scholarly journals Marker-assisted introgression of the Compact mutant myostatin allele MstnCmpt-dl1Abc into a mouse line with extreme growth effects on body composition and muscularity

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUTZ BÜNGER ◽  
GERHARD OTT ◽  
LÁSZLÓ VARGA ◽  
WERNER SCHLOTE ◽  
CHARLOTTE REHFELDT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Segregation Ratio ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Gene Expression Studies ◽  
Total Body

Myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle growth and mutations in its gene lead to muscular hypertrophy and reduced fat. In cattle, this is seen in ‘double muscled’ breeds. We have used marker-assisted introgression to introduce a murine myostatin mutation, MstnCmpt-dl1Abc [Compact (C)], into an inbred line of mice (DUHi) that had been selected on body weight and had exceptional growth. Compared with homozygous wild-type mice, homozygous (C/C) mice of this line were ~4–5% lighter, had ~7–8% shorter tails, substantially increased muscle weights (e.g. quadriceps muscle in males was 59% heavier) and an increased ‘dressing percentage’ (~49% vs 39%), an indicator of overall muscularity. The weights of several organs (e.g. liver, kidney, heart and digestive tract) were significantly reduced, by 12–20%. Myostatin deficiency also resulted in drastic reductions of total body fat and of various fat depots, total body fat proportion falling from ~17·5% in wild-type animals of both sexes to 9·5% and 11·6% in homozygous (C/C) females and males, respectively. Males with a deficiency in myostatin had higher gains in muscle traits than females. Additionally, there was a strong distortion of the segregation ratio on the DUHi background. Of 838 genotyped pups from inter se matings 29%, 63% and 8% were homozygous wild type (+/+), heterozygous (C/+) and homozygous (C/C), respectively, showing that MstnCmpt-dl1Abc has lower fitness on this background. This line, when congenic, will be a useful resource in gene expression studies and for finding modifying genes.

Compensation for partial lipectomy in mice with genetic alterations of leptin and its receptor subtypes

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (5) ◽  
pp. R1094-R1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth B. S. Harris ◽  
Dorothy B. Hausman ◽  
Timothy J. Bartness
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Feedback Signal ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Leptin Receptors ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

One hypothesis for the regulation of total body fat suggests that leptin is a lipostatic feedback signal that acts at brain sites involved in regulation of energy balance. The importance of leptin in recovery from partial surgical lipectomy was tested by performing bilateral epididymal lipectomy or sham surgery on wild-type and leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Eight weeks later, nonexcised pads of lipectomized mice were increased but total carcass fat was lower than in sham-operated ob/ob mice. In experiment 2, ob/ob mice, wild-type mice, and two db/db mutants, C57BL/6J dbLepr/dbLepr (BL/6J) mice possessing short-form and circulating leptin receptors and C57BL/6J db3J/db3J (BL/3J) mice expressing only circulating receptors, were lipectomized or sham operated. Sixteen weeks later, body mass and carcass lipid were not different between sham and lipectomized ob/ob mice, wild-type mice, or BL/6J db/db mice, whereas there was incomplete (decreased carcass fat) but suggestive recovery (increased retroperitoneal fat mass and cell number) in lipectomized BL/3J db/db mice. These data indicate that leptin is not required for the regulation of total body fat.

scholarly journals Association between changes in fat distribution and biomarkers for breast cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 297-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willemijn A van Gemert ◽  
Evelyn M Monninkhof ◽  
Anne M May ◽  
Sjoerd G Elias ◽  
Job van der Palen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

We assessed the associations between changes in total and abdominal fat and changes in biomarkers for breast cancer risk using data of the SHAPE-2 trial. In the SHAPE-2 trial, 243 postmenopausal overweight women were included. The intervention in this trial consisted of 5-6 kg weight loss either by diet only or exercise plus diet. After 16 weeks, we measured serum sex hormones, inflammatory markers, total body fat (measured by DEXA scan) and intra and subcutaneous abdominal fat (measured by MRI). Associations between changes in different body fat depots and biomarkers were analysed by linear regression using the study cohort irrespective of randomisation to make maximal use of the distribution of changes in fat measures. We found that a loss in total body fat was associated with favourable changes in free oestradiol, free testosterone, leptin and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). The loss of intra-abdominal fat was associated with a decrease in free testosterone, hsCRP and leptin, and an increase in SHBG. In the multivariable analysis, the best fitted models for the biomarkers free oestradiol, SHBG leptin and adiponectin included only total body fat. For free testosterone, this was subcutaneous abdominal fat, and for hsCRP and IL-6, only intra-abdominal fat change was important. For IL-6 and adiponectin, however, associations were weak and not significant. We conclude that, in our population of healthy overweight postmenopausal women, loss of fat at different body locations was associated with changes in different types of biomarkers, known to be related to risk of breast cancer.

Body fat regulation after partial lipectomy in Siberian hamsters is photoperiod dependent and fat pad specific

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (3) ◽  
pp. R870-R878 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Mauer ◽  
T. J. Bartness
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Compensatory Response ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Fat Loss ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Siberian Hamsters ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Fat Pads

Siberian hamsters exhibit seasonal fluctuations in body weight (fat). Initial exposure to a short photoperiod results in body fat loss that reverses after approximately 22 wk of short-day exposure. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Siberian hamsters are able to recover body fat after surgical reduction of total lipid stores and if so, whether this ability is photoperiod dependent and fat pad specific. Either the largest pair of internal fat pads, the epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT) or one pair of two large external depots, the inguinal (IWAT) fat pads, were removed from male hamsters housed for 22 wk in a long (LD) or short (SD) photoperiod. Retroperitoneal fat pad (RWAT) mass was increased in LD EWAT- and IWAT-lipectomized hamsters. IWAT mass also was increased in the LD EWAT-lipectomized hamsters. Neither SD-lipectomized group compensated for body fat loss in any of the measured fat pads. Increased food intake was not necessary for total body fat recovery, but undereating partially may be responsible for the lack of recovery in SDs. The results of these experiments demonstrate a photoperiod-dependent ability of male Siberian hamsters to regulate total body fat after partial lipectomy. In addition, recovery involves a fat pad-specific compensatory response to partial lipectomy, rather than a general increase in lipid deposition in all fat depots.

The growth of Clun and Southdown sheep: body composition and the partitioning of total body fat

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Butler-Hogg
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Omental Fat

ABSTRACTThe growth of Southdown and Clun lambs was studied over the period birth to 415 days of age.At birth, 50, 100, 150 and 200 days of age five lambs of each breed, and at 415 days three lambs of each breed, were slaughtered and their body composition determined by dissection.The relative growth of lean, bone and total body fat was not influenced by breed. At each age both Cluns and Southdowns had similar proportions of total body fat, and were considered to be at the same stage of maturity.There was a breed difference in fat partitioning, with the Clun depositing proportionately more of its total body fat intra-abdominally, compared with the Southdown. However, there was no significant effect of breed on the growth of individual fat depots relative to total fat. From earliest to latest the order of maturity was pericardial, intermuscular, perirenal-retroperitoneal, mesenteric, subcutaneous and lastly, omental fat.

scholarly journals Effects of breed, sex and diet and their interactions on fat deposition and partitioning among depots of broiler chickens

2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Shahin ◽  
F. Abd El Azeem
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
High Protein ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Live Body Weight ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

Abstract. The effects of breed (Hubbard and Anak), sex and diet (two levels of protein (high or low) with two levels of crude fiber (low or high) at each level of protein) on fat yields and partitioning among the depots were studied. No significant differences were found between breeds in fat yields and in fat partitioning among the major fat depots. Expressed as a percentage of live body weight, females had a greater percentage of non-carcass fat, carcass fat and total body fat than males. Females tended to partition more of their fat to non-carcass fat, whereas males tended to partition more of their fat to carcass fat. The effects of diet were consistent over the breeds and for all fatness traits. Non-carcass fat, carcass fat and total body fat yields were greatly depressed and favorable fat partition between depots was achieved through feeding birds high protein- high fiber diets. These birds tended to partition more of their fat to carcass fat depots (more valuables) and less to non-carcass fat depots. Breed x sex, breed x diet and sex x diet interactions did not significantly influence most of fatness traits indicating that the factors under consideration act independently of each other. Significant sex x diet interactions was found for carcass fat and total body fat relative to live body weight: the sexual dimorphism in low protein diet is more pronounced than in high protein diets. The differences between sexes in their response to diet for these traits might have important implications.

Abstract MP048: Ectopic Muscle and Liver Adiposity are Independently Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in African Ancestry Men

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iva Miljkovic ◽  
Allison Kuipers ◽  
J Jeffrey Carr ◽  
James Terry ◽  
Sangeeta Nair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
African Ancestry ◽  
Ectopic Fat ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Muscle Adiposity ◽  
Total Body

Although obesity is a major driver of type 2 diabetes (T2D), many obese individuals do not develop T2D. Indeed, fat around and within non-adipose tissue organs (i.e., ectopic fat) is emerging as a strong risk factor for diabetes. The potential differential contribution of ectopic fat depots throughout the body on T2D risk is unclear because studies have mainly focused on visceral and/or liver fat. No study, to our knowledge, has addressed the potential independent association of visceral, liver, and skeletal muscle adiposity with T2D. Such studies are particularly needed among African ancestry populations, as generalized obesity and other risk factors do not appear to explain the high T2D burden in this population segment. To address this knowledge gap, we measured total body fat by DXA, and visceral, liver, and calf skeletal muscle adiposity by computed tomography in 490 Afro-Caribbean men, aged 50-91 years (mean age=64 years, mean BMI=27.5 kg/m 2 ). The prevalence of T2D in this population was 22.3%. We employed multiple logistic regression using total body fat percent and ectopic fat depots as predictors (Table). We found that each 7.9 HU decrease in liver attenuation (indicative of greater liver adiposity) was associated with a 33% increased odds of T2D (p=0.011). Similarly, each 4.2 mg/cm 3 decrease in muscle attenuation (indicative of greater intra-muscular adiposity) was associated with a 31% increased odds of T2D (p=0.04). These associations were independent of total and visceral adiposity. Our results support the “ectopic fat syndrome” theory, as opposed to the “portal theory”, in the pathogenesis of diabetes among African ancestry men. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the exact role of specific ectopic fat depots in T2D, particularly in high-risk African ancestry populations.

Studies on the distribution of the body fat in sheep during continuous growth, and following nutritional restriction and rehabilitation

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 363 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Little ◽  
RL Sandland
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Steady Growth ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Nutritional Restriction ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Point Total

Merino wether sheep were completely dissected at c. 3,6 and 12 months of age following steady growth. Further 12-month-old animals were subjected to nutritional restriction producing a liveweight loss of some 25%; dissections were carried out at this point, and following a 30% rehabilitative gain in liveweight. Two animals were involved at each dissection point. Total body fat was separated into the dissectible visceral, intermuscular and subcutaneous The restricted animals contained the same amount of fat per unit of wool-free empty body weight as did those grown continuously, but the rehabilitated animals did not. Rehabilitation was associated with the accumulation of less fat and more protein and water than occurred during steady growth. Nutritional restriction caused a relatively greater loss of fat from the subcutaneous depot than occurred through the body fat as a whole, and some further deposition of fat occurred in the skeleton. This resulted in the restricted animals having, at comparable amounts of body fat, a significantly lower proportion in the subcutaneous depot and a higher proportion in the skeleton than had continuously grown animals. Rehabilitation to the degree employed in this work did not restore the normal contributions of those fat depots to total fat. Total intramuscular fat could not be predicted from the fat content of samples from five superficial muscles, nor was the relationship of intramuscular fat to total body fat sufficiently close for predictive purposes.

scholarly journals Adaptive facultative diet-induced thermogenesis in wild-type but not in UCP1-ablated mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (5) ◽  
pp. E515-E527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriella von Essen ◽  
Erik Lindsund ◽  
Barbara Cannon ◽  
Jan Nedergaard
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Obesogenic Diet ◽  
Diet Induced Thermogenesis ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Beige Adipose Tissue

The significance of diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) for metabolic control is still debated. Although obesogenic diets recruit UCP1 and adrenergically inducible thermogenesis, and although the absence of UCP1 may promote the development of obesity, no actual UCP1-related thermogenesis identifiable as diet-induced thermogenesis has to date been unambiguously demonstrated. Examining mice living at thermoneutrality, we have identified a process of facultative (directly elicited by acute eating), adaptive (magnitude develops over weeks on an obesogenic diet), and fully UCP1-dependent thermogenesis. We found no evidence for UCP1-independent diet-induced thermogenesis. The thermogenesis was proportional to the total amount of UCP1 protein in brown adipose tissue and was not dependent on any contribution of UCP1 in brite/beige adipose tissue, since no UCP1 protein was found there under these conditions. Total UCP1 protein amount developed proportionally to total body fat content. The physiological messenger linking obesity level and acute eating to increased thermogenesis is not known. Thus UCP1-dependent diet-induced thermogenesis limits obesity development during exposure to obesogenic diets but does not prevent obesity as such.

Changes in body composition relative to weight and maturity of Australian Dorset Horn rams and wethers. 3. Fat partitioning

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Butterfield ◽  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
K. J. Reddacliff
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Mesenteric Fat ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Total Body

ABSTRACTThe effect of castration on fat partitioning in mature animals and on the maturing patterns for fat depots relative to total body fat was examined using slaughter and dissection data from 20 Dorset Horn rams and 20 Dorset Horn wethers. Animals were slaughtered at 6 kg intervals from 18 kg live weight to maturity. Five rams and eight wethers were classified as mature.In the mature animals the partitioning of fat differed for the rams and wethers in that the rams had a lower proportion of subcutaneous fat, and higher proportion of intermuscular and mesenteric fat than the wethers. However, the proportions of total carcass dissectible fat (i.e. subcutaneous plus intermuscular fat) and of the total non-carcass depots (i.e. kidney plus channel fat, omental, scrotal and thoracic fat) did not significantly differ between rams and wethers.The maturity coefficients of individual fat depots of rams and wethers were not significantly different and six of the nine depots were average maturing relative to total body fat. The intermuscular and thoracic fat depots were early maturing (maturity coeffient q= 1·19, 2·26 respectively), and the omental depot was late maturing (q= 0·52).Comparison of the partitioning of fat in rams and wethers reflected the differences in the mature animals when made at either the mean weight or at the mean stage of maturity, as the maturing patterns of most depots were not greatly different from that of total fat.

Body Fat Accumulation in the Guinea Pig

1956 ◽  
Vol 185 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grover C. Pitts
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Fatness ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Pig Carcasses

Seventy-two guinea pig carcasses divided into three series: a) adult, b) growth (4 days to 8 months) and c) exercise (adults on an exercise regimen) were separated into eleven gross body components by dissection. Each component was freeze dried and extracted with ethyl and petroleum ether. Distribution of fat and the fat content of the gross components were studied statistically. Accretion of fat in all three series is accomplished primarily by saturating existing adipose tissue, and secondarily by an increase in either number or size of lipocytes. Females have an appreciably larger fat storage capacity than males without resorting to either lipocyte proliferation or hypertrophy. Except in immature individuals the fraction of total body fat in subcutaneous and in internal depots is constant at all levels of body fatness. Males have 6–7% less of their total fat in the subcutaneous depot and proportionately more in the internal depots than do females. Fat depots account for about 95% of total body fat, most of the remainder being distributed among gut, bone, liver, kidneys and heart. In all three series with increasing body fatness these organs acquire additional fat, but in each case the rate of fat accretion is less than that of the body as a whole. Fat distribution to the organs appears similar in the two sexes. Body fatness in the adult series was shown to be related to specific gravity of the eviscerated carcass by the following equation: (See PDF)

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