Migration, Commerce and Community: the Mīzābīs in Eighteenth-and Nineteenth-Century Algeria

1980 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald C. Holsinger
Keyword(s):  
Historical Background ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Religious Ideology ◽  
The North ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
Northern Cities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sources Of Support ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
And Function

The Mīzāb is an Ibādī community consisting of seven cities clustered in an arid rocky region 350 miles south of Algiers. Having established these settlements nearly a millennium ago, the Mīzābīs, as the inhabitants came to be known, struggled against formidable environmental odds and managed not only to survive but to prosper. By the sixteenth century the Mīzāb had become an important northern Saharan market. During the following centuries, the Maghrib witnessed a remarkable movement of Mīzābī men to coastal cities where they attained prominence in a variety of professions while leaving their roots firmly implanted within their distant oasis community.Following a brief historical background to settlement in the Mīzāb, this article sketches the ecological constraints of an urban community in a region virtually devoid of resources. It then traces the history of the commercial dispersion to the North during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and discusses the probable causes of emigration. The Mīzābīs were forced by environmental constraints to seek outside sources of support. Their rise to prominence in the Regency of Algiers may have been related to declining Saharan commerce and new commercial opportunities in the North. The organization and function of Mīzābī corporations in Algiers and other northern cities are described. Finally, this article relates an Ibāçī reform ethic to Mīzābī commercial success and concludes with some reflections on religious ideology and environmental demands as contributing factors to the long-term Mīzābī role in commerce.

The Doors of the Chapel and the Keys to the Palace of Louis IX

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-196
Author(s):  
Meredith Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Medieval Architecture ◽  
Royal Palace ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side ◽  
Relative Chronology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Archival Documentation ◽  
And Function ◽  
Louis Ix ◽  
The Doors

The Doors of the Chapel and the Keys to the Palace of Louis IX considers two virtually unknown sculpted portals located in the second bay on the north side of the Sainte-Chapelle, the monumental reliquary chapel built by Louis IX in the royal palace of Paris between 1239 and 1248. Examining archaeological and archival documentation concerning these portals, Meredith Cohen provides important new insights about the initial design and function of the Sainte-Chapelle, its attendant structures, and the royal palace. After charting the history of the Chevesserie, the building to which the portals issued, Cohen proposes a relative chronology for the other structures in the palace attributed to Louis IX, arguing that construction of the Sainte-Chapelle generated major changes, which defined the palace as symbol of the royal state starting in the thirteenth century. This article contributes to the research in medieval architecture that views great monuments as part of highly complex historical topographies.

The So-Called Gundulf's Tower at Rochester Cathedral. A Reconsideration of its History, Date and Function

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 111-176
Author(s):  
J. Philip McAleer
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Bell Tower ◽  
Defensive Function ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
And Function

Since the early eighteenth century, on the basis of no particular evidence, the tower standing uncomfortably close to the north choir aisle at Rochester has been attributed to Bishop Gundulf, the builder of the first Romanesque cathedral church begun c.1080. Recently, it has been suggested that the tower dates to the mid-twelfth century and was erected as a bell tower. This paper assembles the documented history of the tower, speculates about its original form, and presents comparative material. Early post-Conquest towers of a possible defensive function and the few known examples of free-standing bell towers in twelfth-century England are considered in an attempt to establish a date and function for the tower. On the basis of this evidence, it may be suggested that an early post-Conquest – and pre-Gundulf – date is more likely than one in the mid-twelfth century, and that it was more probably erected for defensive purposes rather than as a bell tower.

HEURESIBIOS SON OF SYRISKOS AND THE QUESTION OF TYRANNY IN OLBIA PONTIKE (FIFTH–FOURTH CENTURY BC)

2018 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 399-414
Author(s):  
Joanna Porucznik
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
The Political ◽  
Achaemenid Empire ◽  
The North ◽  
Political Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Delian League ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The City

This paper examines the ancient written, numismatic and archaeological sources that pertain to the political history of Olbia Pontike in the fifth and early fourth century bc. Several Olbian inscriptions that mention a certain Heuresibios son of Syriskos have been connected with a possible episode of tyranny that may have taken place in the city of Olbia. Most of the inscriptions are in a poor state of preservation and their interpretation has often been based on uncertain reconstructions of the texts; therefore, a re-examination of these inscriptions is provided alongside an analysis of other evidence that provides a broader historical background to the political situation in Olbia during that time. Olbia's status in the Delian League and the Athenian political and cultural influence on Olbia are examined. It is argued that the introduction of a political cult of Zeus Eleutherios was a reaction to a political change in Olbia that resulted in the establishment of democracy. Lastly, the economic and political relationship of the Achaemenid Empire with the North Pontic region, especially in relation to local coinage, is discussed, which allows for a synthesis of the material gathered.

The Priest and the Prophetess

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Rey
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Haitian Revolution ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Saint Domingue ◽  
The North ◽  
Race Science ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Haitian Revolution

Shortly after a slave revolt in the North Province of the French colony of Saint-Domingue sparked the Haitian Revolution in August 1791, a free black immigrant coffee farmer and gender-bending religious visionary named Romaine-la-Prophétesse launched a separate insurgency on behalf of his own beleaguered people. Leading thousands of free colored insurgents and the slaves they liberated in the colony’s West Province, Romaine achieved something that no other rebel leader ever did in the colonial history of the Americas: conquering not one, but two coastal cities: Jacmel and Léogâne. His political adviser was a French Catholic priest named Abbé Ouvière, who brokered the treaty that formally tendered to Romaine rule over the latter city. What was the nature of their relationship? In what ways was each man instrumental in broader revolutionary events in the colony? This book answers these and related questions, deepening our understanding of the function of religion in the Haitian Revolution, along with those of race, science, and medicine, in the broader revolutionary Atlantic world, the latter topics impelled by the second half of the priest’s remarkable life as a scientist and physician in the United States, as Dr. Felix Pascalis. That Abbé Ouvière and Dr. Pascalis were one and the same person has heretofore been lost on scholars, and that Romaine-la-Prophétesse, though ultimately betrayed by the priest, would be judged by him as worthy of honor from his “tyrannized nation,” accentuate the historical significance of each man and the major contributions of this book.

SITES OF DIPLOMACY, VIOLENCE, AND REFUGE: Topography and Negotiation in the Mountains of New Spain

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-202
Author(s):  
Sean F. McEnroe
Keyword(s):  
Political Life ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Relative Advantage ◽  
Imperial Authority ◽  
The North ◽  
Interethnic Conflict ◽  
Complex Population ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Moment

Through much of the history of the Americas, political life took place in two spheres: the colonial realm, in which a complex population of Indians, Africans, and Iberians interacted within the civic framework of European institutions; and the extra-colonial realm, in which largely indigenous populations beyond the reach of imperial authority maintained separate political systems. Encounters across this divide were sometimes peaceful and symbiotic, but at other times violent. Many historical discussions of interethnic conflict presume a general and persistent difference in power between these two groups. On Mexico's northern frontier of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, however, the relative advantage enjoyed by colonial versus extra-colonial peoples shifted radically depending on the moment and place of encounter. This article proposes that differences in topography and ecology, often between places not far removed in absolute distance, produced inversions in the relative power enjoyed by indigenous and settler populations. The cultivation of maize was common to the refuge zones of settlers and northern Indians alike: unassimilated Indian bands concealed and protected their crops in difficult-to-find mountain valleys; settler communities, both Spanish and Indian, protected crops close to their respective concentrations of population and militiamen. Both colonial and extra-colonial peoples subsisted on cattle, and the demand for vast pasture spaces produced inevitable conflict. Thus, the geography of the north produced areas of security and vulnerability for all parties.

SITES OF DIPLOMACY, VIOLENCE, AND REFUGE: Topography and Negotiation in the Mountains of New Spain

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (02) ◽  
pp. 179-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean F. McEnroe
Keyword(s):  
Political Life ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Relative Advantage ◽  
Imperial Authority ◽  
The North ◽  
Interethnic Conflict ◽  
Complex Population ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Moment

Through much of the history of the Americas, political life took place in two spheres: the colonial realm, in which a complex population of Indians, Africans, and Iberians interacted within the civic framework of European institutions; and the extra-colonial realm, in which largely indigenous populations beyond the reach of imperial authority maintained separate political systems. Encounters across this divide were sometimes peaceful and symbiotic, but at other times violent. Many historical discussions of interethnic conflict presume a general and persistent difference in power between these two groups. On Mexico's northern frontier of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, however, the relative advantage enjoyed by colonial versus extra-colonial peoples shifted radically depending on the moment and place of encounter. This article proposes that differences in topography and ecology, often between places not far removed in absolute distance, produced inversions in the relative power enjoyed by indigenous and settler populations. The cultivation of maize was common to the refuge zones of settlers and northern Indians alike: unassimilated Indian bands concealed and protected their crops in difficult-to-find mountain valleys; settler communities, both Spanish and Indian, protected crops close to their respective concentrations of population and militiamen. Both colonial and extra-colonial peoples subsisted on cattle, and the demand for vast pasture spaces produced inevitable conflict. Thus, the geography of the north produced areas of security and vulnerability for all parties.

scholarly journals Standard Making in Cytogenetics: the Manufacture, Circulation and Reproduction of Chromosome Images

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-78
Author(s):  
María Jesús Santesmases
Keyword(s):  
Human Chromosome ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Medical Genetics ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Human Cytogenetics ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
Early Human

AbstractThe first reliable pattern of the human chromosome set was manufactured between the late 1950s and early 1960s. This paper will account for the historical background of such reliability, of the production of a reference, an image, the schematic figure – the ideogram – that represented what would from then on be held in the minds of medical practitioners and laboratory scientists of human cytogenetics as the cytological identity of being human. Human genetics as a history of images and the skills of drawing, making photo(micro) graphs and diagrams, developed through a reference drawn on the basis of the consensus reached by a small group of early human cytogeneticists in Denver in 1960. Schemes and idealizations, as well as the fully realistic transposition of the contours and interiors of each chromosome, participated in the emergence of a particular, specific and enduring way of representing the tiny parts of the cell where division began, and accounting for both the forms and function of chromosomes at the origins of medical genetics.

The So-Called Gundulf's Tower at Rochester Cathedral. A Reconsideration of its History, Date and Function

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 111-176
Author(s):  
J. Philip McAleer
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Original Form ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Bell Tower ◽  
Defensive Function ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
And Function

Since the early eighteenth century, on the basis of no particular evidence, the tower standing uncomfortably close to the north choir aisle at Rochester has been attributed to Bishop Gundulf, the builder of the first Romanesque cathedral church begun c.1080. Recently, it has been suggested that the tower dates to the mid-twelfth century and was erected as a bell tower. This paper assembles the documented history of the tower, speculates about its original form, and presents comparative material. Early post-Conquest towers of a possible defensive function and the few known examples of free-standing bell towers in twelfth-century England are considered in an attempt to establish a date and function for the tower. On the basis of this evidence, it may be suggested that an early post-Conquest – and pre-Gundulf – date is more likely than one in the mid-twelfth century, and that it was more probably erected for defensive purposes rather than as a bell tower.

scholarly journals Historical background of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Rita Varga
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Original Structure ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
Quick Recovery ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function

The ancient desires of men there were emerging from time to time in the tales of many nations and are emerging actually in the screenplays of the film industry. Flying, travelling in space, visiting other planets, achieving eternal youth, becoming invulnerable or even the desire for quick recovery are deeply rooted in men’s fantasies and some of them are turning out step-by-step as a day-to-day reality. Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering are interdisciplinary fields of research that utilize the knowledge of engineers, scientists, and physicians to create tissue-like implants. In the most intensive research on tissue regeneration, there are taken cell samples of the patients’ relevant tissues, which after multiplication on a host artificial matrix are finally replaced to the damaged area for local regeneration. Henceforward, the regenerated tissue regains its original structure and function. The past four decades witnessed the rapid development of these fields, from laboratory experiments throughs animal testing and clinical trials to the administered therapies. Studying the history of original and novel ideas in this field is a key issue in understanding the latest achievements while appreciating the actual results and the future trends respectively. This study outlines a brief summary of the background of 7373he early history and the present challenges of regenerative medicine. In this study, I present a brief survey on the background of regenerative medicine and the principles of tissue engineering, followed by discussing the early years of these fields. In the end, I will describe the most relevant questions and scientific challenges that are still to be answered and overcome.

Ras al Khaimah: further archaeological discoveries

Antiquity ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 50 (200) ◽  
pp. 216-222
Author(s):  
Beatrice De Cardi
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
The State ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

Ras a1 Khaimah is the most northerly of the seven states comprising the United Arab Emirates and its Ruler, H. H. Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammad al-Qasimi, is keenly interested in the history of the state and its people. Survey carried out there jointly with Dr D. B. Doe in 1968 had focused attention on the site of JuIfar which lies just north of the present town of Ras a1 Khaimah (de Cardi, 1971, 230-2). Julfar was in existence in Abbasid times and its importance as an entrep6t during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries-the Portuguese Period-is reflected by the quantity and variety of imported wares to be found among the ruins of the city. Most of the sites discovered during the survey dated from that period but a group of cairns near Ghalilah and some long gabled graves in the Shimal area to the north-east of the date-groves behind Ras a1 Khaimah (map, FIG. I) clearly represented a more distant past.

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