Changes occurring in the organic matter during the decomposition of compost heaps

1. The decomposition of the organic matter of four medium to large-scale composts has been studied by analysis of samples taken at intervals.2. The bulk materials of the composts were grass-cuttings, oat-straw, Sphagnum peat and an Eriophorum and Sphagnum peat. All were made up to the same nutrient-content and relative water content.3. The analytical method used was a modification of the scheme of proximate analysis used by Waksman and by Shewan. It was supplemented by ammonia and nitrate determinations, using Olsen's method.4. Observations.A. All composts.(i) An increase in ammonia, water-soluble nitrogen and water-soluble organic matter took place during the first month.(ii) Only low nitrate concentrations were developed.(iii) Very closely parallel changes in H2SO4-soluble nitrogen and residual nitrogen were recorded.(iv) Other nitrogen changes can be described as slight and on the whole as mutually compensating fluctuations.

Download Full-text

Comparison of the Nutrient Content of Eggs from Commercial and Village Chickens in Rural Malawi (P03-009-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz047.p03-009-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Rochelle Werner ◽

Bess Caswell ◽

Kenneth Maleta ◽

Christine Stewart

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D3 ◽

Large Scale ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

The United States ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Small Scale ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Nutrient Analysis ◽

The Mean ◽

The Village

Abstract Objectives To characterize the nutritional composition of chicken eggs from a large-scale commercial producer and a small-scale household producer in rural Malawi. Methods A convenience sample of 28 large commercial and 32 village eggs from Malawi were hardboiled and measured for the weight in grams of the whole egg, peeled egg, egg white, and egg yolk. A separate convenience sample of 11 commercial and 17 village eggs were selected for nutrient analysis. Eggs were hardboiled for 4 minutes, refrigerated, and shipped to a nutrient analysis lab in the United States. Eggs from each source were pooled and analyzed for macronutrients, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. Analytes were reported per 100 g sample and converted to nutrients per egg using the mean peeled egg weight. Results The mean weight in grams of whole commercial eggs (59.4 ± 5.3) was 19 g greater than whole village eggs (40.4 ± 3.0). Commercial eggs had a 15 g greater mass of egg whites (37.0 ± 4.2) than village eggs (21.8 ± 2.5), but the mass of egg yolks only differed by one gram (commercial: 15.3 ± 1.0 and village: 14.1 ± 1.4). Per 100 g sample, commercial and village eggs had similar calories (143 kcals vs. 162kcals), protein (12.5 g vs. 12.5 g), water-soluble vitamins (1.61 µg vs. 1.92 µg Vitamin B-12; 63.5 µg vs. 59.9 µg folate, DFE) and minerals (1.7 mg vs. 2.1 mg iron; 21 µg vs. 24 µg selenium; 1.1 mg vs. 1.4 mg zinc). For fat-soluble nutrients, the 100 g sample of commercial eggs had a higher concentration of Vitamin A than the village eggs (150 µg vs. 102 µg RAE) but lower concentrations of Vitamin D3, α-tocopherol, and choline than the village eggs (0.8 µg vs. 2.9 µg Vitamin D3; 2.25 mg vs. 4.08 mg α-tocopherol; and 238 mg vs. 314 mg choline). However, when compared on a per egg basis, the fat-soluble nutrient content of the whole eggs was similar due to the smaller size of the village eggs. Conclusions On a per egg basis, eggs from small-scale households may deliver comparable amounts of fat-soluble nutrients but fewer calories, protein, and minerals compared to eggs from commercial producers; however, on a per 100 g basis, village eggs were a more nutrient-dense option. Funding Sources The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, BLUM Center of UC Davis.

Download Full-text

PENGARUH CARA PEMASAKAN BERBEDA TERHADAP KELARUTAN PROTEIN DAN PERUBAHAN KANDUNGAN KIMIA IKAN SEMBILANG (Paraplotosus albilabris)

Berkala Perikanan Terubuk ◽

10.31258/terubuk.46.2.50-58 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 50

Author(s):

Siti Rokayah ◽

Edison Edison ◽

Sumarto Sumarto

Keyword(s):

Protein Content ◽

Soluble Protein ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Fish Meat ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Yield Value ◽

Water Soluble Protein ◽

Chemical Content

This study aimed to know the value of rendement, chemical content of fresh sembilang fish meat and after experiencing coocking, and water soluble protein and salt soluble protein. The method used in this research was experimental method with Completely Randomized Design (CRD) which consists of 4 levels of treatment, with R0 (without coocking), R1 (boiling), R2 (boiling with salt), R3 (steaming). The results showed that the average yield value is 47.7% %, in the proximate analysis of fresh sembilang fish meat contains moisture 59.25%, ash 1.42%, fat 6.01%, and protein content 28.39%. The nutrient content of the fish after the cooking differs based on the analysis performed on each treatment R1, R2, R3 has no significant effect on water content, ash content, and protein content, but has significant effect on fat content.Analysis of water soluble protein had a value 4.16%, 3.97%, 3.85% and 3.18.%

Download Full-text

A Novel WRKY Transcription Factor HmoWRKY40 Associated with Betalain Biosynthesis in Pitaya (Hylocereus monacanthus) through Regulating HmoCYP76AD1

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22042171 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 2171

Author(s):

Lulu Zhang ◽

Canbin Chen ◽

Fangfang Xie ◽

Qingzhu Hua ◽

Zhike Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factor ◽

Transient Expression ◽

Regulatory Networks ◽

Large Scale ◽

Wrky Transcription Factor ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Nitrogen ◽

Transcriptome Data ◽

Expression Levels ◽

Upstream Regulators

Betalains are water-soluble nitrogen-containing pigments with multiple bioactivities. Pitaya is the only large-scale commercially grown fruit containing abundant betalains for consumers. However, the upstream regulators in betalain biosynthesis are still not clear. In this study, HmoWRKY40, a novel WRKY transcription factor, was obtained from the transcriptome data of pitaya (Hylocereus monacanthus). HmoWRKY40 is a member of the Group IIa WRKY family, containing a conserved WRKY motif, and it is located in the nucleus. The betalain contents and expression levels of HmoWRKY40 increased rapidly during the coloration of pitaya and reached their maximums on the 23rd day after artificial pollination (DAAP). Yeast one-hybrid and transient expression assays showed that HmoWRKY40 could bind and activate the promoter of HmoCYP76AD1. Silencing the HmoWRKY40 gene resulted in a significant reduction of betacyanin contents. These results indicate that HmoWRKY40 transcriptionally activates HmoCYP76AD, which is involved in the regulation of pitaya betalain biosynthesis. The results of the present study provide new regulatory networks related to betalain biosynthesis in pitaya.

Download Full-text

A Genome-Wide Identification Study Reveals That HmoCYP76AD1, HmoDODAα1 and HmocDOPA5GT Involved in Betalain Biosynthesis in Hylocereus

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12121858 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1858

Author(s):

Qingzhu Hua ◽

Canbin Chen ◽

Fangfang Xie ◽

Zhike Zhang ◽

Rong Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Nitrogen ◽

Genome Data ◽

Genome Wide ◽

A Genome ◽

Red Color ◽

Hylocereus Undatus ◽

High Level ◽

Cytochrome P 450

Betalains are water-soluble nitrogen-containing pigments with multiple bioactivities. Pitayas are the only at large-scale commercially grown fruit containing abundant betalains for consumers. Currently, the key genes involved in betalain biosynthesis remain to be fully elucidated. Moreover, genome-wide analyses of these genes in betalain biosynthesis are not available in betalain-producing plant species. In this study, totally 53 genes related to betalain biosynthesis were identified from the genome data of Hylocereus undatus. Four candidate genes i.e., one cytochrome P-450 R gene (HmoCYP76AD1), two L-DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase genes (HmoDODAα1 and HmoDODAα2), and one cyclo-DOPA 5-O glucosyltransferase gene (HmocDOPA5GT) were initially screened according to bioinformatics and qRT-PCR analyses. Silencing HmoCYP76AD1, HmoDODAα1, HmoDODAα2 or HmocDOPA5GT resulted in loss of red pigment. HmoDODAα1 displayed a high level of L-DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activity to produce betalamic acid and formed yellow betaxanthin. Co-expression of HmoCYP76AD1, HmoDODAα1 and HmocDOPA5GT in Nicotiana benthamiana and yeast resulted in high abundance of betalain pigments with a red color. These results suggested that HmoCYP76AD1, HmoDODAα1, and HmocDOPA5GT play key roles in betalain biosynthesis in Hylocereus. The results of the present study provide novel genes for molecular breeding programs of pitaya.

Download Full-text

Benthos and Allochthonous Organic Matter in Streams

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f74-090 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 545-553 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

H. B. N. Hynes ◽

N. K. Kaushik ◽

M. A. Lock ◽

D. L. Lush ◽

Z. S. J. Stocker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Life Histories ◽

Large Scale ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Stream Invertebrates ◽

Field Investigations ◽

Bacteria And Fungi ◽

Arctic Streams ◽

The Vertical Distribution

Investigations into the vertical distribution of stream animals by means of a coring technique have demonstrated that they could be found many decimeters down in the gravel; a maximum of 17% was found in the top 5 cm.Sampling of arctic streams revealed that chironomid larvae comprised 70–80% of the numbers in the benthos and that their rate of drift did not vary with the time of day.Life history studies of stream invertebrates have demonstrated clear seasonal patterns in Canada. Work has been done on several mayflies and stone flies, some Chironomidae, and two species of Gammarus. Currently the life histories of the stone flies of southern Australia are being investigated in which the seasonality is much less marked.After the experimental application of the blackfly larvicide Methoxychlor to two rivers, a catastrophic drift of invertebrates occurred and larvicide residues were detected up to 8 wk after application.Work on the decomposition of autumn-shed leaves in water has included the responses to temperature and to additional nutrients (N and P). The effect of nutrient addition was to increase the amount of nitrogen in the leaf after incubation, but temperature affected only the rate of decomposition. Determination of the relative importance of bacteria and fungi in decomposition, was studied with use of antibiotics, and food preference of Gammarus for several leaf species was determined.A considerable portion (up to 40%) of the autumn-shed leaf is water-soluble, and the way in which it is made available to stream animals was investigated. One process, its conversion into particles, appears to involve mechanisms similar to those found in soils, i.e. by formation of organic/metal complexes. Using infrared spectroscopy, attempts have been made to characterize the laboratory and field-produced particles. Field investigations have also demonstrated large-scale fluctuations, during only a few hours, of dissolved and particulate organic matter in the water.These findings are considered in relation to general stream ecology.

Download Full-text