gradually decreased grain yield and all attributed traits. Seed priming significantly ameliorated seedlings’ vigor as indicated by earlier germination, higher germination percentage, longer roots and shoots, and heavier fresh and dry weight than unprimed seeds with the superiority of hardening treatment. Additionally, under field conditions, seed priming significantly increased grain yield, yield contributing traits and CWP compared with unprimed treatment. Interestingly, the results reflect the role of seed priming, particularly hardening, in mitigating negative impacts of drought stress and enhancing maize growth, grain yield and attributed traits as well as CWP under deficit irrigation conditions. This was demonstrated by a significant increase in grain yield and CWP under moderate drought and severe drought conditions compared with unprimed treatment. These results highlight that efficient irrigation management and seed priming can increase maize yield and water productivity in arid environments.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Changes in Maize and Soybean Grain Yield, Precipitation Use Efficiency, and Crop Water Productivity in the U.S. Great Plains

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1189-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meetpal S. Kukal ◽  
Suat Irmak
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Increasing Trends ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Precipitation Use Efficiency

Abstract. Sustainable agricultural utilization of the limited water resources demands improvements in understanding the changes in crop water productivity (CWP) in space and time, which is often presented as a potential solution to relieve the growing pressure on fresh water resources. In addition, crop yield needs to be studied in relation to precipitation received annually and during the growing season for its contribution to reduce irrigation water requirements, which is quantified through precipitation use efficiency (PUE). Hence, systematic quantifications, mapping, and analyses of large-scale CWP and PUE levels are needed. This study aims to quantify long-term (1982-2013) information on grain yield, PUE, and CWP for maize and soybean in the U.S. Great Plains counties and to map and analyze them. Multiple public data sources were used, including weather, satellite, and yield datasets for the 834 counties over a 32-year period. Long-term average maize grain yield ranged from 1.56 to 12.81 t ha-1 with a regional average of 6.66 t ha-1. Long-term average soybean grain yield ranged from 0.47 to 3.46 t ha-1 with an average of 2.17 t ha-1. About 87% and 89% of the counties in the region showed increasing trends in grain yield for maize and soybean, respectively, with regional average increasing trends for maize and soybean yield of 0.1014 and 0.0328 t ha-1 year-1, respectively. The regional annual PUE (ANNPUE) and growing season PUE (GRSPUE) were 1.09 and 1.90 kg m-3, respectively, for maize and 0.32 and 0.55 kg m-3, respectively, for soybean. In addition, the regional average increasing trends in maize ANNPUE (exhibited by 88% of counties) and GRSPUE (exhibited by 85% of counties) were 0.0174 and 0.0316 kg m-3 year-1. For soybean, regional average increasing trends in ANNPUE (exhibited by 91% of counties) and GRSPUE (exhibited by 87% of counties) were 0.0048 and 0.0081 kg m-3 year-1. The magnitude of maize CWP varied from 0.30 to 2.97 kg m-3 with a regional average of 1.08 kg m-3, and soybean CWP varied from 0.15 to 0.67 kg m-3 with a regional average of 0.40 kg m-3. It was found that 79% and 86% of the counties showed positive trends in maize and soybean CWP, respectively, and the increasing trend magnitudes were 0.0144 and 0.0047 kg m-3 year-1. Pooled data from all counties and growing seasons were used to develop frequency distribution histograms to quantify the inter-annual variation and distribution characteristics. The level of CWP variability represented via maps revealed regions where opportunity exists for improvements in production system efficiency. A comprehensive understanding of the spatial and temporal patterns in these efficiency indices will provide a basis for decision-making in resource assessments, planning, evaluation, and investment by state and federal agencies and stakeholders. Keywords: Agriculture, Climate, Evapotranspiration, Great Plains, Water productivity.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF IRRIGATION INTERVALS AND TILLAGE SYSTEMS ON SOIL MOISTURE DISTRIBUTION AND MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) GROWTH IN EASTERN SUDAN

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Khalid Hussian Solieman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Yield Parameters ◽  
Soil Moisture Distribution

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different irrigation intervals and tillage systems on soil moisture distribution and maize (Zea mays L.) growth and yield. The field work was carried out at Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Kassala, New Halfa (Sudan) for two consecutive seasons (2009/2010 and 2010/2011). The irrigation intervals were 14 days (I1) and 21 days (I2). While the tillage systems were {(disc plowing + harrowing + leveling + ridging (TS1)), (chisel plowing + harrowing + leveling + ridging, (TS2)), (disc harrowing + leveling + ridging, (TS3)), and ridging only, (TS4)}. The experiment was organized in split plot design with three replications. The soil moisture distribution was estimated before and during the experiment, while the measured crop growth and yield parameters were emergence percentage, plant height, leaf area index, biological yield, grain yield, and harvest index. The results showed that moisture content (%) tend to increase significantly (P≤ 0.05) with depth before running the treatments and during the different stages of the experiment, while the highest values of moisture content were observed with I1 and TS2. Moreover, irrigation intervals and tillage systems showed high significant (P≤0.01) effect on the leaf area index, grain yield and harvest index in both seasons. Hence, the combination of I1 and TS2 showed the highest grain yield across the two seasons (8.5 and10.4 ton/ha) compared to I2 with TS3 and TS4 which revealed the lowest ones, (6.5 and 3.9 ton/ha, respectively). The conclusion drawn from this study is that I1 and TS2 were showed the best soil moisture distribution and significant improvement of maize growth and yield parameters.

scholarly journals An analysis of yield variation among long-duration pigeonpea genotypes in relation to season, irrigation and plant population

2001 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. D. K. KUMAR RAO ◽  
C. JOHANSEN ◽  
Y. S. CHAUHAN ◽  
Y. S. CHAUHAN ◽  
V. K. JAIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Plant Dry Mass

The response of eight long-duration pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.] genotypes to irrigation was studied at Gwalior in Central India during the 1990–91, 1991–92 and 1992–93 growing seasons on an Inceptisol. The crop was grown at two spacings as it was expected that crop density could interact with the crop's ability to extract soil moisture. The irrigation treatment received furrow irrigation four times during the 1990–91 and 1992–93 seasons and twice during the 1991–92 season. Grain yields of all genotypes were 11 % higher when planted at higher density than at low density. There was a differential variation in yield and harvest index among genotypes due to season but not due to spacing and irrigation suggesting the validity of the present approach of testing genotypes under optimum conditions. Grain yield declined by 21 % from the 1990 to 1992 season. The decline was > 1 t/ha in some cultivars (ICPL 366, GW3), and between 0·5 and 1·0 t/ha in others (NP [WR] 15, ICP 87143 and ICPL 84072). In others (Bahar, ICP 9174, ICP 8860) the yield fluctuation was < 0·5 t/ha. The genotypes' mean yields were as high as 2·7 t/ha for ICPL 87143, ICPL 84072 and ICPL 366. There was a significant reduction in both grain yield (16 %), and also above-ground plant dry mass (18 %) due to soil moisture limitation in the unirrigated treatment. Both the above-ground plant dry mass and grain yields were significantly more at high plant density than at lower plant density especially with irrigation. The genotypes were found to differ in their response to production environment (irrigation, spacing and to the undefined differences of the 3 years). Genotypic variation in yield within a production environment was found to vary in relation to changes in harvest index and across environment (irrigation, seasons) due to variation in total dry matter production. A lack of negative relationship between the total dry matter and harvest index suggests the possibility of optimizing both for obtaining higher yield from long-duration genotypes.

Time of sowing and wheat production in southern NSW

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (46) ◽  
pp. 604 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Kohn ◽  
RR Storrier
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Organic Nitrogen ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Moisture Potential

Wheat (CV. Heron) sown on clover-improved soils at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, over the period 1961 to 1965 showed a general reduction in yield and an increase in grain protein percentage with delay in sowing. Grain yield decreased by 3.7 per cent for each week's delay in sowing after the end of April and the rate of grain protein increase ranged from 0.09 to 0.56 per cent for each week's delay, depending on seasonal conditions. This grain protein increase was accompanied by a reduced kernel size which resulted in a decrease in grain protein yield of 12.5 lb an acre for each week's delay in sowing. The reduced grain yield with later sowings was associated with less efficient use of soil moisture the post-flowering period. Although the cumulative evapotranspiration of early sown crops was about two inches greater than that for late sown crops in mid-spring, all sowings reduced the soil moisture potential to -15 bars to a depth of four to five feet at maturity. However, the late sown crops matured more rapidly with a reduction in all yield components. Changes in soil mineral nitrogen concentration during the growing season indicated that there Was adequate nitrogen available for all sowings. In two years mineralization of soil organic nitrogen occurred under the crops and contributed significantly to the crops requirement. In a third year mineral nitrogen losses from the soil could not be accounted for by plant uptake.

scholarly journals Sustainability, productivity, profitability and soil health with conservation agriculture based sustainable intensification of oilseed brassica production system

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Jat ◽  
R. L. Choudhary ◽  
H. V. Singh ◽  
M. K. Meena ◽  
V. V. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Indian Mustard ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Sustainable Intensification ◽  
Farm Profitability ◽  
Equivalent Yield

AbstractConservation agriculture (CA) practices are getting space world-wide to answer many emerging challenges like; declining factor productivity, deteriorating soil health, water scarcity, climate change, and farm profitability and sustainability. Oilseed brassica (Indian mustard, Brassica juncea L.), a winter oilseed grown under rainfed agro-ecosystem is vulnerable to low yields, high production cost, degrading soil and water quality, and climatic vagaries. The present study was undertaken on CA-based sustainable intensification of Indian mustard for enhancing inputs efficiencies, farm profitability and sustainability. Permanent beds with residue retention (PB + R) improved mustard equivalent yield (11.4%) and system grain yield (10.6%) compared with conventional tillage without residue (CT − R). Maize–mustard rotation (Mz–M) increased system grain yield (142.9%) as well as mustard equivalent yield (60.7%) compared with fallow-mustard (F-M). Mz–M system under PB + R increased sustainable yield index (376.5%), production efficiency (177.2%), economic efficiency (94%) and irrigation water productivity (66%) compared with F-M under CT − R. PB + R increased soil organic carbon (SOC) stock at 0–15 cm (17.7%) and 15–30 cm (29.5%) soil depth compared with CT − R. Addition of green gram in rotation with mustard improved SOC at 0–15 cm (27.4%) and 15–30 cm (20.5%) compared with F-M system. CA-based cluster bean-mustard/GG-M system increased N productivity, whereas, P and K productivity improved with Mz–M system compared with F-M under CT − R. Thus, CA-based Mz–M system should be out-scaled in the traditional rainfed fallow-mustard system to improve the farm production and income on holistic basis to make the country self-sufficient in edible oils.

scholarly journals Effects of micronutrients on seed yield and oil content of Brassica napus L. cv. Talayeh

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-233
Author(s):  
Abdollah Bahrani ◽  
Jafar Pourreza
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Quantitative Yield ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative

Foliar application of micronutrients like iron, zinc and manganese significantly increased 1000-kernel weight, grain yield, oil content of seed and harvest index of Brassica napus L. cv. Talayeh. Changes in grain yield was primarily due to the number of pod per plant and that of oil yield was due to grain yield. In general, applying two parts per thousand of the micronutrient was the best treatment to obtain high qualitative and quantitative yield in cv. Talayeh in this region. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v43i2.21679 Bangladesh J. Bot. 43(2): 231-233, 2014 (September)

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