Alternating Pleistocene Morphogenetic Systems

1958 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Cotton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Middle Latitude ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Temperate Zone ◽  
Ice Ages ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Landscape Type ◽  
Strong Contrast

AbstractAlternation of morphogenetic systems conditioned by wide swinging of climatic belts equatorward and poleward has been used to explain otherwise puzzling relict forms in many regions. A characteristic finely dissected landscape relief prevalent in some middle-latitude regions is in strong contrast with smoothed, coarse-textured, whalebacked, relatively featureless relief in others, notably western Europe, which are now in the humid-temperate zone. This latter is believed to be relict from the periglacial regimes of Pleistocene ice ages. In New Zealand where the former landscape type is typically developed, there has also been quite strong “periglaciation”, and in Europe running-water erosion cannot but have operated to some extent in interglacial ages. It appears that the periglacial smoothing has been pushed to the extreme limit in Europe but that its effects have been neutralized in New Zealand by the vigour of dissection in the alternating warm ages. Periglacial smothering, or “fossilization”, of fine-textured relief, which has been followed by renewed fine dissection, is very common at Wellington, New Zealand. The reasons are not clear why running water should have been (and should still be) more efficient in dissecting the New Zealand landscape than that of Europe, so that the relict periglacial landscape remains intact in the latter region.

scholarly journals Die Vergletscherungen Neuseelands und die Frage ihrer Gleichzeitigkeit mit den europäischen Vereisungen (Berichte über eine Reise zum Studium des Pleistozäns auf der Südhalbkugel I.)

1962 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-42
Author(s):  
Paul Woldstedt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Ice Ages ◽  
The South ◽  
Last Glaciation

Abstract. The Pleistocene sequence of Wanganui (North Island of New Zealand) and the succession of glaciations in the South Island are shortly reviewed. The Last Glaciation and the Postglacial time in New Zealand were, as C14 determinations definitly show, contemporaneous with those of the Northern Hemisphere. If the Last Glaciation was contemporaneous on the two Hemispheres, then the older ones must also have been contemporaneous. This does not agree with the MILANKOVITCH-curve, which in the form, as it has been given by M., cannot have been the cause of the ice ages.

The role of temperate zone forests in the global carbon cycle

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas V. Armentano ◽  
C. W. Ralston
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
North America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Temperate Zone ◽  
Carbon Release ◽  
Annual Carbon ◽  
Limited Basis

Recent growth and harvest trends in commercial timberlands of the temperate zone suggest that these forests have been serving as a net sink for about 1.0 × 109 to 1.2 × 109 t of carbon annually over the past 3 decades. This is 20 to 60% of the annual carbon release from combustion of fossil fuels over the period, indicating that recovery transients in temperate zone forests apparently have been partially dampening the increase in atmospheric CO2 caused by fossil fuel combustion and tropical forest reduction. Net forest growth is occurring throughout the temperate zone with principal carbon sinks found in North America and in Siberia. Timber inventories for North America show an excess of growth over harvest equivalent to over 5 × 1015 g of C since the 1950. Limited data suggest that in Siberia there is a large stock of slowly growing conifers that are underexploited, forming a sink equivalent to that of North America. Reafforestation in western Europe has expanded forest area by 5% since World War II. Similar recovery may now be occurring in temperate Asia. Problems of data reliability, particularly for the U.S.S.R., and the limited basis for estimating carbon balance in entire forests, suggest a severalfold uncertainty in the carbon sink estimates.

A survey of ryegrass endophyte (Acremonium loliae) in the U.K. and its apparent ineffectually on a seedling pest

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Lewis ◽  
R. O. Clements
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Overwinter Mortality

SUMMARYAcremonium loliaeis an endophytic fungus which infects plants of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), an important pasture grass in New Zealand and much of Western Europe. In New Zealand the endophyte–ryegrass association was found recently to give rise to tremorgenic substances (lolitrem A and B), which are the cause of a serious disorder of grazing and domestic livestock there. The endophyte also confers resistance in ryegrass plants to certain insect pests in New Zealand and enhances plant growth even in the absence of pests. In the present work 61 swards at 52 widespread sites in the U.K. were checked for the presence of endophyte mycelium, and it was found in 14 swards, of which 12 were at least 15 years old. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) tests confirmed that the fungus wasA. loliae.Also, lolitrem B was detected in plants from most of the sites where the mycelium was found; this appears to be the first time this tremorgen has been reported in the U.K. or perhaps in Europe. In a small-plot experiment at two sites with newly sown perennial ryegrass the endophyte appeared to have no effect on infestation by frit fly larvae, a major pest of seedling ryegrass plants. Also, in the present work, the endophyte had no measurable effect on the growth or overwinter mortality of larvae.

A COMPARISON OF SEED TESTING METHODS IN RELATION TO THE STEM-BREAK- AND BROWNING DISEASE OF FLAX, CAUSED BY POLYSPORA LINI LAFF.

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. R. Wallen ◽  
A. J. Skolko
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Centrifuge Test ◽  
Flax Seed ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Saprophytic Fungi ◽  
Superficial Infection ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Seed Testing ◽  
Plating Method

A comparison of the Ulster, New Zealand, and Ottawa methods of seed examination for the presence of Polyspora lini Laff., the cause of stem-break and browning disease of flax, showed great variation in the percentage of infection obtained, depending upon the method used. The Ulster method, in which the seed is not treated before it is plated, does not differentiate deep-seated infection from superficial infection of the seed, but has proved satisfactory in actual practice with seed samples that are not contaminated seriously by saprophytic fungi. The New Zealand method, by which surface contamination is supposedly removed by washing the seed in running water, has not been found reliable. The Ottawa method, by which the seed is surface sterilized before it is plated, does not indicate the degree of superficial infection, but does give the percentage of deep-seated infection, and hence it indicates the suitability of the seed for planting purposes if the seed is treated with a fungicide. It is suggested that a centrifuge test combined with the Ottawa plating method would provide a better index of the health condition of flax seed as far as disease caused by. P. lini is concerned.

scholarly journals Access to scientific literature by the conservation community

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9404
Author(s):  
Daisy Larios ◽  
Thomas M. Brooks ◽  
Nicholas B.W. Macfarlane ◽  
Sugoto Roy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hard Copy ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Do So

Access to the scientific literature is perceived to be a challenge to the biodiversity conservation community, but actual level of literature access relative to needs has never been assessed globally. We examined this question by surveying the constituency of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as a proxy for the conservation community, generating 2,285 responses. Of these respondents, ∼97% need to use the scientific literature in order to support their IUCN-related conservation work, with ∼50% needing to do so at least once per week. The crux of the survey revolved around the question, “How easy is it for you currently to obtain the scientific literature you need to carry out your IUCN-related work?” and revealed that roughly half (49%) of the respondents find it not easy or not at all easy to access scientific literature. We fitted a binary logistic regression model to explore factors predicting ease of literature access. Whether the respondent had institutional literature access (55% do) is the strongest predictor, with region (Western Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand) and sex (male) also significant predictors. Approximately 60% of respondents from Western Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand have institutional access compared to ∼50% in Asia and Latin America, and ∼40% in Eastern Europe and in Africa. Nevertheless, accessing free online material is a popular means of accessing literature for both those with and without institutional access. The four journals most frequently mentioned when asked which journal access would deliver the greatest improvements to the respondent’s IUCN-related work were Conservation Biology, Biological Conservation, Nature, and Science. The majority prefer to read journal articles on screen but books in hard copy. Overall, it is apparent that access to the literature is a challenge facing roughly half of the conservation community worldwide.

Revision of the taxonomy of the larvae of the subfamily Eutrombidiinae (Acarina : Microtrombidiidae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 885 ◽  
Author(s):  
RV Southcott
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
West Africa ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Cape Verde ◽  
Carabid Beetle ◽  
The Family ◽  
Biological Characters ◽  
Belgian Congo

The subfamily Eutrombidiinae of the Trombidioidea (Acarina) is revised, and placed with the Microtrombidiinae in the family Microtrombidiidae; it is divided into the three tribes Eutrombidiini, Hexathrombiini, trib, nov., and Milliotrombidiini, trib. nov., with differing biological characters as well as taxonomic. The division is made for the larvae, as adult-larva correlations are known only for Eutrombidium. Eutrombidiini is left with two genera: Verdunella, gen. nov., monotypic with V. lockleii (Welbourn & Young) from Araneida, North America, and Eutrombidium Verdun, cosmopolitan from Orthoptera, principally Acrididae, with the following species recognised as larvae: E. centrale, sp, nov., E. occidentale, sp. nov., E. orientale, sp. nov. (North America), E. trigonum (Hermann) (western Europe), E. africanum, sp. nov., E. macfarlanei, sp. nov. (Niger, west Africa), E. verdense, sp. nov. (Cape Verde Islands, Atlantic), E. robauxi, sp. nov. (Corfu, Turkey), E. feldmanmuhsamae Feider (Israel), E. indicum, sp. nov. (India), and E. australiense, sp. nov. (Australia). The following nominal taxa (larvae) are left unkeyed: E. debilipes (Leonardi) (western Russia), E. locustarum (Walsh) (North America), E. odorheiense Feider (Romania) (with subspecies E. o. odorheiense Feider and E. o. littorale Feider), and E. townsendi (Dumbleton) (New Zealand). Larvae of the Hexathrombiini are ectoparasitic on Coleoptera (one exception); genera indude Hexathrombium Cooreman, Hoplothrombium Ewing and Beronium Southcott. Hexathrombium has two species, H. spatuliferum Cooreman (on carabid beetle, former Belgian Congo), and H. willisi, sp. nov. (on cicindelid beetle, North America). Hoplothrombium is known from H. quinquescutatum Ewing (on ‘beetle mite’, i.e. Oribatei, Acarina, in toad's stomach, North America). Beronium is known for B. coiffaiti (Beron), an eyeless form (from cavernicolous carabid beetle, North Africa). Milliotrombidiini larvae are ectoparasites of Myriapoda; genera include Milliotrombidium Shiba, with M. milliopodum Shiba (from millipede, Malaya) and Kepongia, gen, nov., with K. malayensis, sp. nov. (from centipede, Malaya). Names are assigned to the various specialised setae on tarsus III of the larvae with ‘deformed’ claws, i.e. with tarsus III modified for saltation.

Remarks on the plant geography of the southern cold temperate zone

1960 ◽  
Vol 152 (949) ◽  
pp. 447-457 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Temperate Zone ◽  
Tierra Del Fuego ◽  
Plant Geography ◽  
The North ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Northern And Southern Hemispheres ◽  
Joseph Hooker

The difference between the northern and southern hemispheres in the distribution of land and sea fundamentally affects the problems of the origin, dispersal and distribution of the biota. Whereas a circumpolar distribution seems to be quite natural in the north, it is much more difficult to explain when we get to the south. Although the naturalists of James Cook’s first and second voyages visited both New Zealand and Tierra del Fuego, the purport of the existence of closely related but geographically widely disjunct organisms did not dawn upon them; Terra Australis, a vision of the old cosmographers to counterbalance the solid North, but searched for in vain by Cook, had disappeared from the map. It fell to Joseph Hooker to discover a circumpolar Flora Antarctica at a time when the Antarctic Continent, thus named by Ross, had become a reality. What Hooker found on truly antarctic shores was not very promising, but the discovery of fossilized gymnosperm wood on Kerguelen made him speculate on former antarctic forests and on the possibility of greater land areas where only small, scattered islands are found now. In a letter to Darwin in November 1851 (Huxley 1918, p. 445) he wrote: ‘... recent discoveries rather tend to ally the N. Zeald. Flora with the Australian—though there is enough affinity with extratropical S. America to be

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