SITES OF DIPLOMACY, VIOLENCE, AND REFUGE: Topography and Negotiation in the Mountains of New Spain

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (02) ◽  
pp. 179-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean F. McEnroe
Keyword(s):  
Political Life ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Relative Advantage ◽  
Imperial Authority ◽  
The North ◽  
Interethnic Conflict ◽  
Complex Population ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Moment

Through much of the history of the Americas, political life took place in two spheres: the colonial realm, in which a complex population of Indians, Africans, and Iberians interacted within the civic framework of European institutions; and the extra-colonial realm, in which largely indigenous populations beyond the reach of imperial authority maintained separate political systems. Encounters across this divide were sometimes peaceful and symbiotic, but at other times violent. Many historical discussions of interethnic conflict presume a general and persistent difference in power between these two groups. On Mexico's northern frontier of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, however, the relative advantage enjoyed by colonial versus extra-colonial peoples shifted radically depending on the moment and place of encounter. This article proposes that differences in topography and ecology, often between places not far removed in absolute distance, produced inversions in the relative power enjoyed by indigenous and settler populations. The cultivation of maize was common to the refuge zones of settlers and northern Indians alike: unassimilated Indian bands concealed and protected their crops in difficult-to-find mountain valleys; settler communities, both Spanish and Indian, protected crops close to their respective concentrations of population and militiamen. Both colonial and extra-colonial peoples subsisted on cattle, and the demand for vast pasture spaces produced inevitable conflict. Thus, the geography of the north produced areas of security and vulnerability for all parties.

SITES OF DIPLOMACY, VIOLENCE, AND REFUGE: Topography and Negotiation in the Mountains of New Spain

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-202
Author(s):  
Sean F. McEnroe
Keyword(s):  
Political Life ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Relative Advantage ◽  
Imperial Authority ◽  
The North ◽  
Interethnic Conflict ◽  
Complex Population ◽  
History Of ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The Moment

Through much of the history of the Americas, political life took place in two spheres: the colonial realm, in which a complex population of Indians, Africans, and Iberians interacted within the civic framework of European institutions; and the extra-colonial realm, in which largely indigenous populations beyond the reach of imperial authority maintained separate political systems. Encounters across this divide were sometimes peaceful and symbiotic, but at other times violent. Many historical discussions of interethnic conflict presume a general and persistent difference in power between these two groups. On Mexico's northern frontier of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, however, the relative advantage enjoyed by colonial versus extra-colonial peoples shifted radically depending on the moment and place of encounter. This article proposes that differences in topography and ecology, often between places not far removed in absolute distance, produced inversions in the relative power enjoyed by indigenous and settler populations. The cultivation of maize was common to the refuge zones of settlers and northern Indians alike: unassimilated Indian bands concealed and protected their crops in difficult-to-find mountain valleys; settler communities, both Spanish and Indian, protected crops close to their respective concentrations of population and militiamen. Both colonial and extra-colonial peoples subsisted on cattle, and the demand for vast pasture spaces produced inevitable conflict. Thus, the geography of the north produced areas of security and vulnerability for all parties.

Cameroon: the radicalization of Islam and the expansion of Boko Haram

2021 ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Tatyana S. Denisova
Keyword(s):  
Political Conflict ◽  
Political Life ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Boko Haram ◽  
The North ◽  
Religious Intolerance ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Specific Interpretation ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Military

The radicalization of Islam in Cameroon is quickly changing the country's religious landscape and contributing to the spread of religious intolerance. Unlike, for example, neighboring Nigeria and the Central African Republic, previously Cameroon rarely faced serious manifestations of sectarian tensions, but over the past 10-15 years traditional Sufi Islam has been increasingly supplanted by the ideology of Wahhabism. Wahhabism is rapidly spreading not only in the north of the country, but also in the south, which until recently was inhabited mainly by Christians and animists. The spread of Wahhabism is actively supported and funded by Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar and Egypt. Sufism, the followers of which mainly include Fulani living in the northern regions, is gradually losing its position. The specific interpretation of Islam leads to the destabilization of religious and public political life, and Koranic schools and refugee camps become "incubators of terrorists". The growing influence of radical Islam in Cameroon is largely due to the expansion of the terrorist organization Boko Haram into the country; one of the consequences of this is the broadening affiliation of Cameroonians, inspired by calls for the cleansing of Islam and the introduction of Sharia law, with this armed Islamist group. As in other African countries, the radicalization of Islam is accompanied by the intensification of terrorist activities, leading to an exacerbation of the internal political situation, an increase in the number of refugees, and the deterioration of the socio-economic situation of the population, etc. The failure of the Cameroonian government to counter terrorist activities in the north of the country in the near future may lead to an escalation of the military-political conflict on religious grounds in the context of political instability that Cameroon is experiencing at the moment.

Migration, Commerce and Community: the Mīzābīs in Eighteenth-and Nineteenth-Century Algeria

1980 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald C. Holsinger
Keyword(s):  
Historical Background ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Religious Ideology ◽  
The North ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
Northern Cities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sources Of Support ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
And Function

The Mīzāb is an Ibādī community consisting of seven cities clustered in an arid rocky region 350 miles south of Algiers. Having established these settlements nearly a millennium ago, the Mīzābīs, as the inhabitants came to be known, struggled against formidable environmental odds and managed not only to survive but to prosper. By the sixteenth century the Mīzāb had become an important northern Saharan market. During the following centuries, the Maghrib witnessed a remarkable movement of Mīzābī men to coastal cities where they attained prominence in a variety of professions while leaving their roots firmly implanted within their distant oasis community.Following a brief historical background to settlement in the Mīzāb, this article sketches the ecological constraints of an urban community in a region virtually devoid of resources. It then traces the history of the commercial dispersion to the North during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and discusses the probable causes of emigration. The Mīzābīs were forced by environmental constraints to seek outside sources of support. Their rise to prominence in the Regency of Algiers may have been related to declining Saharan commerce and new commercial opportunities in the North. The organization and function of Mīzābī corporations in Algiers and other northern cities are described. Finally, this article relates an Ibāçī reform ethic to Mīzābī commercial success and concludes with some reflections on religious ideology and environmental demands as contributing factors to the long-term Mīzābī role in commerce.

History of the Hudson's Bay Company salmon fisheries in the Ungava Bay region

Polar Record ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 18 (113) ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Power
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Factual Information ◽  
Native Peoples ◽  
The North ◽  
Divergence Of Opinion ◽  
Salmon Fisheries ◽  
Unbiased Manner ◽  
History Of

Today the north is no longer remote and insulated from the demands of modern society, and northern Quebec is no exception. Principal threats to the environment come from mining, pipeline construction and hydro-electric developments. In the negotiations that are going on today between the native peoples, who are trying to protect what is left of their culture, and the developers from the south, there is a large divergence of opinion about what is important. When the native peoples are asked to document their use of natural resources in the courts they find themselves at a great disadvantage due to the lack of written history about their activities. The value of renewable natural resources that have sustained indigenous populations for thousands of years is difficult to quantify and can easily be made to look insignificant in comparison to the often exaggerated benefits of development proposals. For this reason it is important to make available whatever factual information there is and to present it in an unbiased manner.

scholarly journals ABOUT THE DRIFT OF THE “NORTH POLE-1” RESEARCH STATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-236
Author(s):  
K. V. Popov ◽  
N. V. Libina ◽  
M. G. Ushakova
Keyword(s):  
North Pole ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Research Station ◽  
The North ◽  
125Th Anniversary ◽  
Polar Day ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Results ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Every year on May 21 in our country is celebrated Polar Day. And not without purpose, because that day in 1937 the world-famous event took place: the four-engine N-170 airplane, piloted by M.V. Vodopyanov, landed on the ice of the Arctic Ocean in the region of the North Pole (89º25’N and 78º40 ‘w.d.). Here began the path of the scientific drifting station North Pole-1. This was the first scientific expedition in the North Pole area, in 274 days it drifted 2,100 km to the southern tip of Greenland (Cape Forvel). More than a hundred books and articles have been written about the history of its creation, the legendary drift, participants and scientific results. First of all, the diaries of the participants should be included here. Reading these books and having an idea of the north by participating in sea expeditions to the Arctic, one involuntarily wonders how people survived and worked in such difficult conditions, about the nature surrounding them and how variable the weather could be above their heads. Comparing the selection of photographs with the diaries of the drift participants, we tried to trace how the situation (landscapes of the drift) changed from the moment of landing and until the removal of the Papanin camp on February 19, 1938. The article is dedicated to the 125th anniversary of the head of the expedition SP-1 – I.D. Papanin. Photo materials for the article are based on the I.D. Papanin handed over to his father K.V. Popov – to Vladimir Ivanovich Popov, who worked under the direction of I.D. Papanin at the Research Institute of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the village of Borok, and his former friend.

Some Literary References to the History of the Gurjara-Pratihāras Mahendrapāla and Mahipāla

1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
M. L. Nigham
Keyword(s):  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Political Condition ◽  
Indian History ◽  
Northern India ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of

The Gurjara-Pratihāras were the last Hindu power of early Indian history who strove to unify the whole of Āryāvarta under one parasol, and the dynasty produced a brilliant galaxy of monarchs such as Nāgabhaṭa, Mihira-Bhoja, Mahendrapāla and Mahipāla who, apart from their military genius, were great patrons of learning and art. The archaeological remains of this dynasty have been brought to light from Pihova (Pṛthūdaka) in the north to Deogarh and Gwalior in the south, and from Kathiawar in the west to Bihar and Bengal in the east. Rājaśēkhara, the great Sanskrit poet-dramatist, was the spiritual preceptor (upādhyaya) of Mahendrapāla alias Nirbhayanarendra. He continued to grace the Pratihāra court till the reign of Mahipāla, the son and successor of Mahendrapāla, in whose presence the play Bālabhārata was staged. Besides the Bālabhārata, three other dramas, Bālarāmāyaṇa, Karpūramañjarī and Viddhaśālabhañjikā, and Kāvyamīmāṃsā, an elaborate work on poetics, were written by the same author. Being closely associated with the political life of the court, Rājaśēkhara's dramas, although based on conventional themes of love, give us glimpses of the political condition of northern India at that time.

Manuscripts Concerning Mexico and Central America in the Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.

1962 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicenta Cortés
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Past History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Library Of Congress ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment ◽  
To Receive

There is no doubt that manuscripts proceeding from or referring to Ibero-America which are preserved in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress constitute an interesting collection for the historian of the Hispanic world. This collection was begun in the second half of the nineteenth century when the library started to receive writings, documents, correspondence, and diverse papers relating to the past history of these northern regions and of other countries south of the frontiers of the United States. It was the moment when the North American collectors and antiquarians began to frequent the auctions of papers and books, when individuals and universities began to make their collections of material from which historians could procure documentation for their writings. The Library of Congress did not stay on the fringe of this movement, and some outstanding examples of documentation began to arrive in this depository, so much so that in 1900 the head of the Manuscript Division sent to the Congress of Americanists meeting in Paris a catalogue of the fifteen items relating to Mexico to be found under his care.

scholarly journals The complex admixture history and recent southern origins of Siberian populations

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Pugach ◽  
Rostislav Matveev ◽  
Viktor Spitsyn ◽  
Sergey Makarov ◽  
Innokentiy Novgorodov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Population History ◽  
Population Replacement ◽  
The North ◽  
Complex Population ◽  
Shared Ancestry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Last Glacial

Although Siberia was inhabited by modern humans at an early stage, there is still debate over whether this area remained habitable during the extremely cold period of the Last Glacial Maximum or whether it was subsequently repopulated by peoples with a recent shared ancestry. Previous studies of the genetic history of Siberian populations were hampered by the extensive admixture that appears to have taken place among these populations, since commonly used methods assume a tree-like population history and at most single admixture events. We therefore developed a new method based on the covariance of ancestry components, which we validated with simulated data, in order to investigate this potentially complex admixture history and to distinguish the effects of shared ancestry from prehistoric migrations and contact. We furthermore adapted a previously devised method of admixture dating for use with multiple events of gene flow, and applied these methods to whole-genome genotype data from over 500 individuals belonging to 20 different Siberian ethnolinguistic groups. The results of these analyses indicate that there have indeed been multiple layers of admixture detectable in most of the Siberian populations, with considerable differences in the admixture histories of individual populations, and with the earliest events dated to not more than 4500 years ago. Furthermore, most of the populations of Siberia included here, even those settled far to the north, can be shown to have a southern origin. These results provide support for a recent population replacement in this region, with the northward expansions of different populations possibly being driven partly by the advent of pastoralism, especially reindeer domestication. These newly developed methods to analyse multiple admixture events should aid in the investigation of similarly complex population histories elsewhere.

scholarly journals Российская гуманитарная деятельность периода Гражданской войны (1917-1921 гг.): проблемы изучения

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.S. Ippolitov
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
Short Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment

Российская гуманитарная деятельность периода Гражданской войны на территориях, подконтрольных антибольшевистским режимам, является крайне малоизученной областью отечественной исторической науки. Заполнению этой лакуны и посвящена настоящая статья. В отечественной историографии до сих пор отсутствует специальный труд на указанную тему. Отдельные исследователи, обращавшие на неё внимание в своих публикациях, часто делали это фрагментарно, попутно с решением других научных задач. Наиболее исследованной она оказалась в изысканиях уральских и сибирских учёных, занимавшихся научной работой в региональных архивах, в которых сохранился значительный массив необходимых источников. Другой источниковой базой для изучения российской гуманитарной деятельности стал Государственный архив Российской Федерации, располагающий корпусом документов из состава Пражского архива документальной коллекции Русского заграничного исторического архива в Праге, переданного нашей стране в 1945 г. Внимательное рассмотрение вопроса показало, что в условиях деградации государственных и муниципальных институтов, развала политической жизни, острого гражданского конфликта, экономического кризиса, охватившего всю территорию бывшей Российской Империи, дефицита предметов первой необходимости и продуктов питания российская гуманитарная деятельность не только не была свернута, но и пережила на коротком отрезке времени расцвет, поэтому формирование историографической основы дальнейших исследований является для нас сегодня актуальной задачей.Russian humanitarian activity during the Civil War in the territories controlled by the antiBolshevik regimes is an extremely poorly studied area of Russian historical science. The article is devoted to the study of historiography of this problem and aims to outline the main directions in which scientific thought has been moving in the study of this littleknown area. At the same time, publications containing significant factual distortions of the events that took place in Russia appeared in foreign historiography, either not noticing the processes of selforganization of Russian civil society in the humanitarian field, or reducing all Russian humanitarian activities during the Civil War to the policy of Western powers. As for the national historiography, there is still no special work on this topic. Individual researchers who drew attention to the problem of humanitarian activities in their publications often did so in fragments, along with solving other scientific problems. The most studied area of public life during the Civil War was described by the Ural and Siberian scholars who did research in local regional archives which preserved a significant array of sources on this problem. Russian scholars working in regional archives managed to recreate the dramatic history of the civil societys participation in the rescue and preservation of the tangible and intangible cultural heritage, which was exposed to the risk of an irreparable loss in the conditions of civil confrontation. Another source base for the study of Russian humanitarian activities is the State Archive of the Russian Federation, which stores a body of documents from the Prague Archive, a documentary collection of Russian foreign historical archive in Prague, transferred to our country in 1945. In the conditions of the degradation of state and municipal institutions, the collapse of the political life and the acute civil conflict, the tasks of maintaining public life, providing assistance to the needy, preserving culture and education were largely assumed by civil society. In the context of the economic crisis that engulfed the entire territory of the former Russian Empire, the shortage of the most necessary funds, basic necessities and food, the Russian humanitarian activity was not curtailed, but flourished for a short period of time. Therefore, the formation of the historiographic basis for further research is an urgent task: at the moment, there is no generalizing research work that systematizes the literature on these issues in the domestic historiography.

Don Luigi Sturzo

1952 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Robert Caponigri
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Special Character ◽  
Dynamic Symbol ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Retrospect ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Second World

In historical retrospect,* the period between the last great formations of European nationalism, German unification and the Italian Riorgimento, and the second world war, must appear as among the most crucial and decisive eras in the political life of the West. The single, but ultimately all-embracing, phenomenon which gives this period its special character is the emergence of the ethical and monistic lay state—the state which, from the sociological point of view, and hence ethically, juridically and politically, seeks the effective subordination to itself of all forms of social life. In Italy, this process, as the result of conditions prevalent there, was especially articulated; and the logic of the new state was developed almost hyperbolically in certain of its dimensions and aspects. In that same country, also as a result peculiar to its conditions, the diagnosis and the contraindications of the monistic state emerged simultaneously with the emergence of that state itself. The ideas and the forces which were effectively to stabilize and then to reverse the process of the lay state were present and active from the moment that state made its effective appearance. For this reason the history of Italy must possess as especial interest during this period. The man who has been, perhaps beyond all others, the expressive and dynamic symbol of those ideas and forces, is Don Luigi Sturzo. As a consequence his career, like the history of his country, has arresting, if not unique, interest.

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