THE CREDITANSTALT CRISIS OF 1931 AND THE FAILURE OF THE AUSTRO-GERMAN CUSTOMS UNION PROJECT

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
IAGO GIL AGUADO
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Financial History ◽  
Bank Of England ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Financial Diplomacy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Union Project

This article reveals that the diplomatic and financial history of 1931 was even more turbulent than believed to date. New documents found at the Bank of England show that an intricate system of cross-deposits was set up by the Austrian Central Bank covertly to direct funds to the Creditanstalt via American and British banks – to compensate it for taking over the bankrupt Bodencreditanstalt – suggesting that the received accounts of the collapse of the Creditanstalt need to be revised. Further, documents have come to light which show that France exacerbated the 1931 run on the Austrian schilling in order to force Austria to abandon the Austro-German customs union project of that year. This article considers the relationship between the collapse of the Creditanstalt and the abandonment of the Austro-German customs union, incorporating the new evidence to provide a novel interpretation of the financial diplomacy of that year.

scholarly journals Contributing Factors, Prevention, and Management of Playing-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Flute Players Internationally

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Lonsdale ◽  
E-Liisa Laakso ◽  
Vanessa Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Education History ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Current Survey ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship

Major studies have shown that flutists report playing-related pain in the neck, middle/upper back, shoulders, wrists, and hands. The current survey was designed to establish the injury concerns of flute players and teachers of all backgrounds, as well as their knowledge and awareness of injury prevention and management. Questions addressed a range of issues including education, history of injuries, preventative and management strategies, lifestyle factors, and teaching methods. At the time of the survey, 26.7% of all respondents were suffering from flute playing-related discomfort or pain; 49.7% had experienced flute playing-related discomfort or pain that was severe enough to distract while performing; and 25.8% had taken an extended period of time off playing because of discomfort or pain. Consistent with earlier studies, the most common pain sites were the fingers, hands, arms, neck, middle/upper back, and shoulders. Further research is needed to establish possible links between sex, instrument types, and ergonomic set up. Further investigation is recommended to ascertain whether certain types of physical training, education, and practice approaches may be more suitable than current methods. A longitudinal study researching the relationship between early education, playing position, ergonomic set-up, and prevalence of injury is recommended.

scholarly journals Controls of metamorphic grade in shear belts

1979 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 47-62
Author(s):  
J Grocott
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Metamorphic Grade ◽  
Perfect Equilibrium ◽  
Horizontal Gradients ◽  
Metamorphic History ◽  
Mineral Assemblages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shear Belt

The relationship between metamorphic grade and deformation is examined for shear belts occurring in Precambrian shields. A particular case, where isotherms have fallen continuously relative to an originally horizontal datum surface, for some time prior to the initiation of the shear belt and throughout its life, is examined in detail. Such behaviour of isotherms appears to be common. A type of syn-tectonic metamorphic boundary occurring within shear belts and not coinciding with a strain gradient is discussed in detail. Such boundaries are called active facies boundaries, as mineral assemblages on each side tend to maintain perfect equilibrium with metamorphic conditions during deformation. The orientation of active facies boundaries depends on the vertical displacement rate. In ductile thrust zones horizontal gradients in metamorphic conditions can be set up, and folIowing erosion once active facies boundaries may be exposed. The metamorphic history of rocks in such zones will vary vertically, and, under certain circumstances, laterally. A model is set up to predict these variations, and is applied to the northem boundary of the Ikertoq shear belt, western Greenland.

scholarly journals The Story of the Lost Thai Classical Music Ensemble: The Wang Bang Kholaem Ensemble

MANUSYA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-69
Author(s):  
Punnee Bualek
Keyword(s):  
Classical Music ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Classical Ensemble ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Patronage System

This article was written to answer the following two questions, which are 1) What is the history of the Wang Bang Kholaem ensemble? What were the reasons for its establishment and dissolution? 2) What were the factors that led to its success? Did the relationship between the ensemble owner and his musicians contribute to its success? The results were: 1) The Wang Bang Kholaem Thai Classical ensemble was set up around 2470-2475 B.E. The owner was Prince Krommaluang Lopburirames. The ensemble was dissolved after his death. The reason why he chose Bang Kholaem as the location for his ensemble, was that, in the past, Bang Kholaem had been an area of peaceful and shady fruit yards faraway from the capital city, suited for building a retreat for practicing Thai classical music. 2) The factors contributing to the band’s success and fame included the fact that the ensemble’s owner was royal and was really fond of Thai classical music. He had enough assets to be a patron to a large number of talented musicians and was able to assemble many great teachers to train his musicians. The fact is that the musicians of the Wang Bang Kholaem ensemble inherited musical wisdom from the Wang Burabha ensemble, which belonged to Prince Bhanubhandhu-wongworadech, his father-in-law. Among the great teachers were: Luang Praditphairoh (Son Silapabanleng), Phra Phinbanlengraj (Yam Prasansup) and Phra Phatbanlengromya (Phim Wathin). Moreover, he was also able to gather many gifted musicians into the ensemble. In addition, the ensemble flourished and fostered great interest in the social and cultural environment of the period which existed during the reign of King Rama VII before the Revolution in 2475 B.E. 3) As for the relationship between the great teachers and the musicians, it was based on very strict discipline. In addition to the fact that the owner was of high royalty, the relationship between the owner and his musicians was that of the patronage system according to feudal tradition. The musicians respected and adored the owner so they dedicated themselves to working effortlessly to build a great reputation for the ensemble.

Effect of Central Bank Intervention in Estimating Exchange Rate Exposure: Evidence from an Emerging Market

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-95
Author(s):  
Ekta Sikarwar ◽  
Ganesh Kumar Nidugala
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Central Bank Intervention ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Exchange Rate Exposure ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
Exchange Rate Changes ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines the relationship between the value of the firm and unanticipated changes in exchange rate. Using a sample of 651 Indian firms over the period from 2001 to 2013, this study finds that unanticipated changes in exchange rates are more appropriate than actual changes to discover statistically significant and economically important exchange rate exposure. Using a vector error correction model (VECM) to generate unanticipated exchange rate changes, this study provides new evidence that the intervention by central bank has a major impact on the level of Indian firms’ exchange rate exposure.

Anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies

Lupus ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 98-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Tsutsumi ◽  
K Ichikawa ◽  
E Matsuura ◽  
T Koike
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Great Care ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Glycoprotein I ◽  
History Of ◽  
Reproducible Method ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between presence of anti-β2-glycoprotein I autoantibodies (aβ2-GPI) and history of thrombosis is now widely known. However, differences in the methodology of aβ2-GPI detection have made the comparison of data from different laboratories extremely difficult. We discuss the significance of aβ2-GPI of the IgG, IgM and IgA isotypes, and our approach to developing an easier and more reproducible method for the detection of this autoantibody. In addition, we present data that shows that commercially available enzyme immunoassay plates differ regarding detectability of aβ2-GPI. Since the clinical significance of this heterogeneity is presently unclear, the set-up of the detection systems and interpretation of data need great care.

scholarly journals Gypsies of the Belarusian Provinces and Land Management Policy at the turn of the 1830s-1840s

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 94-112
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Shaidurov
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship

At the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, the tsarist government in Russia faced the Gypsy question in the context of implementation of the society homogenization policy. There were campaigns initiated to fight with Gypsy vagrancyduring the 1770s-1810s, the primary target of which was to modernize the Gypsies of the Russian Empire and turn them into a constant component of rural or urban societies. However, despite the repressive tools included, these measures did not effect the desired result. The purpose of the present paper is to study the relationship between the Belarusian Gypsies and the authorities when it came to acquisition of land and set up of arable farms in the late 1830s-early 1840s as part of implementation of the subsequent campaign to turn the Gypsies of Russia into a settled population. The basis of the research were archival materials from the fund of the Second Department of the Ministry of State Property of the Russian State Historical Archive (St. Petersburg). Studying of various historical sources revealed the features of implementation of the decree of Nicholas I (1839) in the Belarusian provinces. Despite the willingness of the local gypsy camps to adopt the sedentary life, they faced various forms of latent chauvinism at the local level: officials sabotaged orders from St. Petersburg; peasants did not want to accept Gypsies into their societies. The article is intended for specialists in the history of the Roma and the national politics in the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals Becoming Editor: Or, Pinocchio finally notices the Strings

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 461-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Parker
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Journal Editor ◽  
Academic Journal ◽  
Open Access Journals ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Forms Of Knowledge

This paper uses my experience as an academic journal editor in order to reflect upon the social arrangement that brings academics, universities, states and knowledge capitalist organizations together to produce the contemporary academic journal and access paywalls. After some consideration of the history of publishing, I analyse the market for articles like this one, and considerthe consequences of the ranking and monetization of journals, papers andcitations by different agents. As I do this, I insert various biographical reflections on the relationship between ‘editing’ and being ‘edited’. The overall aim of the paper is to suggest that this set-up actually has some verynegative consequences for taxpayers, academics and students. It encourages the overproduction of academic output because it turns it into a commodity which is traded, whilst simultaneously tending to discourage forms of knowledge production that fail to fit into the boxes which have already been establishedfor them, whether in terms of content or style. I conclude with some thoughts on open access journals, and their limits.

scholarly journals Becoming Editor: Or, Pinocchio finally notices the Strings

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 461-474
Author(s):  
Martin Parker
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Journal Editor ◽  
Academic Journal ◽  
Open Access Journals ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Forms Of Knowledge

This paper uses my experience as an academic journal editor in order to reflect upon the social arrangement that brings academics, universities, states and knowledge capitalist organizations together to produce the contemporary academic journal and access paywalls. After some consideration of the history of publishing, I analyse the market for articles like this one, and considerthe consequences of the ranking and monetization of journals, papers andcitations by different agents. As I do this, I insert various biographical reflections on the relationship between ‘editing’ and being ‘edited’. The overall aim of the paper is to suggest that this set-up actually has some verynegative consequences for taxpayers, academics and students. It encourages the overproduction of academic output because it turns it into a commodity which is traded, whilst simultaneously tending to discourage forms of knowledge production that fail to fit into the boxes which have already been establishedfor them, whether in terms of content or style. I conclude with some thoughts on open access journals, and their limits.

scholarly journals Disseminating the knowledge on the complex interactions between humans and volcanoes: the geological section of the Villa Arbusto archaeological museum at Lacco Ameno (Ischia, Naples - Italy)

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. VO544
Author(s):  
Sandro de Vita ◽  
Mauro Antonio Di Vito ◽  
Diana Barra ◽  
Giuseppe Aiello ◽  
Costanza Gialanella
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Hydrothermal Activity ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Exceptional Value ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effusive Eruptions

   A room in the Archaeological Museum of Villa Arbusto (Lacco Ameno, Ischia) was set up to house rocks and fossils collected by the renowned archaeologist Giorgio Buchner during his excavation activity on the Island of Ischia. The collection is witness to a long multidisciplinary research activity that saw archaeological studies at the center of volcanological, pedological and palaeoenvironmental researches, aimed at reconstructing the archaeological contexts in the complex geological dynamics of the island.  In fact, during the different phases of colonization recorded on the island, the Ischia volcanoes were very active and produced explosive and effusive eruptions, accompanied by a strong geological dynamics that included earthquakes, landslides (even gigantic ones), rapid ground uplift and strong hydrothermal activity.  In the room, the samples on display “tell” the evolution of the island and its dynamics in four windows and a chest of drawers, where there is an exposition of the products of the various eruptions, from the oldest to the most recent, sedimentary rocks and the collection of macro and microfossils found in marine sediments, displaced at variable altitudes by the rapid volcano-tectonic deformations that characterize the island.  A series of panels and monitors accompany the visitor along a path that, starting from the geological evolution of the island, passes through the relationship between humans and the volcano, the main volcanic phenomena and the reconstruction of an archaeological excavation of exceptional value, where it is possible to see the strong interaction between primary and secondary volcanic phenomena and a human settlement of the first Greek colony in the west: Pithecusae.  The exhibition was designed with the purpose of educating the visitors and the local population about the natural history of the island and its volcanoes, and their impact on the human life through time. 

Intimate Listening

2021 ◽  
pp. 436-450
Author(s):  
Mark Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Otoacoustic Emission ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sound Art ◽  
Auditory Function ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship

Space and proximity are entangled in the idea of listening. First, I set up the relationship between intimacy and listening through Jean-Luc Nancy. Second, I consider highlights of nineteenth-century discoveries in the history of physiology and functional anatomy of the cochlea and the labyrinth of the inner ear, those spaces and chambers whose non-auditory function was determined only through painstaking experimentation. This leads to Michel Serres’ consideration of the interior and exterior noise of the body, including a proprioceptive hearing of intimate personal sounds through skin, bone, feet, and muscle, a bodily interior that resonates like boxes (boîtes). Third, I apply this shared intimacy of listening to a few examples of sound art that explore resonances across sensory modalities and bodily spaces, including the work of Jacob Kirkegaard, who employs the phenomenon of otoacoustic emission (OAE), and Adam Basanta.

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