THE EMANCIPATION OF MASTURBATION IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY HUNGARY

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
GÁBOR SZEGEDI
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Western Science ◽  
Sexual Ethics ◽  
Sexual Morality ◽  
The West ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Way

Abstract In this article, I discuss the emancipation of masturbation in twentieth-century Hungary, focusing on the socialist, Kádár era (late 1950s to late 1980s), which I claim was the time when the discourses concerning masturbation underwent profound transformation. I use Thomas Laqueur's periodization of discourses on masturbation in the West and make the case that in Hungary, due to its twentieth-century political and intellectual history, which affected both the institutionalization of sexology and discourses on sexuality, there is a markedly different chronology. In Hungary, interwar socialists were the first to suggest a new approach toward masturbation but these ideas remained marginal during the Horthy regime and in the ‘Stalinist’ 1950s. In the early years of the Kádár regime, debates about sexual morality reformulated what should be understood under socialist sexual morality. The concept of socialist humanism, especially Imre Hirschler's work, linked early 1960s sex education with the interwar socialist discourse on sex and paved the way to the emancipation of masturbation and the establishment of a post-Stalinist, socialist sexual ethics. In the 1970s and 1980s, iconic sexologists like Vilmos Szilágyi and Béla Buda moved away from socialist humanism and continued Hirschler's work, but mirroring the perspectives of contemporary Western science.

Property and Progress: Where Adam Smith Went Wrong

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
The West ◽  
Property Relations ◽  
Widespread Agreement ◽  
The Way ◽  
Social Property

During the first half of the twentieth century there was widespread agreement as to whether the way to understand the historical emergence of economic development in the West was through the theoretical lens provided by Adam Smith. This chapter critiques Smith's view of the transition through which the pre-capitalist social property relations were transformed into capitalist property relations – a transition that is believed to have been mistakenly attributed by Smith to the expansion of trade. It is argued instead that the rise of capitalist social property relations in England, which led to economic development, was instead catalyzed by the growth of specialization, investment, and the rising labour productivity in agriculture. In addition, it is argued that industrial and economic development were caused by the separation of the manufacturing from the peasantry.

Medical Men, Moralists, and the Roots of Sex Education

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-66
Author(s):  
Kristy L. Slominski
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Sexual Morality ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Social Hygiene ◽  
Joint Strategy ◽  
Social Hygiene Movement

Chapter 1 examines the liberal Protestant roots of the American Social Hygiene Association (ASHA), a clearinghouse for the early sex education movement. ASHA emerged from the combination of two distinct movements: social purity and social hygiene. Liberal Protestantism came to influence sex education through the merging of these strands and the collective realization that scientific information was not enough to influence sexual behavior. This chapter locates the roots of ASHA in social purity groups of the 1870s, many of which were led by Unitarians and Quakers and focused on ridding society of prostitution. The chapter explores their evolving relationship with the physician-dominated social hygiene movement that began in the early twentieth century, demonstrating that liberal religious concerns about sexual morality impacted sex education through the dynamic interactions between purity reformers and social hygienists. ASHA became the organization within which both groups developed a joint strategy for teaching the moral side of sex.

Regionalism in Stanford's Contribution to the Rise of Silicon Valley

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen B. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Silicon Valley ◽  
Early Years ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Stanford University ◽  
The West

In this article I explore the powerful sense of regional solidarity that accompanied the rise of Silicon Valley. From the early years of Stanford University, the university's leaders saw its mission as service to the West and shaped the school accordingly. At the same time, the perceived exploitation of the West at the hands of eastern interests fueled booster-like attempts to build self-sufficient indigenous local industry. Thus, regionalism helped align Stanford's interests with those of the area's high-tech firms for the first fifty years of Silicon Valley's development. The distinctive regional ethos of the West during the first half of the twentieth century is an ingredient of Silicon Valley's already prepared environment, an ingredient that would-be replicators ignore at their peril.

scholarly journals A Theological Implication of ‘Humility’ in Mark 10: 13-16 from the Perspective of the Parable of the Kingdom of God

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Halim Wiryadinata
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Liberation Theology ◽  
Jesus Christ ◽  
Kingdom Of God ◽  
Historical Jesus ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theological Implication ◽  
The Way

The parable of the Kingdom of God brings the seriousness of studying about the meaning of what the Lord Jesus Christ wants to say. There are many arguments to say about the meaning of the Kingdom of God, while a new approach of the twentieth century appears. The study of historical Jesus by N. T Wright gives the idea of Jesus, Israel, and the Cross. If the parable of the Kingdom of God is retelling the story of Israel, then the new concept of the Kingdom of God should be different from the old Israel. The concept of humility should be seen as the way out of the Kingdom of God. Mark 10: 13 – 16 where the Lord Jesus Christ uses the concept of the little children, it apparently shows the helplessness and humility concepts as the way out for the Kingdom of God. However, the concept of humility should be seen as the proclamation of the Kingdom of God in the perspective of a mission to the people. Finally, the concept of humility also should not beyond the limitation of the Gospel. It should be in the line of the meaning of the Gospel itself. We are encouraged not to repeat what history happens, but rather to learn from the history of Liberation Theology.   

scholarly journals The Way of the Warrior in Interwar Japan

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
First World ◽  
The Way

In the 1860s, Japan was pulled out of its centuries-long isolation and forced to rapidly adapt to the industrialized world. The state quickly made friends with the more established Western powers and was able to impress them with its surprising miliary victories over China in 1895, Russia in 1905, and Germany in 1919. However, the goodwill that Japan had garnered with the West evaporated after the First World War. How could a nation so adept at modern militarism and economics alienate every friend it had in the span of 25 years? The answer stems from Japan's long feudal age; in the twentieth century, Japan was unable to reconcile feudal concepts of Bushidō and Shinto with emerging Wilsonian idealism, leading to a fundamental disconnect that drove the Japanese down the path to confrontation with the nations that had ushered it into the modern era.

The encounter between Italy and Siam at the dawn of the twentieth century: Italian artists and architects in the modernising Kingdom of Siam

Modern Italy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-484
Author(s):  
Neungreudee Lohapon
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Diplomatic Relation ◽  
The West ◽  
Cultural Encounters ◽  
Italian Diaspora ◽  
The Way ◽  
Creative Production

This paper focuses on the encounters between Italy and Siam at the dawn of the twentieth century, as it was the most dynamic period of Italian settlement in the modernising Siam. The paper analyses the development of Siamese modernisation as a challenging opportunity for Italian entrepreneurs and professionals, thanks to a healthy diplomatic relation between the two countries. Compared to the main characteristics of the Italian diaspora, the Italian colony in Siam stands out because of the fruits of its creative production. Siam was described as a symbol of tradition, not very different from the way China was often viewed, while the West was regarded as a source of modernity. With this perspective, the fact that Siam herself initiated the modernisation process, as well as the recruitment of Italians as part of the government's team in public works, architectural construction and civil engineering, was emphasised less than the part played by Italians in transforming the image of the Siamese capital. The paper examines how the encounters between Italy and Siam developed, attempting to do this from both Siamese and Italian perspectives, since both shared cultural memories, empirical evidence of cultural encounters and transculturality.

Botched Executions and the Struggle to End Capital Punishment: A Twentieth-Century Story

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (03) ◽  
pp. 694-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin Sarat ◽  
Katherine Blumstein ◽  
Aubrey Jones ◽  
Heather Richard ◽  
Madeline Sprung-Keyser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Capital Punishment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Newspaper Coverage ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

Why have accounts of botched executions not played a larger role in the struggle to end capital punishment in the United States? In the twentieth century, when methods of execution became increasingly controlled and sterilized, botched executions would seem to have had real abolitionist potential. This article examines newspaper coverage of botched executions to determine and describe the way they were presented to the public and why they have contributed little to the abolitionist cause. Although botched executions reveal pain, violence, and inhumanity associated with state killing, newspaper coverage of these events neutralizes the impact of that revelation. Throughout the last century, newspapers presented botched executions as misfortunes rather than injustices. We identify three distinct modes by which newspaper coverage neutralized the impact of botched executions and presented them as misfortunes rather than as systemic injustices: (1) the dual narratives of sensationalism and recuperation in the early years of the twentieth century, (2) the decline of sensationalism and the rise of “professionalism” in the middle of the century, and (3) the emphasis on “balanced” reporting toward the end of the century.

scholarly journals Chance and Necessity in Zhu Xi's Conceptions of Heaven and Tradition

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-162
Author(s):  
Joseph Adler
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Biblical Theology ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Confucian Tradition ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
The West ◽  
Confucian Thought ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

Discussion of the relationship between chance and necessity in the West goes back at least to Democritus in the fifth century  BCE , and was highlighted again in the twentieth century by Jacques Monod in Chance and Necessity. Monod contrasted “teleonomic” (directional but not directed) biological evolution with “teleologic” (purpose-driven) Biblical theology. This article uses that distinction in examining Zhu Xi’s concepts of Heaven (in particular the “mandate” or “givenness” of Heaven) and tradition (focusing on the normative Confucian tradition, the “succession of the Way” or daotong). The result sheds light on the unique combination of rationality and transcendence in Neo-Confucian thought.

The Three Graces

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Herring Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Political ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Family Land ◽  
Intimate Friendship ◽  
Franklin Delano Roosevelt ◽  
Crucial Part ◽  
The Way

The Three Graces of Val-Kill changes the way we think about Eleanor Roosevelt. Emily Wilson examines what she calls the most formative period in Roosevelt's life, from 1922 to 1936, when she cultivated an intimate friendship with Marion Dickerman and Nancy Cook, who helped her build a cottage on the Val-Kill Creek in Hyde Park on the Roosevelt family land. In the early years, the three women--the "three graces," as Franklin Delano Roosevelt called them--were nearly inseparable and forged a female-centered community for each other, for family, and for New York's progressive women. Examining this network of close female friends gives readers a more comprehensive picture of the Roosevelts and Eleanor's burgeoning independence in the years that marked Franklin's rise to power in politics. Wilson takes care to show all the nuances and complexities of the women's relationship, which blended the political with the personal. Val-Kill was not only home to Eleanor Roosevelt but also a crucial part of how she became one of the most admired American political figures of the twentieth century. In Wilson's telling, she emerges out of the shadows of monumental histories and documentaries as a woman in search of herself.

THE SPIRIT AND FORM OF AN ETHICAL POLITY: A MEDITATION ON AUROBINDO'S THOUGHT

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUGATA BOSE
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Religion And Politics ◽  
The West ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
Indian Nationalism ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ethics And Politics

This article elucidates the meaning of Indian nationalism and its connection to religious universalism as a problem of ethics. It engages in that exercise of elucidation by interpreting a few of the key texts by Aurobindo Ghose on the relationship between ethics and politics in the first two decades of the twentieth century. Both secularist and subalternist histories have contributed to misunderstandings of Aurobindo's political thought and shown an inability to comprehend its ethical moorings. The specific failures in fathoming the depths of Aurobindo's thought are related to more general infirmities afflicting the history of political and economic ideas in colonial India. In exploring how best to achieve Indian unity, Aurobindo had shown that Indian nationalism was not condemned to pirating from the gallery of models of states crafted by the West. By reconceptualizing the link between religion and politics, this essay suggests a new way forward in Indian intellectual history.

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