Studies in selective weed control III. The control of annual weeds in leguminous crops with 2:4-dinitro-6-secondary-butyl-phenol

1950 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Roberts ◽  
G. E. Blackman
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Percentage Mortality ◽  
Butyl Phenol ◽  
Leguminous Crops ◽  
Annual Weeds

During 1947–9, field and pot experiments have been carried out first to assess the herbicidal properties of 2:4-dinitro-6-secondary-butyl-phenol, and secondly to determine its value for selective weed control in leguminous crops. In order to obtain precise estimates of the concentration required to produce a given percentage mortality of either weed or crops species, such experiments were so designed that the results are capable of probit analysis.From the data of field experiments on thirteen species of annual weeds, it is evident that there are wide variations in the concentration required to produce a standard kill. Irrespective of the species, susceptibility is greatest in the young seedling stage and there is a rapid increase in resistance with age. For example, with Raphanus raphanistrum between the cotyledon and pre-flowering stage a sixfold increase in concentration is needed to give a 90% mortality.

Weed control in sugar beet with single and split applications of herbicides

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Eddowes
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
The West ◽  
West Midlands ◽  
Free Environment ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Residual Herbicide

SummaryRecent developments in chemical weed control in sugar beet have been reviewed. Two main approaches to the problem of providing reliable season-long control of annual weeds in sugar beet are, (a) the use of mixtures of herbicides applied pre-planting and incorporated into the soil during seed bed preparation, and (b) the use of split applications with a residual herbicide applied pre-emergence followed by a contact herbicide applied post-emergence.The second approach (b) was examined in a series of field experiments from 1967 to 1969, on light to medium sandy loam soils in the West Midlands. Comparisons were made between pre-emergence application of lenacil and pyrazon, pre-emergence application of lenacil and pyrazon followed by post-emergence application of phenmedipham, and post-emergence application of phenmedipham for weed control in sugar beet.Under dry soil conditions in April 1967, lenacil and pyrazon controlled only about 40% of the annual weeds, but in 1968 and 1969, when moist soil conditions predominated in April and May, lenacil and pyrazon controlled 80–95% of the annual weeds.Phenmedipham applied post-emergence gave about 90% control of annual broadleaved weeds initially, but it seemed unlikely that a single application of this herbicide would provide satisfactory weed control in sugar beet.In each of the 3 years 1967–9, a split application of a soil-acting residual herbicide (pro-emergence) followed by phenmedipham (post-emergence) gave outstanding weed control and enabled sugar beet to be established and grown until mid-June at least, in a near weed-free environment. It was concluded that this technique was the most effective for weed control in sugar beet on light to medium sandy loam soils in the West Midlands.

Influence of Narrow Row/High Population Corn (Zea mays) on Weed Control and Light Transmittance

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Teasdale
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Narrow Row ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Reduced Light ◽  
Population Treatment

Field experiments were conducted from 1989 to 1992 to determine whether no-tillage corn grown in 38-cm rows and a 2× population could improve weed control relative to 76-cm rows and 1× population under reduced-herbicide options. A standard treatment including 1.12 kg ai/ha of atrazine plus 2.24 kg ai/ha of metolachlor was compared with a treatment including the same herbicides applied at 25% of the standard rates. Both treatments included 0.56 kg ai/ha of paraquat which controlled annual weeds established at the time of application. Weed control was less in the 25%-herbicide treatment than in the standard treatment in two of four years when corn was grown in 76-cm rows with a l× population. The 25%-herbicide treatment provided weed control and grain yields similar to the standard treatment in each year when corn was grown in 38-cm rows with a 2× population. Weed control was poor and yield was reduced when no herbicides were applied regardless of row spacing or population. The leaf canopy of corn in the 38-cm row/2×-population treatment reduced light transmittance 1 wk earlier than corn in the 76-cm row/1×-population treatment.

The effect of application rate of chemical herbicides on weed control and yield in early potatoes

1971 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-246
Author(s):  
Maurice Eddowes
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Herbicide Mixtures ◽  
Rate Controlled ◽  
Annual Weeds

SummaryIn a series of field experiments from 1966 to 1969, on light sandy loam soils in the West Midlands, comparisons were made between two levels of application of herbicides based on urea, triazine and bipyridil compounds for weed control in early potatoes.Under conditions of adequate nutrient and water supply, the high application rate controlled about 94%, and the low application rate about 88% of the annual weeds. At equivalent application rates, urea compounds and herbicide mixtures containing ureas, gave superior weed control to triazine compounds and herbicide mixtures containing triazines, but the ureas were apparently more phytotoxic to the potatoes.In 1970, comparisons were made between three levels of application of ametryne and monolinuron, high, medium and low and an unsprayed control treatment.The highest yields of potatoes were associated with the low application rates of herbicides from 1966 to 1970.It was concluded that, on these light sandy loam soils, when irrigation is available, relatively low application rates of either monolinuron or ametryne, or mixtures of ureas or of triazines, or mixtures of bipyridils and ureas or triazines could give adequate control of annual weeds in early potatoes at low cost.

Studies in selective weed control II. The control of annual weeds in spring cereals

1950 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 70-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Blackman ◽  
H. A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Intermediate Phase ◽  
Cupric Chloride ◽  
Phenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Sinapis Arvensis ◽  
Sodium Methyl ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Annual Weeds

As part of a general programme for the development of new techniques of selective weed control, numerous experiments have been carried out during 1943–7 on the eradication of annual weeds from spring-sown oats and barley. These multifactorial experiments consisted essentially of simultaneous comparisons of the relative merits of sulphuric acid, copper salts, dinitro-o-cresol and the two growth-regulating substances 2:4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid and 2-methyl-4-chloro-phenoxyacetic acid. All the compounds were applied as aqueous solutions or suspensions at a spray rate of 100 gal./acre.Within groups of compounds, cupric chloride is more toxic than cupric nitrate, and this in turn is more toxic than cupric sulphate to such weeds as Raphanus raphanistrwn. Similarly, dinitro-o-cresol or its ammonium salt is more effective than the sodium salt for the control of R. raphanistrum and Galeopsis tetrahit. There is some evidence that sodium methyl-chloro-phenoxyacetate is slightly superior to sodium dichloro-phenoxyacetate for the control of Galeopsis tetrahit and Sinapis arvensis.Between groups of compounds, as long as the weeds are in the young seedling stage there is little to choose between sulphuric acid, cupric chloride, ammonium dinitro-o-cresylate and the growth-regulating substances for the control of Sinapis arvensis, Raphanus raphanistrum, Thlaspi arvense and Polygonum convolvulus when the concentration ranges for the four groups are respectively 9–18, 1–4, 0·4–0·8 and 0·1–0·4%. Within these limits of concentration P. persicaria is best controlled with sulphuric acid and Atriplex patula by dinitro-o-cresol.In general, there is a decrease in the toxic effects with increasing age. There are however complex interrelationships between weed species, compound and stage of development. Whereas for cupric chloride its effectiveness against Sinapis arvensis is little changed between the cotyledon and flowering stage there is with flowering a marked falling off in the efficiency of sodium methyl-chloro-phenoxyacetate. In the intermediate phase of development the growth-regulating substances are most toxic to Raphanus raphanistrum.The results for crop yield demonstrate that sulphuric acid and cupric chloride are less selective than dinitro-o-cresol or the substituted phenoxyacetic acids, since for equivalent degrees of weed control smaller increases in grain production have often been recorded. These injurious effects are maximal at the higher concentrations and when spraying is delayed until after tillering is completed. There is a similar age trend for dinitro-o-cresol and the two growth-regulating substances, and in the case of the latter some indication of a concentration effect, i.e. the compounds are most selective at concentrations of 0·2% or less.For the twenty experiments in which the yields were recorded the most appropriate herbicidal treatments have resulted in gains in yield over the controls ranging from 0·4 to 82·2% with a mean of 23·8.

Banded Herbicide Applications and Cultivation in a Modified No-till Corn (Zea mays) System

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan G. Eadie ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton ◽  
James E. Shaw ◽  
Glen W. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
No Till ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Corn Grain

The acceptance of no-till crop production systems has been limited due to expected problems with weed management. Field experiments were established at two locations in Ontario in 1988 and one location in 1989. Band or broadcast applications of preemergence (PRE) combinations of high or low label rates of atrazine with or without metolachlor or inter-row cultivation, were evaluated for their effectiveness in controlling annual weeds in no-till corn. At each location, different herbicide and cultivation combinations were required to achieve adequate weed control. Corn grain yield was equivalent regardless of whether herbicides were applied as a band or broadcast treatment at all three sites. At two of the three sites, one cultivation combined with herbicides applied as a band was adequate to maintain weed control and corn grain yields. Selective application of herbicides in bands represented an approximate 60% reduction in total herbicide applied into the environment. The integration of a shallow post-plant inter-row cultivation combined with the soil conservation attributes of no-till, would enhance the sustainability of a modified no-till corn production system.

Identification of glyphosate-resistant Lolium rigidum and Raphanus raphanistrum populations within the first Western Australian plantings of transgenic glyphosate-resistant canola

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 930
Author(s):  
Michael B. Ashworth ◽  
Michael J. Walsh ◽  
Ken C. Flower ◽  
Stephen B. Powles
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
History Of ◽  
Brome Grass ◽  
Western Australian

Transgenic glyphosate-resistant canola was first commercially grown in Western Australia (WA) in 2010, providing an opportunity to obtain important baseline data regarding the level of glyphosate resistance in weeds following the exclusive use of glyphosate for in-crop weed control. In this study, two surveys (2010 and 2011) were conducted across the 14 Mha of the grainbelt of WA. The 2010 survey was carried out at the late-flowering stage of glyphosate-resistant canola, whereas the 2011 survey was conducted at an earlier growth stage (6–8 leaves), ~2–3 weeks after the second in-crop glyphosate application. During the surveys, 239 fields were visited, representing an estimated combined area of 24 000 ha. The 2011 survey alone represented a subsample of 23% of the total glyphosate-resistant canola planting in the WA grainbelt for that season. Glyphosate resistance was identified in one population of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) and in eight annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum L.) populations. None of the tested capeweed (Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns) populations were glyphosate-resistant. In this survey, no populations of barley grass (Hordeum spp.), brome grass (Bromus spp.), wild oat (Avena spp.) or small-flowered mallow (Malva parviflora L.) survived glyphosate application. Despite a long history of pre-seeding and fallow glyphosate use in WA, this survey found that glyphosate still provides excellent in-crop control of most species; however, some resistance is evident, requiring diverse weed control techniques to limit their spread.

Solarization for Weed Control

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Menashe Horowitz ◽  
Yael Regev ◽  
Geza Herzlinger
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Conyza Canadensis ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Summer Maximum ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Common Purslane ◽  
Annual Weeds

Solarization is a method of heating moist soil by covering it with plastic sheets to trap solar radiation. In field experiments in Israel during the summer, maximum soil temperature under plastic cover at the 5-cm depth averaged 46 to 49C. No weeds emerged under the plastic cover during solarization and weed emergence was reduced after its removal. The heating effect from solarization decreased with soil depth. Concentration of O2 in soil under plastic was similar to that in uncovered controls, but the concentration of CO2 was markedly higher than in control soil, rising up to 2.4%. Higher temperatures and better residual weed control were produced by transparent than by black plastic, with best results from thin (0.03 mm), transparent polyethylene. Under Israeli summer conditions, 2 to 4 weeks of solarization produced effective control of annual weeds that was still appreciable after 1 yr. Narrow sheets of 20 to 50 cm produced effective weed control in bands. on soil irrigated once before placing the plastic sheets, there was no need to irrigate during solarization. The response of weed species to solarization differed. Many annual weeds, both summer species such as pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and winter species as henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.) were well controlled by solarization. Broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) was controlled in one experiment. on the other hand, horseweed [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.] and bull mallow (Malva niceaensis All.) were relatively resistant, and established perennials escaped the treatment.

Studies in selective weed control I. The control of annual weeds in winter wheat

1950 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 62-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Blackman ◽  
H. A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Cupric Chloride ◽  
Phenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Matricaria Chamomilla ◽  
Sodium Methyl ◽  
Annual Weeds

Since 1943 numerous multifactorial field experiments have been concerned with the development of methods for selective weed control in a variety of crops. Between 1943 and 1947 simultaneous comparisons have been made as to the relative effectiveness of sulphuric acid, cupric chloride, dinitro-o-cresol and the two growth-regulating substances—2-methy1-4-chloro -phenoxyacetic acid and 2:4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid—when applied as sprays (100 gal./acre) for the destruction of annual weeds in winter wheat.There is a highly specific relationship between the weed species and the potential toxicity of any one compound. For the eradication of Ranunculus arvẹnsis and Scandix pecten-veneris, the two growth-regulating substances, as the sodium salts, are greatly superior, but for other species, such as Galium aparine, they.are wholly ineffective or only partially effective, e.g. Matricaria chamomilla. For Papaver rhoeas and Fumaria officinalis in the young seedling stage, sodium methyl-chloro-phenoxyacetate and ammonium dinitro-o-cresylate are equally toxic, while the indications are that Matricaria chamomilla and Centaurea cyanus are best killed with sulphuric acid or ammonium dinitro-o-cresylate. All these species are resistant or partially resistant to cupric chloride.As a result of weed eradication, increases in grain yield ranging from 6 to 113% have been recorded, and over the twelve experiments the average increase for the most appropriate treatment was 23%.At the concentrations employed for sulphuric acid (max. 18.4%) ammonium dinitro-o-cresylate (max. 1.1%) and cupric chloride (max. 4.0%) direct injury to the wheat, resulting in a loss in yield, has not been found when spraying is carried out in the active tillering stage. When spraying is unduly delayed, the yield depressions may be very considerable, more particularly with cupric chloride and sulphuric acid.With the growth regulating substances, the results of two experiments indicated that the greatest selectivity is obtained when the concentration does not exceed 0.2-0.3% (2–3 lb./acre), but in the remaining trials no injury was observed up to a maximum concentration of 0.5%. In none of the trials was the formation of abnormal ears noted.When mixtures of sodium methyl-chloro-phenoxy-acetate and dinitro-o-cresol are employed,. no significant interaction on crop yield has been found.

Bio-efficacy of post emergence herbicides in boro rice nursery as well as main field and their residual effects on non-target microorganisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-210
Author(s):  
Rajib Kundu ◽  
Mousumi Mondal ◽  
Sourav Garai ◽  
Ramyajit Mondal ◽  
Ratneswar Poddar
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Main Field ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Similar Treatment

Field experiments were conducted at research farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal, India (22°97' N latitude and 88°44' E longitude, 9.75 m above mean sea level) under natural weed infestations in boro season rice (nursery bed as well as main field) during 2017-18 and 2018-19 to evaluate the herbicidal effects on weed floras, yield, non-target soil organisms to optimize the herbicide use for sustainable rice-production. Seven weed control treatments including three doses of bispyribac-sodium 10% SC (150,200, and 250 ml ha-1), two doses of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 9.3% EC (500 and 625 ml ha-1), one weed free and weedy check were laid out in a randomized complete block design, replicated thrice. Among the tested herbicides, bispyribac-sodium with its highest dose (250 ml ha-1) resulted in maximum weed control efficiency, treatment efficiency index and crop resistance index irrespective of weed species and dates of observation in both nursery as well as main field. Similar treatment also revealed maximum grain yield (5.20 t ha-1), which was 38.38% higher than control, closely followed by Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (625 ml ha-1) had high efficacy against grasses, sedge and broadleaf weed flora. Maximum net return (Rs. 48765 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (1.72) were obtained from the treatment which received bispyribac-sodium @ 250 ml ha-1. Based on overall performance, the bispyribac-sodium (250 ml ha-1) may be considered as the best herbicide treatment for weed management in transplanted rice as well as nursery bed.

KIH-485 and S-metolachlor Efficacy Comparisons in Conventional and No-Tillage Corn

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 622-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick W. Geier ◽  
Phillip W. Stahlman ◽  
John C. Frihauf
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Green Foxtail

Field experiments were conducted during 2003 and 2004 to compare the effectiveness of KIH-485 and S-metolachlor for PRE weed control in no-tillage and conventional-tillage corn. Longspine sandbur control increased as KIH-485 or S-metolachlor rates increased in conventional-tillage corn, but control did not exceed 75% when averaged over experiments. Both herbicides controlled at least 87% of green foxtail with the exception of no-tillage corn in 2004, when KIH-485 was more effective than S-metolachlor at lower rates. Palmer amaranth control ranged from 85 to 100% in 2003 and 80 to 100% in 2004, with the exception of only 57 to 76% control at the lowest two S-metolachlor rates in 2004. Puncturevine control exceeded 94% with all treatments in 2003. In 2004, KIH-485 controlled 86 to 96% of the puncturevine, whereas S-metolachlor controlled only 70 to 81%. Mixtures of atrazine with KIH-485 or S-metolachlor generally provided the most effective control of broadleaf weeds studied.

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