Private International Finance

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Krause
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
Economic Stabilization ◽  
National Governments

The major international economic institutions established after World War II, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), had the economic disintegration of the Great Depression as their historical heritage. The lessons learned from that experience were twofold: National governments can and should take an active role in achieving national economic stabilization objectives, and one state's economic policies can and often will work at cross-purposes with those of another. The role of international institutions in such circumstances is to harmonize national policies so that international conflict is avoided.

scholarly journals The Peculiarities of Overcoming the Painful Nazi and Socialist Past in Contemporary Germany

2019 ◽  
pp. 664-685
Author(s):  
Аndriy Kudriachenko
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
German Society ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Modern Germany ◽  
New Public ◽  
Historical Heritage

The article analyses the components of overcoming the national socialist past of Germany and the totalitarian legacy of the socialist era, identifies four historical periods, displays the fundamental difference and common features in the approaches of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic to the study of the national socialist past, and outlines a system of measures for the formation of political culture in reunified Germany. Various components of the policy of clear distancing from the Hitler regime and integration of former Nazis into new public institutions as a way to establish modern democratic foundations of Germany’s development are considered. The article emphasizes the importance of the generational change and critical public study of the painful past and an important role of the establishment of a new political culture. The growing public interest and intensive public discussions in united Germany related to the formation of historical memory are pointed out. The importance and significance of studying the GDR’s past and overcoming differences between citizens of the Eastern and Western parts of reunified Germany are emphasized. The article also outlines new approaches and visions of self-identification of a state, society and citizens based on the so-called constitutional patriotism. The author emphasizes that the German society has established the idea that any positive historical myths cannot become a basis for the genuine development of a country and that an antidote to the repetition of the terrible pages of history is not relegating them to oblivion but immortal memory thereof. Such an approach included an appropriate set of sociopolitical and economic measures ranging from property restitution and lustration to the payment of monetary compensation to victims of the regime and creation of memorial complexes. The author hopes that overcoming the burdensome Nazi and totalitarian past will continue to serve as a powerful guarantee of the democratic progress of modern Germany. Keywords: FRG, GDR, historical memory, World War II, national tragedy, historical heritage.

An Evaluation of the Economic Performance of Turkey in the 1930s Based on Late-Ottoman Economy

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 125-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Işık Özel
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Turbulent Transition ◽  
Turkish Economy ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Late Ottoman

The typical view of the Turkish economy in the 1930s generally has been that it not only performed well while coping with the hardship brought about by the Great Depression, but that it also received a big boost from the state's industrialization program. This usually has been characterized as the success of the economic policies implemented by the new republic in the 1930s. These policies have been considered successful because the young republic not only recovered from the wounds it suffered during the turbulent transition period from the Ottoman Empire, but it also began to realize considerably higher growth rates-mainly in industry, but also across the national economic spectrum.

scholarly journals Collective organisation of knowledge in the early phase of the Dutch-Friesian dairy industry (c. 1880-1914)

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 91-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marijn Molema ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policies ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Organizational History ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
National Economic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Century Science ◽  
Geographical Dimension

During the last quarter of the nineteenth century, science and technology opened up new avenues for dairy farmers. Improved techniques for measuring the percentage of fat content in milk and new mechanical production processes had a considerable influence on the dairy production system. However, knowledge was essential to make the most of these opportunities. Historians have offered diverse explanations for the implementation of a knowledge infrastructure within pre-existing dairy networks. Some studies have emphasized the role of individual actors, while others focused on the influence of cooperative structures. This article contributes to the latter and adds a geographical dimension to the organizational history of dairy knowledge. Based on research in archives and newspapers, it investigates two knowledge institutions in the Dutch province of Friesland: a dairy consultancy and a dairy school, both founded in 1889. The conclusion is that the implementation of knowledge institutions was encouraged by the interplay between regional initiatives and national economic policies.

scholarly journals The Birth Control Debate: 1930s-1940s

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
Shannon Mattice
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Women Of Color ◽  
White Women ◽  
World War ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Unwanted Pregnancies ◽  
The Church

Throughout the 1930s and 1940s birth control became a part of a larger social problem that spanned across political and religious lines. Due to economic issues caused by the Great Depression, bringing children into the world was no longer a feasible dream for many families that already struggled with providing for themselves and any children they already had. The Comstock Laws prevented women from seeking out contraceptive methods to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Men, however, were encouraged during World War II to use contraceptives to prevent pregnancies. While white women were not being given choices on their own reproductive rights, women of color in the South were being forced into sterilization programs. These programs highlight the authority men had over women’s agency at the time. The role of the church at the time is also explored as the Protestant and the Catholic church had drastically different views on the use of birth control.

Foreign Capital Flows to Emerging Markets: a Test of Policy Arbitrage

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
Anand Shetty ◽  
John Manley
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Capital Flows ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Capital Inflows ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Foreign Capital Flows ◽  
Foreign Capital Inflows ◽  
Mexican Peso

Private capital that dominated the foreign capital inflows to emerging markets in the 1990s has been linked to recent financial crises in these markets. This linkage has raised questions about the market’s ability to discipline the flow of capital to emerging markets and the role of policy arbitrage. Policy-arbitrage hypothesis states that international capital flows will arbitrage across national economic policies in search of sound markets. This paper examines the pattern of changes in the foreign capital inflows to emerging markets in the 1990s and tests the policy-arbitrage hypothesis using 22 country-data for a period immediately following the Mexican peso crisis. The test results support the policy-arbitrage hypothesis.

J. Walter Thompson, the Good Neighbor Policy, and Lessons in Mexican Business Culture, 1920–1950

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-280
Author(s):  
Julio E. Moreno
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Business Culture ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Good Neighbor Policy ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Corporate History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Good Neighbor

This article looks at the corporate history of J. Walter Thompson to examine the nature of U.S.-Mexican relations in the aftermath of the Great Depression and World War II. It contends that local conditions, along with a cadre of “progressive” Good Neighbor Policy diplomats, forced American companies to adopt the role of “commercial diplomats,” altering the nature of what, up to 1940, had been a tense and bitter binational relationship. The article shows how Thompson's role as a commercial diplomat changed its previous “capitalist missionary” approach and how it complemented American diplomacy, including national security measures to displace German commercial influence in Mexico during Word War II.

Deficit Finance and Economic Development in the Sudan

1973 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Ahmed Suliman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
National Economic

This study attempts to measure and analyse the importance of deficit finance in the economic development of the Sudan during the period 1960–9, mainly covered by the Ten-Year Plan of Economic and Social Development, 1961/2 to 1970/1, not implemented beyond 1969. In the light of these findings I shall also review the implications for the success of the present Five-Year Plan, 1970/1 to 1974/5, but since I am basically concerned with the rôle of deficit finance, I shall not attempt to appraise the overall national economic policies and trends, although these significant variables obviously affect each other.

scholarly journals The Impact of Malaysian Islamic Revivalism on Zakat Administration

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-53
Author(s):  
Suhaili Sarif ◽  
Nor Azzah Kamri ◽  
Azian Madun
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Process ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
National Economic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Economic Tools ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Islamic Revivalism

The development and advancement of zakat institution in Malaysia has been through time influenced by the changing social, political and economic situation of the country. An important phenomenon which shaped the institution is Islamic revivalism. Consequently, zakat has been one of the institutions which government keened to enhance. Another factor merits to be considered is the introduction of economic policies in which the government affirmatively inclined towards Malay Muslims enabling them to compete economically with other wealthier races. Within the spirit of the policies together with the direct influence by the emerging factors resulted from the revivalism phenomenon, the government has introduced corporatization of zakat institution, a modern way of zakat management. This article aims to survey the development of zakat in Malaysia which reflects the continuous process of Islamic revivalism in the nation. As we shall see throughout the discussion, the role of zakat institution has been through time expanded to be one of the national economic tools.

scholarly journals The Impact of Globalisation on the Constitutional Regulation of Human Rights

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-85
Author(s):  
E. Balayan
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Cultural Origins ◽  
Economic Injustice ◽  
National Governments ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this research paper is to provide an in-depth analysis of the essence of the constitutional and legal regulation of personal status, which is the primary obligation of present-day national governments with respect to preserving and protecting major human values when globalisation processes are underway. Consistent and comprehensive human development, politicisation of the law, the elimination of poverty, the fight for equality, global economic injustice, the search for a new ideal constitutional model and other issues are relevant and are on the agenda for the entire global society. Countries with different economic levels of development, historical traditions, cultural origins, and legal systems have varying concepts of human rights, freedoms and duties, which they implement in practice in various ways. These issues are of paramount importance for Russia, which has equal participation rights in matters of international relations and in the system for global governance and international law making. Solving the problem of satisfying the national interest and preserving prestige and the standard of living of every person depends on the primary social responsibility of each person and on the active role of the modern state. Most of all, it is necessary to solve functional problems that are simultaneously political, scientific, organisational, and legal. The most important task here is to enhance the effectiveness of the activity of the state system and the local self-government authorities. To achieve its objective, the paper utilises general scientific-scholarly methods, and specific scientificscholarly research methods including those denominated concrete-historical, logically historical, system-based, comparative legal (law), among others.

scholarly journals Sub-National Government and the Problem of Unequal Development in ASEAN Economic Integration: Case of Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Agus Suman ◽  
Pantri Muthriana Erza Killian ◽  
Ni Komang Desy Arya Pinatih
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
National Development ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Private Actors ◽  
External Actors ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Development Gap

Economic integration, as a prevalent phenomenon in contemporary international relations, brings with it several problems including in the practice of development. Krapohl & Fink (2013) argue that regional integration can follow three different developmental paths which are intra-regional interdependence, extra-regional dependence and intra-regional asymmetries and hence regional integration can actually reinforce current situations rather than changing it. With regards to this, ASEAN is following the second path, creating a reliance on external actors and thus requiring member states to be highly competitive in the global level. However, this strategy ignores an important element, the intra-national development gap, since ASEAN is mostly focused in overcoming the intra-regional gap. This paper therefore seeks to elaborate the problem of increasing intra-national development gap due to regional integration by using Indonesia as a case study. The findings show that regional integration in Indonesia can actually widen the national development gap due to three main reasons. First, ASEAN integration is highly top-down in nature, thus limiting the role of Indonesia’s sub-national governments (SNGs) and private actors in the process; second, differing capacity of Indonesia’s sub-national governments to engage in IR provides higher opportunities for some while creating hindrances for others and lastly, the high transactional cost of intra-national economic activities in Indonesia causes the benefits of economic integration to be highly concentrated in one area. Therefore, there needs to be a larger role for SNGs in regional integration particularly in the most underpriviliged area of Indonesia. 

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