Relationship between levels of iodine and cyanogenetic glucoside in pasture and the productive performance of sheep

1960 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Flux ◽  
G. W. Butler ◽  
A. L. Rae ◽  
R. W. Brougham
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Total Iodine ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Iodine Supplementation

This paper describes an experiment designed to test the goitrogenic effect of white clover (Trifolium repens L) in ewe lambs grown and taken through a complete reproductive cycle. The sheep were setstocked on four pastures made up of perennial ryegrass and short-rotation rye-grass, both alone and together with cyanogenetic white clover. Since these species differ in iodine content when grown on the same soil, there were probably differences in dietary iodine intake of the sheep in the four groups. Half the animals in each group were injected intramuscularly with an iodinated poppy-seed oil to serve as an iodine depot.At slaughter, 19 months from the commencement of the experiment, thyroid weights indicated a goitrogenic action in the non-injected ewes grazing short-rotation rye-grass and white clover and to a lesser extent in the non-injected ewes grazing perennial rye-grass and white clover. There was evidence of a slight goitrogenic action in noninjected ewes grazing perennial rye-grass. The thyroids of non-injected ewes had similar iodine contents, lying within the range of 0·23–0·29% of the dry weight.In injected ewes, the total iodine content of the serum was three to four times higher than with non-injected ewes and the iodine content of the thyroids was three times greater. All injected ewes had thyroids of normal weight.No effects of iodine supplementation on growth, reproduction or wool production were found.Lambs born to the ewes in the fifteenth month of the experiment were slaughtered when 3–5 months old, the age varying with pasture treatment. Thyroid weights indicated a goitrogenic effect from the clover-containing pastures.

Pasture type in relation to live-weight gain, carcass composition, iodine nutrition and some rumen characteristics of sheep III. Effects of treatment with iodine

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Flux ◽  
G. W. Butler ◽  
A. C. Glenday
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Iodine Treatment ◽  
The Mean

1. The mean thyroid weights of ewes grazed on the different pastures (perennial rye-grass (P), perennial rye-grass plus white clover (P + C), short-rotation rye-grass (S), short-rotation rye-grass plus white clover (S + C)) did not differ significantly, but those injected with iodinated poppy-seed oil had lighter (P < 0·01) thyroids than the non-injected ewes grazed on the same pastures.2. Neither the live weights of the ewes nor their lambing performances were affected significantly by treatment with iodine.3. Lambs from ewes grazed on pastures containing white clover had thyroid glands significantly heavier than those of ewes grazed on rye-grass pastures. The largest thyroids were from the lambs of ewes not treated with iodine and grazed on S.4. The iodine contents of the thyroids of the lambs at slaughter, measured as percentage dry weight, did not differ significantly. It seems likely that the differences in thyroid weights were caused by factors operating early in the lives of the lambs.5. The lambs of ewes injected with iodine grew faster after weaning than those of non-injected ewes on the same pastures. The interpretation that this difference was in fact caused by the iodine treatment of the ewes was not wholly acceptable, because the differences in growth rate were not greatest in those groups of lambs showing greatest differences in thyroid weight.

scholarly journals Iodine Biofortification of Vegetables Could Improve Iodine Supplementation Status

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1574
Author(s):  
Eva Duborská ◽  
Martin Urík ◽  
Martin Šeda
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Excess Iodine ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
The Subject

Iodine is an essential trace element for both humans and animals. It is essential to produce important hormones by the thyroid gland. In most inland areas, the soils are iodine deficient and its amount is insufficient to produce agricultural crops with adequate iodine content to cover the recommended daily intake. In connection with the occurrence of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), it has been the subject of intensive research in the past. However, following the introduction of iodized table salt in the food industry, problems related to IDD were not solved and studies on iodine mobility and bioavailability from soils are rare even today and have remained insufficiently investigated. In many countries, mainly in Europe, the prescription rate of medicaments used to treat goiter is still high. Thus, there are a considerable amount of studies looking for alternative methods for iodine supplementation in foodstuffs among the use of iodized table salt. In most cases, the subject of these studies are agricultural crops. This mini review presents the consequences of inadequate and excess iodine intake, the current status of iodine supplementation and the most recent alternative methods of the application of iodine in agriculture and its effect on the quality of used plant species.

Pasture type in relation to live-weight gain, carcass composition, iodine nutrition and some rumen characteristics of sheep II. Carcass composition and the non-carcass components of live weight

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Barton ◽  
M. J. Ulyatt
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Fatty Tissue ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Mesenteric Fat ◽  
Omental Fat

1. The results of two trials with Romney ewes grazed on perennial rye-grass (P), perennial rye-grass with white clover (P + C), short-rotation rye-grass (S) and short-rotation rye-grass with white clover (S + C) are reported. Chemical and dissection analyses of their carcasses were made and the weights of certain internal organs were obtained.2. It was found that the sheep grazed on the P plots had the lightest carcasses (56·2 and 40·9 lb. in trials I and II, respectively), followed by those on the P + C (70·2 and 59·2 lb.), by those on S (74·7 and 61·2 lb.) and the heaviest carcasses were yielded by sheep from the S + C plots (81·5 and 69·1 lb., respectively).3. The weights of dissectible fatty tissue and chemical fat of the carcasses were related to the carcass weights of the different groups of sheep; the group with the lightest carcass weight had the least fat. The other components of the carcass (protein, water and ash) followed the order for group mean carcass weights except that the S carcasses in trial II had slightly less water, protein and ash than the P + C carcasses. The percentage chemical fat of the S carcasses in trial I was also lower than the P + C carcasses.4. In general, the non-carcass components of live weight (head, feet, skin, liver, mesenteric fat, omental fat, kidneys, stomach empty, and intestines empty) all followed the same pattern of increasing weight (P < P + C < S < S + C).

Pasture type in relation to live-weight gain, carcass composition, iodine nutrition and some rumen characteristics of sheep I. Live-weight growth of the sheep

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Rae ◽  
R. W. Brougham ◽  
A. C. Glenday ◽  
G. W. Butler
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

1. Two trials are described in which the live weights of sheep grazing four different pastures were compared. The four pastures comprised perennial rye-grass (P), perennial rye-grass plus white clover (P + C), short-rotation rye-grass (S), short-rotation rye-grass plus white clover (S + C).2. Large and highly significant differences existed between the mean live weight of the sheep on the various pastures in each trial. Thus the P sheep had a mean live weight of 107 and 102 lb. in trials I and II, respectively, at the end of each investigation, the P + C sheep 123 and 122 lb., the S sheep 125 and 126 lb., and the S + C sheep 140 and 137 lb.3. The differences in live-weight growth on the four pastures contain two major effects; an effect due to the difference between P and S and an effect which can be attributed to the presence of white clover in the pasture treatment.

scholarly journals Oral iodine supplementation in very low birth weight infants. Thyroid function and Neurodevelopmental follow up at 24 months. A Randomized Clinical Trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Ares ◽  
BELEN SAENZ-RICO ◽  
JUAN ARNAEZ ◽  
Jesus Diez-Sebastian ◽  
Felix Omeñaca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Premature Babies ◽  
Iodine Supplementation

Abstract The trace element iodine (I) is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Premature babies need >30 µg I / kg /day (ICCIDD recommendations). Neonates and especially preterm infants are a population at risk of suffering the consequences of iodine deficiency, because of the impact of neonatal hypothyroxinemia on brain development. The main aim of this project is to prevent the mental retardation and increased risk of cerebral palsy of premature infants, which is partially caused by neonatal hypothyroxinemia. We gave Oral iodine supplementation in very premature babies during the neonatal period. Population: we included 94 infants born <1500g. Intervention group: we administered 30 µg I / kg /day of iodine in oral drops to 47 infants from first day of life until hospital discharge. Control group: 47 infants without supplements. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee. Samples of different formulas, maternal milk was kept for the determination of the iodine content. Interventions: Blood, food and urine samples (collected at 1, 7, 15, 21, 30 days after birth and at discharge). Measurements: milk and urine for iodine determination (Benotti method). Blood samples: for thyroid hormones (T4, free T4, T3 and TSH) and tyroglobulin. Their neurological development was assessed at 2 years of age (Bayley Test).Iodine content of mothers´ breast milk: 15 (5.0) µg I /dL (range 1-60); Infants in the supplemented group reached the recommendations from the first days of life. Infants in the control group did not reach the recommended intake of iodine to 60 days of life. We found a positive relation between iodine intake and the concentrations of thyroid hormones until 60 days of life. Conclusions: Thyroid function is related to iodine intake in preterm infants. Breast milk appears to be the best source of iodine for the premature infant. Preterm babies on formula preparations and with exclusive parenteral nutrition are at high risk of iodine deficiency. Therefore, supplements should be added if iodine intake is found to be inadequate.

Iodine Content of Milk and Other Foods

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 678-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. DELLAVALLE ◽  
D. M. BARBANO
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
New York State ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Breakfast Cereal ◽  
Total Iodine

Excess dietary iodine intake has been identified as an issue of public health concern. The recommended dietary allowance for iodine is 100–150 (μg for adults and 70–120 (μg per day for children. A 1978 Food & Drug Administration survey found that milk and dairy products contributed more than 50% of the total food iodine intake for most age groups. A wide variety of dairy and food products were analyzed for iodine content. Red breakfast cereals and red candy (that contain FD&C Red No. 3), dairy products, eggs, milk, marine fish, and iodized salt contained the most significant quantities of iodine. Iodide content of individual raw milk samples from approximately 2500 farms in New York State was measured. Approximately 62% of all farms had milk iodide levels less than 200 μg/L, 28% between 200 and 499 μg/L, 7% between 500 and 1000 μg/L and 3% had greater than 1000 μg/L. The iodine content of all types of retail milk averaged 394.1 μg/L, cheese and cheese products averaged 15.2 μg/100 g. Most of the iodine partitions into the whey during cheese processing. For dairy powders (including whey), the average iodine content was 471.8 μg/100 g. Use of these powders as ingredients in other dairy and non-dairy products can contribute to high iodine content of other food products. In particular, the iodine content of ice cream was extremely variable, ranging from 18 to 359 μg/100 g. Generally, ice creams and ice milks that contained high proportions of whey and non-fat milk powders had higher levels of iodine in the finished product. Addition of FD&C Red No. 3 to foods substantially increases their total iodine content. However, the measured free iodide content of four brands of red breakfast cereal was higher than would be expected. Food and Drug Administration specifications for certified lots of FD&C Red No. 3 allows up to 0.4% sodium iodide as a contaminant from manufacture. The four brands of red breakfast cereal averaged 6% of their total iodine as free iodide (366 μg/30 g serving). This may indicate that free iodide may be released from FD&C Red No. 3 during processing.

scholarly journals Iodine Supplemented Diet Positively Affect Immune Response and Dairy Product Quality in Fresian Cow

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iannaccone ◽  
Ianni ◽  
Elgendy ◽  
Martino ◽  
Giantin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Product Quality ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Iodine Supplementation

The effects of iodine supplementation on the whole-transcriptome of dairy cow using RNA sequencing has been investigated in this study. Iodine did not influence the milk composition, while an improvement was observed in the immune response as well as in the quality of dairy product. Indeed, the iodine intake specifically influenced the expression of 525 genes and the pathway analysis demonstrated that the most affected among them were related to immune response and oxidative stress. As a consequence, we indirectly showed a better response to bacterial infection because of the reduction of somatic cell counts; furthermore, an improvement of dairy product quality was observed since lipid oxidation reduced in fresh cheese. Such findings, together with the higher milk iodine content, clearly demonstrated that iodine supplementation in dairy cow could represent a beneficial practice to preserve animal health and to improve the nutraceutical properties of milk and its derived products.

scholarly journals Oral Iodine Supplementation in Very Low Birth Weigh Infants. Thyroid Function and Neurodevelopmental Follow Up at 24 Months. A Randomized Clinical Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ares S ◽  
◽  
Arnaez J ◽  
Saenz Rico B ◽  
Diez J ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Premature Babies ◽  
Iodine Supplementation

Background: The trace element Iodine (I) is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Premature babies need >30μg I/kg/day (ICCIDD recommendations). Neonates and especially preterm infants are a population at risk of suffering the consequences of iodine deficiency, because of the impact of neonatal hypothyroxinemia on brain development. Aims: The main aim of this project is to prevent the mental retardation and increased risk of cerebral palsy of premature infants, which is partially caused by neonatal hypothyroxinemia. We gave Oral iodine supplementation in very premature babies during the neonatal period. Methods: Population: we included 94 infants born <1500g. Intervention group: we administered 30μg I/kg /day of iodine in oral drops to 47 infants from first day of life until hospital discharge. Control group: 47 infants without supplements. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee. Samples of different formulas, maternal milk was kept for the determination of the iodine content. Interventions: Blood, food and urine samples (collected at 1, 7, 15, 21, 30 days after birth and at discharge). Measurements: milk and urine for iodine determination (Benotti method). Blood samples: for thyroid hormones (T4, free T4, T3 and TSH) and tyroglobulin. Their neurological development was assessed at 2 years of age (Bayley Test). Results: Iodine content of mothers´ breast milk: 15 (5.0) μg I/dL (range 1-60); Infants in the supplemented group reached the recommendations from the first days of life. Infants in the control group did not reach the recommended intake of iodine to 60 days of life. We found a positive relation between iodine intake and the concentrations of thyroid hormones until 60 days of life. Conclusion: Thyroid function is related to iodine intake in preterm infants. Breast milk appears to be the best source of iodine for the premature infant. Preterm babies on formula preparations and with exclusive parenteral nutrition are at high risk of iodine deficiency. Therefore, supplements should be added if iodine intake is found to be inadequate. Acknowledgments. We are grateful to the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (National Grant 06/1310 for financial support).

Pasture type in relation to live-weight gain, carcass composition, iodine nutrition and some rumen characteristics of sheep IV. Some rumen characteristics of the sheep

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Johns ◽  
M. J. Ulyatt ◽  
A. C. Glenday
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ruminant Metabolism

1. A preliminary study has been made of some aspects of rumen development and fermentation patterns in groups of ewes and lambs fed perennial rye-grass (P), perennial rye-grass plus white clover (P + C), short-rotation rye-grass (S) and short-rotation rye-grass plus white clover (S + C).(2) For ewes there was a significant effect on the weight of the rumen contents from the grass species. The treatment (P) which caused the lowest live weight gave the highest rumen contents weight. There were also significant pasture effects on empty live weight both from grass species differences and from the addition of clover.3. No difference in rumen dry-matter percentages was found between the four groups.4. There was no significant difference in the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the rumens of the P and S fed ewes but the addition of white clover had a significant effect.5. The S + C sheep had a lower proportion of acetic acid, a greater proportion of propionic and butyric acids and greater development of the rumen papillae than the P animals.6. With the lambs there were no significant differences in rumen characteristics caused by grasses but the addition of white clover caused a greater live weight and a reduction in the weight of the rumen contents.7. These results are discussed in relation to present knowledge of ruminant metabolism.

Genetic variation for rate of establishment in caucasian clover

1998 ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
K.H. Widdup ◽  
T.L. Knight ◽  
C.J. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Trifolium Ambiguum ◽  
Root Dry Weight

Slow establishment of caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum L.) is hindering the use of this legume in pasture mixtures. Improved genetic material is one strategy of correcting the problem. Newly harvested seed of hexaploid caucasian clover germplasm covering a range of origins, together with white and red clover and lucerne, were sown in 1 m rows in a Wakanui soil at Lincoln in November 1995. After 21 days, the caucasian clover material as a group had similar numbers of emerged seedlings as white clover and lucerne, but was inferior to red clover. There was wide variation among caucasian clover lines (48-70% seedling emergence), with the cool-season selection from cv. Monaro ranked the highest. Recurrent selection at low temperatures could be used to select material with improved rates of seedling emergence. Red clover and lucerne seedlings produced significantly greater shoot and root dry weight than caucasian and white clover seedlings. Initially, caucasian clover seedlings partitioned 1:1 shoot to root dry weight compared with 3:1 for white clover. After 2 months, caucasian clover seedlings had similar shoot growth but 3 times the root growth of white clover. Between 2 and 5 months, caucasian clover partitioned more to root and rhizome growth, resulting in a 0.3:1 shoot:root ratio compared with 2:1 for white clover. Both clover species had similar total dry weight after 5 months. Unhindered root/ rhizome devel-opment is very important to hasten the establishment phase of caucasian clover. The caucasian clover lines KZ3 and cool-season, both selections from Monaro, developed seedlings with greater shoot and root growth than cv. Monaro. KZ3 continued to produce greater root growth after 5 months, indicating the genetic potential for improvement in seedling growth rate. Different pasture estab-lishment techniques are proposed that take account of the seedling growth characteristics of caucasian clover. Keywords: establishment, genetic variation, growth, seedling emergence, Trifolium ambiguum

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