Gibberellic acid and the growth of crop plants

1958 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Morgan ◽  
G. C. Mees
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Natural Growth ◽  
Nitrogenous Fertilizer ◽  
Sodium Calcium ◽  
Normal Green ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Field trials with gibberellic acid on grass, wheat, potatoes, turnips, carrots, peas, runner beans, lettuce, celery, blackcurrants, kale and maize are described. The effects on plant growth and crop yield were determined.2. The experiments on grassland were carried out between July 1953 and June 1956, and included trials at four different centres. They all gave essentially similar results.3. 2 oz. per acre of gibberellic acid sprayed at 100 gal. per acre stimulated the growth of all components of the swards. The stimulation was most clearly seen in spring and autumn when the natural growth rate was slow. At these times gibberellic acid was able to produce a grazeable growth of grass more rapidly than nitrogenous fertilizers. The stimulation of growth was accompanied by yellowing of the grass, but recovery to a normal green colour was speeded up by applying a nitrogenous fertilizer at the same time as the gibberellic acid spray.4. The dry-matter yields at the first cut following a treatment with gibberellic acid were increased by 0·6–10·8 cwt. per acre. The crude protein yields were also increased by the treatment, but to a relatively smaller degree, and the protein content of the grass was reduced by between ½ and 2%. The contents of phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium, barium, magnesium, manganese, copper, aluminium and tin were not altered.

EFFECTS OF DESICCATED THYROID ON NON-ESTROGENIZED AND ESTROGENIZED SEXUALLY IMMATURE PULLETS

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Moo-Young ◽  
K. A. McCully ◽  
R. H. Common
Keyword(s):  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Estradiol Benzoate ◽  
Kidney Weight ◽  
Total Crude Protein ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Liver Tissues

Inclusion of 0.5 per cent desiccated thyroid in the food of unestrogenized immature pullets for 14 days reduced thyroid weight, reduced serum Ca slightly but significantly, increased liver total crude protein, liver total DNAP and total RNAP, but did not alter the ratio RNAP:DNAP in the liver. These results are regarded as indicative of stimulation of growth of liver tissues by the thyroidal treatment.Daily intramuscular, injection of 1.0 mg. estradiol benzoate for 14 days greatly increased serum Ca and liver total crude protein, increased slightly liver total DNAP and increased greatly liver total RNAP and ratio RNAP: DNAP in the liver. The thyroidal treatment reduced estrogen-induced increase of serum Ca and of liver crude protein but did not alter significantly the effects of estrogen on liver DNAP and RNAP.The thyroidal treatment increased kidney weight in both unestrogenized and estrogenized pullets.Estrogen treatment increased kidney weight and the percentage of dry matter in the kidney.The thyroidal treatment did not affect the degree of estrogen-induced hypertrophy of the oviduct.

DIGESTIBILITY OF RYE AND ITS VALUE IN PELLETED RATIONS FOR PIGS

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Friend ◽  
T. M. MacIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Daily Gain

Digestibility and N-retention were determined with eight barrows fed rye and barley in a crossover experiment. Dry matter and crude protein digestibility coefficients for rye were higher than those for barley, but differences in N-retention were negligible. The coefficients obtained by indirect measurement were higher than those determined directly. Seventy-two pigs were used in a factorial experiment to determine the effect on production of feeding two grades of rye at 0, 30 and 60% of pelleted and non-pelleted finisher rations. Weight gains by barrows compared with gilts were affected less by the addition of rye to the rations. The growth rate of gilts was reduced by the inclusion of 30% rye in non-pelleted but not in pelleted rations. The use of No. 2 grade rye appeared to have restricted rate of gain less than did No. 3 grade rye. The feeding value of rye was improved by pelleting, since the daily gain of 0.75 kg obtained by feeding a 30% rye, pelleted ration equalled that from pigs fed a 0% rye, non-pelleted ration.

Dry matter yield response of pasture grass to application of Nemafos (thionazin).

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-96
Author(s):  
G.C. Ennik
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Favourable Effect ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Main Factor ◽  
Stimulation Of

Results of several field trials on the response of permanent grass swards and of sown swards with and without clover to application of thionazin (as Nemafos) at about 8 ml/m2 before each cut are described. Where N was the main factor limiting growth, plots with Nemafos grew better than the controls because of an increase in available soil N. At high levels of N, growth was improved because of direct stimulation of regrowth after cutting. Nemafos had a favourable effect, which lasted longer with successive cuts, on the development and vigour of tillers. The yield responses were unrelated to control of nematodes. [See also HbA 39, 422]. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

American hybrid maize for silage in the south of England Part I. The yield and composition with special reference to plant population and nitrogenous fertilizer

1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Castle ◽  
A. S. Foot ◽  
S. J. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
The South ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Nitrogenous Fertilizer ◽  
Established Plant ◽  
Hybrid Maize

For three consecutive years American hybrid maize was grown, under replicated experimental conditions, in the south of England. Each season, the influence of the spacing of the plants and the use of nitrogenous fertilizer on the yield and composition of the crop and of its separate portions of leaf, stem and cob was investigated.The growth of the maize, and especially its yield of dry matter, were influenced by the weather conditions during the season. The weight of fresh crop varied, with season and treatment, from 126 to 278 (averaging 209), and of dry matter from 20 to 70 (averaging 50) cwt./acre.Thinning below the established plant populations of up to 30,000 plants per acre regularly reduced these yields. Top-dressing with sulphate of ammonia increased them in 1947 and 1949, but decreased them in 1948.The yield of crude protein varied from 2.2 to 5.0, and of soluble carbohydrates from 12 to 46 cwt./acre. The top-dressing increased the protein content of all portions of the plant.The cob contributed, on a weight basis, 46% of the fresh crop, 49% of its dry matter, 54% of its crude protein and 54% of its soluble carbohydrates. Details are given of the chemical composition of the whole plant, and of its separate leaf, cob and stem, for each season and treatment.A later paper will deal with the making of silage from the maize crops and with the yield, composition and nutritive value of the silage.

Studies on the cutting management of grass-clover swards Part II. The effects of close cutting with either a gang mower or a reciprocating-knife mower on the yields from an established grass-clover sward

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Reid ◽  
D. S. MacLusky
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Lawn Mower ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Nitrogenous Fertilizer ◽  
Cutting Management ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level

1. In an experiment conducted on an established perennial rye-grass/white clover sward close cutting was carried out over a 3-year period (1956–58), either with a lawn mower to simulate gang mowing or with a reciprocating-knife mower. The sward was cut either six or eight times in each season, and received 0 or 2 cwt. ‘Nitro-Chalk’/acre for each cut.2. Swards cut with the gang mower yielded from 3·5 to 12·5% more herbage dry matter than swards cut with the reciprocating-knife mower and also gave a greater mean yield of crude protein.3. The difference in dry-matter yield between swards cut with each of the mowers is attributed to the slightly closer cutting level of the gang mower having a greater inhibiting effect on flower development in the grasses and hence stimulating leaf production and increasing total yields.4. In the second and third years of the experiment swards cut with the gang mower outyielded those cut with the reciprocating-knife mower by a proportionately greater amount when eight cuts rather than six cuts were taken in the season.5. When no nitrogenous fertilizer was applied the proportion of broad-leaved weeds in the sward increased more rapidly over the 3-year period where the herbage was cut with the gang mower rather than the reciprocating-knife mower. This disadvantage of gang mowing did not apply where the fertility was maintained at a high level by applications of nitrogenous fertilizer.6. It is concluded that the gang mower is a more suitable machine than the reciprocating-knife mower for close cutting on a field scale.

A note on the use of distillers' by-products in diets for growing pigs

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Livingstone ◽  
D. M. S. Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
By Products

SUMMARYA by-product of the distilling industry designated ‘distillers’ grains plus solubles' was evaluated using forty-eight growing pigs. The product was included at 0, 14·7 and 25% in three diets in which the proportion of other constituents was adjusted to give similar concentrations of TDN, dry matter and crude protein.The performance and carcass quality of pigs receiving 0% and 14·7% of the by-product in the diet was similar, but inclusion at 25% significantly reduced growth rate (g/day) from 632 for the 0% diet to 578.

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE OF FEMALE WEST AFRICAN DWARF (Fouta djallon) GOATS FED SPONDIAS MOMBIN Plus CONCENTRATE.

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-163
Author(s):  
A. B. J. AINA
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Young Female ◽  
West African ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Spondias Mombin ◽  
Fouta Djallon

The effects of supplementing Spondias mombin The plant grows effectively on tropical humid with a concentrated diet were investigated with respect to dry matter and crude protein intakes ability, retention, feed efficiency and growth rate in and harsh conditions. 50 young female West African dwarf (Fouta djallon) goats in a 90% - day feeding trial. The rate, mean dry matter intake was significantly (P<0.05) different from one another with regard to different supplementation levels while the highest dry matter intake was exhibited by : the does fed with 25% browse plus 75% concentrate diet. The does on 75% browse plus concentrate diet indicated the best performance in terms of growth rate (106g/day) and feed efficiency (0.391). The highest crude  protein intake (86.21g/day) and protein retention (57.18g/ W0.75kg) were induced by 50% of browse and 50% concentrate supplement. The protein requirement for maintenance in the does was 24,459/Wk0.75.

The promotion of winter growth in pastures through growth substances and photoperiod

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Arnold ◽  
D Bennett ◽  
CN Williams
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Floral Initiation ◽  
Growth Substances ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Grazing Systems

The effects of growth substances and extended photoperiod on the growth rate of phalaris-annual grasses-subterranean clover pastures were studied at Canberra in the winter of 1964. Responses to applications of 4 and 20 g gibberellic acid (GA) per acre differed for June and July applications. All available data on GA responses on this pasture type were collated. Responses to GA increased with decreased growth rate of normal pasture. Thus a sixfold increase in growth rate was obtained when the normal growth rate was 2 lb dry matter/acre/day. Responses were independent of dose rate (from 1 to 105 g GA per acre) or time of application. Responses to GA were obtained subsequent to the first harvest. The length of time during which cumulative growth on GA-treated pastures exceeded that on normal pastures was related to the growth rate of the normal pastures. The response in growth to 4 g GA could be increased to the level of that obtained with 20 g GA by the addition of either 4 g naphthylacetic acid or 4 g kinetin. Phalaris showed greater response to GA than did annual grasses or subterranean clover. Extending the photoperiod to 16 hr gave a 40% increase in growth rate in winter. This was associated with earlier floral initiation whereas increases in growth rate induced by growth substances were not. These results are discussed in relation to increasing plant and animal productivity in year-round grazing systems.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Yield and Chemical Composition of Eleven Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) Genotypes under Three Locations in Poland

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1743
Author(s):  
Adam Radkowski ◽  
Jan Bocianowski ◽  
Kamila Nowosad ◽  
Elżbieta Piwowarczyk ◽  
Ewa Bakinowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
High Dry Matter ◽  
Harvest Year ◽  
Phleum Pratense L

Field trials were conducted in the years 2017–2019 at the Małopolska Plant Breeding in the Plant Breeding Stations in Polanowice, Nieznanice and Palikije. The trials were designed to determine the yield of some timothy genotypes in the context of chemical composition under different habitat conditions. The present evaluation of the strain quality shows a high potential for breeding. The analyzed genotypes produced high dry matter yields, which differed by as much as 53%. The experimental plots also differed in the crude protein content, which varied from 104.5 to 230.1 g kg−1 d.m., depending on the crop and year of harvest. For crude fiber, these values ranged from 173.9 to 274.8 g kg−1 d.m., depending on the crop and harvest year. The analysis of the mineral composition also revealed significant large variation.

The yield and composition of kale and cabbage with and without nitrogenous top-dressing

1957 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Castle ◽  
A. S. Foot ◽  
Zena D. Hosking ◽  
S. J. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nitrogenous Fertilizer ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Manurial Treatment

In 4 consecutive years, 1948 to 1952, combined varietal and manurial trials were carried out to obtain information on the yields of marrow-stem kale, thousand-head kale and cattle cabbage in the presence and absence of sulphate of ammonia applied as a top-dressing at the rate of 6 cwt./acre.Yield and composition of all crops were apparently affected by differences in weather conditions. In most years, and particularly for cabbage, the yield declined with successive harvests.Increased green crop, dry matter and crude protein yields resulted from the application of nitrogenous fertilizer in 3 years, but in the other year, a very dry season, the response to the top-dressing was negligible.Marrow-stem kale both with and without the additional fertilizer, yielded more, in terms of fresh crop, dry matter and crude protein, than thousandhead kale with the same manurial treatment. Cabbage yields often approached those of marrowstem kale at the first harvest, but were nearer to those of thousand-head by the last harvest of each year.

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