Medical Men, Moralists, and the Roots of Sex Education

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-66
Author(s):  
Kristy L. Slominski
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Sexual Morality ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Social Hygiene ◽  
Joint Strategy ◽  
Social Hygiene Movement

Chapter 1 examines the liberal Protestant roots of the American Social Hygiene Association (ASHA), a clearinghouse for the early sex education movement. ASHA emerged from the combination of two distinct movements: social purity and social hygiene. Liberal Protestantism came to influence sex education through the merging of these strands and the collective realization that scientific information was not enough to influence sexual behavior. This chapter locates the roots of ASHA in social purity groups of the 1870s, many of which were led by Unitarians and Quakers and focused on ridding society of prostitution. The chapter explores their evolving relationship with the physician-dominated social hygiene movement that began in the early twentieth century, demonstrating that liberal religious concerns about sexual morality impacted sex education through the dynamic interactions between purity reformers and social hygienists. ASHA became the organization within which both groups developed a joint strategy for teaching the moral side of sex.

Time for Sex

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishita Pande
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
The Body ◽  
Clock Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
English Translations ◽  
Sexuality And Space ◽  
Women In India

This chapter examines attempts to standardize, internalize, and globalize sexual temporality—captured in the conceptualization of the body as clock—in the sexological advice offered to men and women in India in the early twentieth century. It first describes the constitution of “Hindu erotica” during the period and how these English translations gave rise to a set of foundational texts that would become the basis of global/Hindu sexology while filling them up with clock time. It then considers the ways that these texts attached life cycles to the chronological ordering of time by recasting brahmacharya—a prescription for a stage of life devoted to celibacy and learning—as an age-stratified organization of sexual behavior and a schema for sex education. By using the example of bodily temporality, the chapter addresses questions of sexuality and space in relation to globalization and transnational capitalism, colonialism and development.

scholarly journals ‘This Thorniest of Problems’: School Sex Education Policy in Scotland 1939–80

2005 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Davidson ◽  
Gayle Davis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Education Policy ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Social Hygiene ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Post War ◽  
Sex Education Policy

In recent years, the history of sex education policy in twentieth-century Britain, and the sexual discourses it both reflects and reinforces, has attracted increasing attention from a range of disciplines within the humanities and social sciences. Yet, research has primarily focused either on the early decades of the century or on the abrasive social politics of sex education since 1980. There is a dearth of material addressing the intervening years. Moreover, little research has been devoted to the Scottish experience, despite Scotland's distinctive traditions of education and law, as well as arguably a distinctive sexual culture. Drawing on a wide range of governmental archives, this article seeks to rectify these omissions by exploring the impulses and constraints that shaped Scottish school sex education policy in the period 1950-80. First, it examines the nature of the debate surrounding the issue prior to the Second World War. Secondly, it charts the reappraisal of policy in wartime and immediate post-war years in response to the perceived breakdown in moral and sexual standards among the young. Thereafter, the article examines the devolvement of responsibility for school sex education in the 1950s and 1960s to traditional purity and social hygiene organizations-the Alliance-Scottish Council and the Scottish Council for Health Education. The demise of such organizations, and the often conflicting and ineffectual efforts of the Scottish Education Department and Scottish Home and Health Department to address the sex educational needs of a more ‘permissive’ youth culture in the late 1960s and 1970s are then explored. Finally, the implications of the study for an understanding of the relationship of the State to sexual issues in later twentieth-century Scotland are reviewed.

scholarly journals ‘Apostles of Continence’: Doctors and the Doctrine of Sexual Necessity in Progressive-Era America

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Verhoeven
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Progressive Era ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Social Hygiene ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Social Hygiene Movement

In the first decades of the twentieth century, a group of doctors under the banner of the social hygiene movement set out on what seemed an improbable mission: to convince American men that they did not need sex. This was in part a response to venereal disease. Persuading young men to adopt the standard of sexual discipline demanded of women was the key to preserving the health of the nation from the ravages of syphilis and gonorrhoea. But their campaign ran up against the doctrine of male sexual necessity, a doctrine well established in medical thought and an article of faith for many patients. Initially, social hygienists succeeded in rallying much of the medical community. But this success was followed by a series of setbacks. Significant dissent remained within the profession. Even more alarmingly, behavioural studies proved that many men simply were not listening. The attempt to repudiate the doctrine of male sexual necessity showed the ambition of Progressive-era doctors, but also their powerlessness in the face of entrenched beliefs about the linkage in men between sex, health and success.

THE EMANCIPATION OF MASTURBATION IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY HUNGARY

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
GÁBOR SZEGEDI
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Western Science ◽  
Sexual Ethics ◽  
Sexual Morality ◽  
The West ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Way

Abstract In this article, I discuss the emancipation of masturbation in twentieth-century Hungary, focusing on the socialist, Kádár era (late 1950s to late 1980s), which I claim was the time when the discourses concerning masturbation underwent profound transformation. I use Thomas Laqueur's periodization of discourses on masturbation in the West and make the case that in Hungary, due to its twentieth-century political and intellectual history, which affected both the institutionalization of sexology and discourses on sexuality, there is a markedly different chronology. In Hungary, interwar socialists were the first to suggest a new approach toward masturbation but these ideas remained marginal during the Horthy regime and in the ‘Stalinist’ 1950s. In the early years of the Kádár regime, debates about sexual morality reformulated what should be understood under socialist sexual morality. The concept of socialist humanism, especially Imre Hirschler's work, linked early 1960s sex education with the interwar socialist discourse on sex and paved the way to the emancipation of masturbation and the establishment of a post-Stalinist, socialist sexual ethics. In the 1970s and 1980s, iconic sexologists like Vilmos Szilágyi and Béla Buda moved away from socialist humanism and continued Hirschler's work, but mirroring the perspectives of contemporary Western science.

A Window to Internal and External Change in Banking

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Bátiz-Lazo
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
Organizational Challenges ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Self Service ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
Proper Consideration

Chapter 1 (‘A Window to Internal and External Change in Banking’) provides a wide-arch view of the themes in the book. It highlights how in spite of being deeply embedded in our culture as an object of everyday life, the interaction with ATMs is largely inconsequential for most people. This chapter also forwards a case to study the ATM to better understand the possibilities for technological change to bring about a cashless economy. Another argument put forward is that the ATM is essential to appreciate the technological and organizational challenges that gave rise to self-service banking. As a result, the case is made that business histories of the late twentieth century will be incomplete without proper consideration to the impact of computer technology on the different aspects of business organizations.

The Obligation to Choose

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Crossland
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
The Past ◽  
Light Quanta ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Wave Particle Duality ◽  
Night And Day ◽  
Scientific Ideas

Chapter 1 explores Woolf’s writings up to the end of 1925 in relation to scientific ideas on wave-particle duality, providing the ‘retrospect of Woolf’s earlier novels’ which Michael Whitworth has suggested shows that she was working ‘in anticipation of the physicists’. The chapter as a whole challenges this idea of anticipation, showing that Woolf was actually working in parallel with physicists, philosophers, and artists in the early twentieth century, all of whom were starting to question dualistic models and instead beginning to develop complementary ones. A retrospect on wave-particle duality is also provided, making reference to Max Planck’s work on quanta and Albert Einstein’s development of light quanta. This chapter pays close attention to Woolf’s writing of light and her use of conjunctions, suggesting that Woolf was increasingly looking to write ‘both/and’ rather than ‘either/or’. Among other texts, it considers Night and Day, Mrs Dalloway, and ‘Sketch of the Past’.

SEXUAL PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-699
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Juvenile Courts ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
The Family ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Deviant Sexual Behavior

ACCURATE DATA on teenage sexual behavior is difficult to obtain. Only a small proportion of the problem behavior comes to the attention of the juvenile courts, and schools usually prefer to direct little attention to sexual behavior among students. To equip professionals in the health fields to cope with contemporary problems of American youth, more attention should be directed toward studying deviant sexual behavior, especially homosexuality, drugs, use of contraceptives, sex education, and venereal disease in teenagers. Since most teenage problems related to identification and sexual behavior have their genesis in early childhood, the family physician plays an important role in promoting optimum childrearing practices and identifying potentially problematic behavior. THE NEED FOR RESEARCH There is a limited amount of valid scientific knowledge regarding the sexual behavior of adolescents. Although this subject receives considerable attention from the lay press, few good studies have been published. Information which is available is often based on folklore, prejudiced moral judgments, and retrospective anecdotal reporting. The pediatrician usually has limited knowledge on which to base the counseling and advice he is frequently called on to give regarding these problems. The Committee on Youth recommends that this subject be investigated thoroughly and encourages the development of studies to increase our meager knowledge and provide a basis on which to judge contemporary standards of normal and deviant behavior. SEX EDUCATION Any program of sex education is made more complicated by three recent developments: (1) Conception can now be readily controlled by oral medication. (2) There is an increasing interest in, and detailed understanding of, the physiology of the sexual response in both sexes.

An Archaeology of the Twentieth Century in the Anthracite Coal Region of Northeast Pennsylvania

2018 ◽  
pp. 7-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P. Roller
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Structural Violence ◽  
Giorgio Agamben ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Anthracite Coal ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Coal Region

Chapter 1 provides a broad theoretical, historical, and ethnographic context to the research, and an overview of the major research questions addressed in the book. Topics such as the approach to the structural violence of everyday life in the twentieth century, the relationship between migrants and the sovereignty of political states, racialization, and the labor needs of late industrial capitalism are addressed. Relevant theoretical concepts from scholars such as Giorgio Agamben, Walter Benjamin and Karl Marx are introduced here. The ethnographic and discursive context of immigrant discrimination in the present, and the manner in which it informs the broad trajectory of the research is presented. Lastly, the manner in which interdisciplinary data is applied to this research is also presented.

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