Revision of the taxonomy of the larvae of the subfamily Eutrombidiinae (Acarina : Microtrombidiidae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 885 ◽  
Author(s):  
RV Southcott
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
West Africa ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Cape Verde ◽  
Carabid Beetle ◽  
The Family ◽  
Biological Characters ◽  
Belgian Congo

The subfamily Eutrombidiinae of the Trombidioidea (Acarina) is revised, and placed with the Microtrombidiinae in the family Microtrombidiidae; it is divided into the three tribes Eutrombidiini, Hexathrombiini, trib, nov., and Milliotrombidiini, trib. nov., with differing biological characters as well as taxonomic. The division is made for the larvae, as adult-larva correlations are known only for Eutrombidium. Eutrombidiini is left with two genera: Verdunella, gen. nov., monotypic with V. lockleii (Welbourn & Young) from Araneida, North America, and Eutrombidium Verdun, cosmopolitan from Orthoptera, principally Acrididae, with the following species recognised as larvae: E. centrale, sp, nov., E. occidentale, sp. nov., E. orientale, sp. nov. (North America), E. trigonum (Hermann) (western Europe), E. africanum, sp. nov., E. macfarlanei, sp. nov. (Niger, west Africa), E. verdense, sp. nov. (Cape Verde Islands, Atlantic), E. robauxi, sp. nov. (Corfu, Turkey), E. feldmanmuhsamae Feider (Israel), E. indicum, sp. nov. (India), and E. australiense, sp. nov. (Australia). The following nominal taxa (larvae) are left unkeyed: E. debilipes (Leonardi) (western Russia), E. locustarum (Walsh) (North America), E. odorheiense Feider (Romania) (with subspecies E. o. odorheiense Feider and E. o. littorale Feider), and E. townsendi (Dumbleton) (New Zealand). Larvae of the Hexathrombiini are ectoparasitic on Coleoptera (one exception); genera indude Hexathrombium Cooreman, Hoplothrombium Ewing and Beronium Southcott. Hexathrombium has two species, H. spatuliferum Cooreman (on carabid beetle, former Belgian Congo), and H. willisi, sp. nov. (on cicindelid beetle, North America). Hoplothrombium is known from H. quinquescutatum Ewing (on ‘beetle mite’, i.e. Oribatei, Acarina, in toad's stomach, North America). Beronium is known for B. coiffaiti (Beron), an eyeless form (from cavernicolous carabid beetle, North Africa). Milliotrombidiini larvae are ectoparasites of Myriapoda; genera include Milliotrombidium Shiba, with M. milliopodum Shiba (from millipede, Malaya) and Kepongia, gen, nov., with K. malayensis, sp. nov. (from centipede, Malaya). Names are assigned to the various specialised setae on tarsus III of the larvae with ‘deformed’ claws, i.e. with tarsus III modified for saltation.

Peace and palaver: international relations in pre-colonial West Africa

1973 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Smith
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
International Relations ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
West African ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Facilitated Communication ◽  
European Languages ◽  
European Diplomacy

International relations in pre-colonial West Africa were conducted in accordance with customary law, which exhibited broadly similar characteristics over a wide area. Trade and politics, linking the coast, the forest and the savannah, led to the development of diplomacy in the more centrally-organized states. Inter-African embassies enjoyed a degree of prestige and immunity comparable to that which protected European diplomacy, and a widely accepted protocol regulated negotiations. Treaties were concluded solemnly and sanctions were provided for their observance. Embassies were also sent to Europe and adjacent European possessions and settlements, North Africa and the Near East, and were generally received on a proper footing.The indigenous system of international relations was affected by two major external influences. The first, that of Islam, notably contributed literacy, and led in the Islamized states and in Ashanti to the evolution of chanceries. It also introduced the distinction in international law and practice between Muslims and non-Muslims. The Muslim states exchanged embassies, Bornu, for example, maintaining intermittent relations with North Africa and Istanbul for three centuries. The second influence, that of Western Europe, spread the knowledge of European languages which, like Arabic, facilitated communication between West Africans themselves as well as with outsiders. The development of the resident embassy in sixteenth-century Europe was apparently not reflected in West Africa until the nineteenth century, but approximations to the system of continuous diplomacy did arise, probably independently. Diplomatic relations with both Muslims and Europeans tended to increase the influence in West African politics and society of the literate élite.The indigenous system of international relations in West Africa was flexible and effective, and it seems that it was not so much diplomatic as military incapacity which allowed the Muslims to overthrow governments there and the Europeans to partition the region.

Multiculturalism, political parties, and the conflicting pressures of ethnic minorities and far-right parties

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Westlake
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Minority Populations ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Ethnic Minority Populations ◽  
Do So

Multiculturalism is an increasingly salient election issue. The growing size of many countries’ ethnic minority populations pushes parties to support multiculturalism, whereas the emergence of far-right parties in many countries pressures them to oppose it. This article examines parties’ positions on multiculturalism in a comparative context. It looks at 19 countries including most of Western Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. It argues that the influence of ethnic minorities over parties depends on electoral systems, and the strategies mainstream parties adopt in response to the far-right. The article finds that increases in ethnic minorities’ electoral strength lead parties to increase their support of multiculturalism to a greater degree in single-member district electoral systems than in proportional ones. Further, parties co-opt the anti-multicultural positions of far-right parties, and right parties do so more than left parties.

Phytomyza atricornis. [Distribution map].

1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Cape Verde ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phytomyza atricornis[Chromatomyia horticola] Mg. (Dipt., Agromyzidae) (Chrysanthemum leaf-miner). Hosts: Wide range of herbaceous plants, notably bean, pea, brassicas, Chrysanthemum. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Austria, Belgium, Britain, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Faeroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, ASIA, Afghanistan, China, Cyprus, Formosa, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, Thailand, Turkey, USSR, AFRICA, Azores, Cameroun, Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Kenya, Libya, Madeira, Morocco, Republic of South Africa, Rhodesia, Senegal, AUSTRALASIA and PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, New Zealand, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, U.S.A.

Evolution of archaeocyaths and palaeobiogeography of the Early Cambrian

1986 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Yu. Zhuravlev
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Siberian Platform ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Early Cambrian ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Geographic Isolation ◽  
Taxonomic Rank ◽  
Two Peaks

AbstractIn the Early Cambrian, there were two peaks of the increase in number of new archaeocyathan genera. These diversification bursts are, perhaps, related to significant changes in Early Cambrian palaeogeography. The first burst at the beginning of the Atdabanian was, perhaps, connected with the initiation of archaeocyathan expansion beyond the Siberian Platform. During the second half of the Atdabanian, closely related archaeocyathan assemblages were established from North Africa to Australia because neither climate, nor geographic isolation could have affected their differentiation in that time. At the end of the Atdabanian and the beginning of the Botomian the number of archaeocyathan genera again increased sharply, and isolated provinces were established. The American–Koryakiyan province was formed in western North America (from Alaska to Sonora) and included the Koryakiya, while the Afro–Siberian–Antarctic province probably extended from North Africa and Western Europe to Siberia, Australia, and Antarctica. The main difference between the regular archaeocyathan assemblages lies in what skeletal elements filled the intervallum. There was a certain stability in the distribution of skeletal elements of high taxonomic rank and an interchangeability of elements of low taxonomic rank.

scholarly journals Sareomycetes: more diverse than meets the eye

IMA Fungus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James K. Mitchell ◽  
Isaac Garrido-Benavent ◽  
Luis Quijada ◽  
Donald H. Pfister
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Cape Verde ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Asexual Morph ◽  
Unknown Type ◽  
Extinct Group

AbstractSince its resurrection, the resinicolous discomycete genus Sarea has been accepted as containing two species, one with black apothecia and pycnidia, and one with orange. We investigate this hypothesis using three ribosomal (nuITS, nuLSU, mtSSU) regions from and morphological examination of 70 specimens collected primarily in Europe and North America. The results of our analyses support separation of the traditional Sarea difformis s.lat. and Sarea resinae s.lat. into two distinct genera, Sarea and Zythia. Sarea as circumscribed is shown to conservatively comprise three phylospecies, with one corresponding to Sarea difformis s.str. and two, morphologically indistinguishable, corresponding to the newly combined Sarea coeloplata. Zythia is provisionally maintained as monotypic, containing only a genetically and morphologically variable Z. resinae. The new genus Atrozythia is erected for the new species A. klamathica. Arthrographis lignicola is placed in this genus on molecular grounds, expanding the concept of Sareomycetes by inclusion of a previously unknown type of asexual morph. Dating analyses using additional marker regions indicate the emergence of the Sareomycetes was roughly concurrent with the diversification of the genus Pinus, suggesting that this group of fungi emerged to exploit the newly-available resinous ecological niche supplied by Pinus or another, extinct group of conifers. Our phylogeographic studies also permitted us to study the introductions of these fungi to areas where they are not native, including Antarctica, Cape Verde, and New Zealand and are consistent with historical hypotheses of introduction.

An early polycotylid plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Cretaceous of Hokkaido, Japan

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 907-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamaki Sato ◽  
Glenn W. Storrs
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Pectoral Girdle ◽  
Adult Individual ◽  
Unique Character ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Right ◽  
Former Soviet Republics

A partial skeleton of a short-necked plesiosaur excavated from the Upper Cenomanian of the Middle Yezo Group of Hokkaido, Japan, includes disarticulated vertebrae, the right half of the pectoral girdle, fragments of the pelvic girdle, ribs, gastralia, and gastroliths. Gastroliths are unusual in short-necked plesiosaurs. Skeletal characters indicate that the specimen belongs to the Family Polycotylidae, well known from North America, the former Soviet Republics, and possibly from New Zealand. They are rare in East Asia and hitherto unknown from Japan. Extensive ossification indicates that this specimen is an adult individual, yet it is smaller than the adult specimens of other known polycotylids. The elongated epipodial bones are a unique character of the specimen but are probably plesiomorphic. The fossil is evidence of biogeographical diversification of the family at the beginning of the Late Cretaceous.

The history of the family Onagraceae in Australia and its relevance to biogeography

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helene A. Martin
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Early Oligocene ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Minor Part ◽  
Northern South America ◽  
Australian Flora

The family Onagraceae is a relatively minor part of the Australian flora but it has a long history in Australia: a probable Ludwigia dates from the Eocene; Fuchsia, not native to Australia today, is present from early Oligocene times; and Epilobium is found only in the Pleistocene. Onagraceae first appears in the Late Cretaceous in northern South America and southern North America, where it is thought to have originated, and Ludwigia dates from the Palaeocene. It is thought that Ludwigia migrated into Australia via a northern route. Fuchsia in Australia predates its first appearance in New Zealand, suggesting that New Zealand Fuchsia may have been derived from the Australian Fuchsia.

Gender Quotas and Models of Political Citizenship

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 781-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Lena Krook ◽  
Joni Lovenduski ◽  
Judith Squires
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Gender Quotas ◽  
Political Identities ◽  
Adoption And Implementation ◽  
Political Citizenship ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Office

Gender quotas have spread rapidly around the world in recent years. However, few studies have yet theorized, systematically or comparatively, variations in their features, adoption and implementation. This article surveys quota campaigns in Western Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. It proposes that one or more sets of controversies influence the course and outcomes of quota reforms. These revolve around (1) competing principles of equality, (2) different ideas about political representation, and (3) various beliefs about ‘gender’ and its relation to other kinds of political identities. The article draws on these distinctions to identify four broad models of political citizenship that determine the kinds of quota policies that are pursued and their prospects for bringing more women into political office.

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