The encounter between Italy and Siam at the dawn of the twentieth century: Italian artists and architects in the modernising Kingdom of Siam

Modern Italy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-484
Author(s):  
Neungreudee Lohapon
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Diplomatic Relation ◽  
The West ◽  
Cultural Encounters ◽  
Italian Diaspora ◽  
The Way ◽  
Creative Production

This paper focuses on the encounters between Italy and Siam at the dawn of the twentieth century, as it was the most dynamic period of Italian settlement in the modernising Siam. The paper analyses the development of Siamese modernisation as a challenging opportunity for Italian entrepreneurs and professionals, thanks to a healthy diplomatic relation between the two countries. Compared to the main characteristics of the Italian diaspora, the Italian colony in Siam stands out because of the fruits of its creative production. Siam was described as a symbol of tradition, not very different from the way China was often viewed, while the West was regarded as a source of modernity. With this perspective, the fact that Siam herself initiated the modernisation process, as well as the recruitment of Italians as part of the government's team in public works, architectural construction and civil engineering, was emphasised less than the part played by Italians in transforming the image of the Siamese capital. The paper examines how the encounters between Italy and Siam developed, attempting to do this from both Siamese and Italian perspectives, since both shared cultural memories, empirical evidence of cultural encounters and transculturality.

scholarly journals The way public relations practitioners influence media agendas in Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Van Thi Hong Loan
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Media Relations ◽  
The West ◽  
Public Relations Practitioners ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Way

The paper provides empirical evidence for the development of the theory of media agendasetting. The power of the media, according to the theory, has been changed in public relations in Vietnam. Public relations practitioners have power to shape media content as they desire. This research uncovers that public relations practitioners not only impact media agendas as the theory describes, but also do the job of journalists. While public relations practitioners in the West use framing and information subsidies to influence media agendas for the public, this study indicated that practitioners in Vietnam tend to be responsible for public relations editorials that are considered as the main duty of media people. The paper additionally explains the way Vietnamese journalists conduct news to underpin understanding of the characteristics of media relations in the country. This paper also presents a Tripolar model of corporate, media and public agendas which was designed based on the research data.

Property and Progress: Where Adam Smith Went Wrong

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
The West ◽  
Property Relations ◽  
Widespread Agreement ◽  
The Way ◽  
Social Property

During the first half of the twentieth century there was widespread agreement as to whether the way to understand the historical emergence of economic development in the West was through the theoretical lens provided by Adam Smith. This chapter critiques Smith's view of the transition through which the pre-capitalist social property relations were transformed into capitalist property relations – a transition that is believed to have been mistakenly attributed by Smith to the expansion of trade. It is argued instead that the rise of capitalist social property relations in England, which led to economic development, was instead catalyzed by the growth of specialization, investment, and the rising labour productivity in agriculture. In addition, it is argued that industrial and economic development were caused by the separation of the manufacturing from the peasantry.

Rebuilding the Chinese capital: Beijing in the early twentieth century

Urban History ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingzheng Shi
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Municipal Government ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Public Works ◽  
The West ◽  
Urban Affairs ◽  
Imperial Authority ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the evolution of urban form in both physical and social manifestations through an examination of the transformation of the Chinese capital from a planned imperial city into a modern metropolis in the early twentieth century. The newly created municipal government sought to modernize Beijing through public works to improve the old urban infrastructure. Consequently, city walls and gates were reconfigured; streets were paved, widened and expanded; and new rules of urban planning and zoning were introduced. Reflecting changes in political power relations, the modernist transformation in the urban built environment was evidently brought about by a combined force of Western influences and Chinese indigenous developments, especially by a shift in ideological allegiance from imperial authority to people's rights, by the state's increasing intervention in urban affairs, and by new technologies transmitted from the West.

scholarly journals The Way of the Warrior in Interwar Japan

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
First World ◽  
The Way

In the 1860s, Japan was pulled out of its centuries-long isolation and forced to rapidly adapt to the industrialized world. The state quickly made friends with the more established Western powers and was able to impress them with its surprising miliary victories over China in 1895, Russia in 1905, and Germany in 1919. However, the goodwill that Japan had garnered with the West evaporated after the First World War. How could a nation so adept at modern militarism and economics alienate every friend it had in the span of 25 years? The answer stems from Japan's long feudal age; in the twentieth century, Japan was unable to reconcile feudal concepts of Bushidō and Shinto with emerging Wilsonian idealism, leading to a fundamental disconnect that drove the Japanese down the path to confrontation with the nations that had ushered it into the modern era.

scholarly journals Chance and Necessity in Zhu Xi's Conceptions of Heaven and Tradition

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-162
Author(s):  
Joseph Adler
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Biblical Theology ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Confucian Tradition ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
The West ◽  
Confucian Thought ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

Discussion of the relationship between chance and necessity in the West goes back at least to Democritus in the fifth century  BCE , and was highlighted again in the twentieth century by Jacques Monod in Chance and Necessity. Monod contrasted “teleonomic” (directional but not directed) biological evolution with “teleologic” (purpose-driven) Biblical theology. This article uses that distinction in examining Zhu Xi’s concepts of Heaven (in particular the “mandate” or “givenness” of Heaven) and tradition (focusing on the normative Confucian tradition, the “succession of the Way” or daotong). The result sheds light on the unique combination of rationality and transcendence in Neo-Confucian thought.

Community Studies: Fifty Years of Theorization

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Crow
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
General Level ◽  
Community Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Social Units ◽  
The Way

This paper reviews the ways in which sociologists in the second half of the twentieth century attempted to make sense of the major trends unfolding in their societies. It focuses in particular on the way in which sociologists have responded to the legacy of the founding figures in terms of their identification of trends such as rationalization, bureaucratization, and proletarianization. The proliferation of other trends captured by words ending with the suffix -ization (for example globalization, McDonaldization, and postmodernization) is noted, and the argument is developed that this style of theorising is valuable but problematic. It is valuable because it encourages sociologists to think comparatively, given that the trends identified necessarily have reference points in the past and that their uneven progress in different societies (or other social units) can be compared. It is problematic because there is no agreement on what constitutes evidence that these processes are unfolding, nor on the need for such evidence. A further problem relates to the issue of how these processes are considered to relate to each other. Research undertaken in the field of community in Britain and beyond over the period 1950-2000 is drawn upon to illustrate these points and to support the argument that concepts drawn from theorization at a general level are essential tools in the analysis of contemporary trends. It is also used to support the related argument that such theorization needs to be grounded in empirical evidence if it is to go beyond mere speculation.

Overseas Ministries and the Subversion of Theological Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Andrew F. Walls
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Theological Education ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
Study Center ◽  
The Way ◽  
Christian History

Recounting the founding purpose and later development of the Overseas Ministries Study Center, Walls characterizes OMSC as a “a niche branch of theological education” that has kept pace with the dramatic changes in the World Christian movement during the twentieth century. In light of these changes, Walls argues for the need of a renewed "World Christian consciousness" across the theological curriculum in the West. He offers four “subversive statements” from his own field of Christian history that point the way forward.

THE EMANCIPATION OF MASTURBATION IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY HUNGARY

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
GÁBOR SZEGEDI
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Western Science ◽  
Sexual Ethics ◽  
Sexual Morality ◽  
The West ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Way

Abstract In this article, I discuss the emancipation of masturbation in twentieth-century Hungary, focusing on the socialist, Kádár era (late 1950s to late 1980s), which I claim was the time when the discourses concerning masturbation underwent profound transformation. I use Thomas Laqueur's periodization of discourses on masturbation in the West and make the case that in Hungary, due to its twentieth-century political and intellectual history, which affected both the institutionalization of sexology and discourses on sexuality, there is a markedly different chronology. In Hungary, interwar socialists were the first to suggest a new approach toward masturbation but these ideas remained marginal during the Horthy regime and in the ‘Stalinist’ 1950s. In the early years of the Kádár regime, debates about sexual morality reformulated what should be understood under socialist sexual morality. The concept of socialist humanism, especially Imre Hirschler's work, linked early 1960s sex education with the interwar socialist discourse on sex and paved the way to the emancipation of masturbation and the establishment of a post-Stalinist, socialist sexual ethics. In the 1970s and 1980s, iconic sexologists like Vilmos Szilágyi and Béla Buda moved away from socialist humanism and continued Hirschler's work, but mirroring the perspectives of contemporary Western science.

Big Sur

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelley Alden Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
First Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Cultural Symbol ◽  
Big Sur ◽  
Monterey County ◽  
Ansel Adams ◽  
The Way

Big Sur embodies much of what has defined California since the mid-twentieth century. A remote, inaccessible, and undeveloped pastoral landscape until 1937, Big Sur quickly became a cultural symbol of California and the West—and a home to the ultra-wealthy. This transformation was due in part to writers and artists such as Robinson Jeffers and Ansel Adams, who created an enduring mystique for this coastline. But Big Sur’s prized coastline is also the product of the pioneering efforts of residents and Monterey County officials, who forged a collaborative public/private preservation model for Big Sur that foreshadowed the shape of California coastal preservation in the twenty-first century. Big Sur’s well-preserved vistas and high-end real estate situate this coastline somewhere between American ideals of development and wilderness. It is a space that challenges the way most Americans think of nature, its relationship to people, and what, in fact, makes it “wild.” This book highlights today’s complex and ambiguous intersections of class, the environment, and economic development through the lens of an iconic California landscape.

Reflections on the Evolution of the Prophet’s Biographies in the East and West

2018 ◽  
pp. 41-60
Author(s):  
Hussein Ahmad Amin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
The West ◽  
History Of ◽  
East And West ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
The Way

This chapter explores the concept of history of early Muslim historians and their attitude towards the Prophet’s biography (Sira). It discusses how evolving tastes and values affected their biographical writing. It also discusses when and why facts began to get blurred and invented incidents and miracles began to be ascribed to the Prophet, leading to the way in which the Prophet’s biography is dealt with in the twentieth century. The chapter further discusses how the Prophet’s biography was written in Europe during the Middle Ages and the influence that modern European trends of thought and contact with the West had on its writing. The chapter highlights Montgomery Watt’s Defence of Muhammad and critically engages with it. The chapter closes with Hussein Amin’s wish for a new, objective, unapologetic and truthful biography that is grounded in the Prophet’s own time and milieu, reflecting his contemporary ethical standards and values.

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