Effects of nitrogen fertilizer, plant population and irrigation on sugar beet: II. Nutrient concentration and uptake

1971 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Draycott ◽  
M. J. Durrant
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Wide Range

SUMMARYThe concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium was measured in the dry matter of sugar beet from four field experiments (1966–9). All combinations of four amounts of nitrogen fertilizer (0–1·8 cwt/acre), four plant populations (8800–54000 plants/acre) and irrigation were tested, which gave a wide range of plant size and yield. Nutrient concentration and uptake by the crop were also greatly affected by the treatments.Nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation increased uptake of nitrogen by the crop but increasing the plant population had little effect on uptake and decreased the concentration of nitrogen. Sugar yield was related to the total nitrogen concentration in tops and roots and to uptake. There were optimal values of nitrogen concentration for maximal sugar yield, but the optima were greatly affected by plant population. Leaf colour was a good guide to nitrogen concentration.Phosphorus concentration was affected little by the treatments but cation concentrations were greatly affected. In general, uptake of all the elements was increased by all treatments – the exception was sodium, which decreased as the plant population increased but this was balanced to somo extent by increased potassium uptake.

Nitrogen requirements of sugar beet in relation to harvesting date

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. J. Holmes ◽  
J. R. Devine ◽  
F. W. Dunnett
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Nitrogen Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Response ◽  
Oolitic Limestone ◽  
Early Harvest

SummarySeven field experiments were made on the effect of two harvesting dates on the nitrogen requirements of sugar beet. All were on Rauceby series soils overlying oolitic limestone in Lincolnshire.Nitrogen fertilizer increased sugar yield in all experiments, and yield was considerably higher at the mid-December harvest than in early October. On average, the sugar-yield response to nitrogen was greater at the late harvest, and the requirement for nitrogen was about 45 kg/ha higher then than at the early harvest. Sugar content was depressed less at the late harvest than at the early by increasing nitrogen rate.These results suggest that farmers should apply more nitrogen to fields that they plan to harvest late than to early-harvested fields; they also have implications for the conduct and interpretation of nitrogen response experiments on sugar beet.

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer, plant population and irrigation on sugar beet: I. Yields

1971 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Draycott ◽  
D. J. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Fertilizer Plant

SUMMARYFive experiments (1965–9) on calcareous sandy loam tested all combinations of four amounts of nitrogen (0–1·8 cwt/acre N) and four plant populations (8000–54 000 plants/ acre) given to sugar beet grown with and without irrigation. On average, nitrogen and plant population influenced yields greatly but irrigation relatively little. In all years between 0·6 and 1·2 cwt/acre N and between 17000 and 32000 plants/acre gave largest sugar yield. Giving more nitrogen or increasing the plant population neither increased nor decreased sugar yield much in any year. Irrigation was beneficial in only two out of five years.Sugar yield was linearly related to root dry-matter yield. Although total dry matter was greatest when the largest plant population was given the largest dressing of nitrogen and irrigation, the proportion of dry matter in the roots was decreased by all three factors.

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation on sugar beet at Broom's Barn 1973–8

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Last ◽  
A. P. Draycott ◽  
A. B. Messem ◽  
D. J. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Plough Layer

SUMMARYDuring 1973–8 six field experiments examined the effect of 0, 41, 82, 124, 166 and 207 kg N/ha with and without irrigation on the growth, yield and quality of sugar beet. The culture of the crops was planned to produce a large yield in order to determine the optimal nitrogen application for the above-average crops which many growers are now seeking to produce. Ammonium nitrate was used as the nitrogen source, broadcast in one dose before sowing as was recommended practice in the early 1970s. The growth of the crop was monitored from the seedling stage to harvest in December, as was nitrogen uptake by the crop, and water removal from the soil using a neutron probe.In 3 years when the weather was dry after drilling, the fertilizer significantly depressed the number of plants which established but plant weights showed that some nitrogen fertilizer was needed early for rapid seedling growth. Changes in the method of applying fertilizer for sugar beet are therefore suggested and are being tested. Soil analyses in the plough layer during establishment (May–June) indicated an optimum concentration of mineral nitrogen of about 40 mg N/kg soil at this stage.Nitrogen fertilizer was very important for a high yield; throughout the growth of the crop it greatly increased total dry-matter yield and at final harvest this was reflected in sugar yield. Considering the six years together, sugar yield was linearly related to both dry-matter yield and total nitrogen uptake. However, within a year, increasing nitrogen uptake above 200 kg N/ha with nitrogen fertilizer did not increase sugar yield; maximum yields of sugar each year were normally obtained with 125 kg N/ha fertilizer or less, and irrigation had little effect on the optimum amount. Explanations for the lack of responsiveness of sugar beet to greater applications of nitrogen fertilizer are being sought in further more detailed analyses of the crop and its environment.

The effect of time of sowing and harvesting on growth, yield and nitrogen fertilizer requirement of sugar beet

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Draycott ◽  
D. J. Webb ◽  
E. M. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Requirement ◽  
Fertilizer Requirement

SummaryFour field experiments (1968–71) investigated the effect of changing the length of the growing period on the nitrogen fertilizer requirement of sugar beet. The crop was sown on three occasions (March–May), harvested on three occasions (September–December) and given four amounts of fertilizer (0–225 kg N/ha). Plant samples were analysed at several stages of growth (1969–71) in an attempt to predict the amount of nitrogen fertilizer needed for maximum sugar yield and also at the end of the season to determine the nitrogen uptake. Increasing the length of the growing period increased sugar yield greatly but the amount of nitrogen fertilizer needed for maximum sugar yield was unchanged. The crop given the largest dressing of nitrogen and with the longest growing period contained most total nitrogen, but in every experiment, giving more than 75 kg N/ha neither increased nor decreased the sugar yield significantly. As a result of the small variations in nitrogen requirement, the plant analyses during the growing season were of little value in predicting the needs of the crop.

Sodium and potassium relationships in sugar beet

1970 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Draycott ◽  
J. A. P. Marsh ◽  
P. B. H. Tinker
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

SUMMARYThree field experiments with sugar beet grown on a light calcareous soil tested a wide range of amounts of sodium and potassium fertilizer with either magnesium or nitrogen. Both sodium and potassium increased sugar yield and there was a large negative interaction between them. Magnesium also increased sugar yield, but the larger dressing of nitrogen decreased it. Sodium, potassium and nitrogen fertilizers also affected the concentration of impurities in the root juice at harvest.Plant samples were also analysed in August when the crop usually contains most sodium. Sodium fertilizer greatly increased the sodium and decreased the potassium concentration in the dry matter of the tops but the composition of the roots changed little. Potassium dressings slightly increased potassium in the tops but did not affect the root composition.Exchangeable sodium in the top soil of plots given sodium fertilizer decreased rapidly early in the season, but increased again from August, probably because sodium was taken up rapidly early in the summer and returned later in dead leaves. Soil potassium decreased throughout the season on plots where potassium was applied, but did not change on plots without potassium fertilizer; this is explained by fixation and release from non-exchangeable forms.On this soil there was no reason to regard sodium in its effect on yield, other than as a replacement for potassium, but its behaviour in the soil and effect on the composition of the plant was quite different.

Effect of previous cropping and manuring on the nitrogen fertilizer needed by sugar beet

1970 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Draycott ◽  
P. J. Last
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Requirement

SUMMARYSix field experiments made between 1960 and 1968 determined the effect of previo cropping and manuring on the nitrogen requirement of sugar beet. Three were at Silsoe in Bedfordshire on soils developed over Lower Greensand and Gault Clay and three were at Broom's Barn (Suffolk) on Calcareous Drift soils over chalk. Each experiment lasted 2 years, a preparatory crop followed by sugar beet.Spring barley and potatoes were treatment crops in all the experiments and winter wheat, a ryegrass ley and barley undersown with trefoil were included in the Suffolk experiments. Nil, 0·6 or 1·2 cwt N/acre was tested on the sugar beet in the first three experiments and 0, 0·5, 1·0 or 1·5 cwt N/acre in later ones.All the experiments showed that previous cropping influenced the nitrogen requirement of the sugar beet. There was a linear relationship (r = – 0·86) between the amount of fertilizer nitrogen given minus that removed by the preparatory crop, and the quantity of nitrogen fertilizer needed by the sugar beet for maximum sugar yield. Sugar beet grown after barley or potatoes (each given 0·5 cwt N/acre) needed on average 1·0 cwt N/acre at both Broom's Barn and Silsoe for maximum sugar yield. Sugar beet after winter wheat or a ryegrass ley also needed 1·0 cwt N/acre at Broom's Barn. When the previous potato crop was given 1·5 cwt N/acre, 0·5 cwt/acre sufficed for maximum yield of sugar at both centres; also after ploughed-in trefoil, sugar beet needed only 0·5 cwt N/acre.

Pronamide Effects on Physiology and Yield of Sugar Beet

Weed Science ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalliopi Kadoglidou ◽  
Chrysovalantis Malkoyannidis ◽  
Kalliopi Radoglou ◽  
Ilias Eleftherohorinos ◽  
Helen-Isis A. Constantinidou
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Sugar Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Vegetative Period ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Photosynthetic Yield

Field experiments were conducted in northern Greece during 2001 and repeated in 2002 and 2004 to evaluate the effects of pronamide on sugar beet. Total leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), leaf and root dry weights, photosynthetic yield (quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in photosystem II), chlorotic index, and yield components of sugar beet were monitored after pronamide application. Three sugar beet cultivars, ‘Avantage’, ‘Dorothea’, and ‘Bianca’, requiring short, intermediate, and long vegetative periods, respectively, were subjected to treatment. Pronamide was applied on sugar beet either as a double application of 0.63 kg ai ha−1at the two- to four-leaf and 0.63 kg ai ha−1at the four- to six-leaf stage or as a single application of 1.26 kg ai ha−1performed at the latter leaf stage. Both application procedures were combined with a split application of phenmedipham at 0.04 kg ai ha−1plus desmedipham at 0.04 kg ai ha−1plus metamitron at 0.70 kg ai ha−1plus ethofumesate at 0.10 kg ai ha−1plus mineral oil at 0.50 L ha−1applied POST at the cotyledon–to–two-leaf as well as at the four-leaf growth stages. Pronamide (both single and double application) initially caused chlorosis and reduction of sugar beet growth. LAI and photosynthetic yield were also significantly affected for a 2-mo period following the final application, after which the negative effects caused by pronamide were ameliorated. At harvest, sugar beet root and sugar yield, sucrose, K+, Na+, and N-amino acid concentrations were not affected by the herbicide treatments compared with those produced in weed-free and herbicide-free plots, indicating that all cultivars managed to overcome the transient pronamide stress. Regarding sugar beet cultivars, root and sugar yield of Avantage and Dorothea at harvest were higher than that of Bianca, whereas sucrose concentration of Avantage was the lowest. There was not an apparent relationship between the order of sugar yield per cultivar (Dorothea > Avantage > Bianca) and the length of the vegetative period (Avantage < Dorothea < Bianca).

Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of dryland grain sorghum at Katherine, Northern Territory. 1. Effect of rate of nitrogen fertilizer

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (93) ◽  
pp. 554 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJK Myers
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Nitrogen Response ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

Responses of dryland grain sorghum to applied nitrogen were examined in three field experiments at Katherine, Northern Territory, in 1969-70, 1970-71 and 1971-72. Rates of nitrogen up to 89 kg ha-1 in the first season and up to 200 kg ha-1 in subsequent seasons were used. The crops were sampled at floral initiation, mid-elongation, anthesis, and maturity. The three growing seasons were rated as below average, above average and average, respectively, for grain sorghum production. Nitrogen response was strongly season-dependent, Maximum yields (adjusted to 14 per cent moisture) were: 1969-70, 2280 kg ha-1, with 22.4 kg N ha-1 applied (with lower yields at higher rates of nitrogen) ; 1970-71,7730 kg ha-1 with 150 kg N ha-1 applied; and 1971-72,4440 kg ha-1 with 200 kg N ha-1 applied. These represented increases of 6, 50, and 62 per cent, respectively, over the zero nitrogen treatments. Applied nitrogen increased grain numbers per head and individual grain weight, but had no significant effect on head numbers. Applied nitrogen increased yields of nitrogen and phosphorus in plant material, and increased nitrogen concentration in plant parts. Apparent recoveries of nitrogen fertilizer ranged from 0 to 40 per cent, depending on year and rate applied. An approximate balance sheet suggested substantial losses from the mineral nitrogen pool in 1970- 71, a year of above average rainfall. Significant interactions between nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer occurred only with grains per head and thousand grain weight.

The effects on growth, development and yield of sugar beet of extension of the growth period by transplantation

1966 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Scott ◽  
P. M. Bremner
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sequential Sampling ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
The Third ◽  
Growth Development

1. A series of three field experiments, concerning the effects on growth, development and yield of sugar beet of extension of the growing season by transplantation, were carried out in 1962, 1963 and 1964. The first two experiments were subject to sequential sampling programmes for growthanalysis purposes, but in the third only yield data were recorded.2. Root yield increased with advance in planting date and increase in plant population in all 3 years. Nitrogen had no effect on root yield in any year. There was no consistent interaction between time of planting and plant population in their effects on root yield. The advantage for transplanting over field sowing ranged from 4 tons washed beet per acre in the case of an early field sowing (20 March) to 10 tons in a late one (23 April). There were no treatment effects on the concentration of sugar in the roots. The roots of transplants were more globular in shape and fanged than were those of field-sown beet.

scholarly journals Comparison of Root Characteristics of Conventionally Grown Cowpeas and Cowpeas Grown without Added Nitrogen Fertilizer

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 687b-687
Author(s):  
Brian A. Kahn ◽  
Judith L. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Cultural Systems ◽  
Input Sample

Field experiments were conducted in Oklahoma in 1993 and 1994. Cowpeas [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] were grown using either non-inoculated seed and 23 kg·ha–1 of preplant nitrogen fertilizer (conventional) or inoculated seed and no preplant nitrogen fertilizer (reduced input). Sample plants were excavated at first pod set and analyzed for nodulation and root morphology. Additional plants were excavated at the green-shell stage and were analyzed for nitrogen concentration. Conventional and reduced input cowpeas did not differ in nodule distribution among root morphological components, total nodule fresh weight, total root dry weight, or nitrogen concentration. Most nodules generally were located on the basal and lateral roots. Results indicate that cowpea root characteristics are not necessarily altered by differing cultural systems at a given location.

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