Influences of diet and body condition on the nitrogen utilization in the cow

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Paquay ◽  
R. De Baere ◽  
A. Lousse
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Energy Maintenance ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

SUMMARYThe dietary and individual factors influencing the utilization of digestible nitrogen in the dry cow were studied with numerous rations fed to Friesian cows kept in metabolism stalls.Urinary nitrogen excretion and nitrogen balance were above all influenced by the level of digestible nitrogen intake. They are also correlated to metabolizable energy and digestible potassium intakes.Endogenous urinary nitrogen, estimated by extrapolation, was 30·6 mg N/kg body weight/d or 0·169 W0·73 g/d with the rations meeting approximately the energy maintenance requirements of the cow.The changes in diet accounted for 80% of the variability of nitrogen balance.A method was worked out for calculating the body condition of the cow from the live-weight variations.The changes in body condition accounted for 11% of the variability of nitrogen balance.

Aspects of nitrogen utilization in Asiatic water buffalo and Zebu cattle

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Water Buffalo ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Zebu Cattle ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Faecal Nitrogen ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

SUMMARYThe results of 62 comparative digestibility and nitrogen balance trials of Asiatic water buffalo and Zebu cattle fed the same roughage or mixed diet were analysed to test for species differences in various nitrogen input-output relationships. The influence of dietary metabolizable energy content on the utilization of dietary or apparently digested nitrogen (ADN) was also investigated.There was no difference between buffaloes and Zebus in their ability to digest dietary nitrogen. The true nitrogen digestibility was calculated to be 81% and the metabolic faecal nitrogen excretion to be 0·36 g N/lOOg dry-matter intake. The buffaloes had lower rates of excretion of urinary nitrogen per unit increase in ADN, and at the same intake of ADN (143 mg/kg live weight/day), they had the higher nitrogen balance: 58v.48 mg/kg live weight/day. Dietary metabolizable energy content did not affect the utilization of digested nitrogen.Estimates of metabolic faecal nitrogen and endogenous urinary nitrogen excretions and of maintenance requirements for digested nitrogen were similar to those of tropical large ruminants reported by other workers. On low-quality (0·8% N) or medium-quality (1·6% N) diets, it was calculated that buffaloes would have nitrogen balances.

Utilization of amino acids by preruminant lambs. I. The effect of alterations in total essential amino acid intake at constant nitrogen intake

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 917 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Dove ◽  
GR Pearce ◽  
DE Tribe
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Male crossbred lambs weighing 12.5 kg (period 1), 20 kg (period 2) and 30 kg (period 3) were infused per abomasum with milk-based diets in which crude protein (CP) and energy contents were constant at a given Iiveweight, but in which the proportion of CP supplied as essential amino acids (EAA) varied from 120 to 876 g EAA/kg CP. Responses in liveweight gain, nitrogen balance and metabolizable energy (ME) intake (period 1 only) were measured. A number of lambs died while receiving diets containing very high or very low proportions of EAA. Possible reasons for these deaths are discussed. In all periods liveweight gains were greatest in lambs given the control diet (513 g EAA/kg CP). In period 1 this liveweight gain was close to that expected on the basis of energy intake, but in periods 2 and 3, liveweight gains on the control diets were less than anticipated. Reductions in liveweight gain were greater for diets containing low proportions of EAA than those containing high proportions. The infusion of diets containing low proportions of EAA markedly increased urinary nitrogen excretion. The effect of diets containing high proportions was less pronounced. As a result of these effects, lambs given the control diet had the highest daily nitrogen balance in all periods. Nitrogen balance was less severely affected by the dietary changes than liveweight gain, particularly with 30 kg lambs. It is suggested that the reduced retention of apparently digested nitrogen in diets other than the control diets reflected the unsuitability of the pattern of absorbed amino acids for protein synthesis. The effect of diet on the components of energy balance in period 1 was less pronounced than its effect on nitrogen balance. The metabolizability of apparently digested energy was lower in diets other than the control diet, especially those containing low proportions of EAA. This is attributed to the energy cost of increased urinary nitrogen excretion on such diets. Alternative interpretations of the results are discussed, and it is suggested that dietary amino acids will be utilized most efficiently for protein synthesis by the tissues of the lamb when essential and non-essential amino acids are provided in approximately equal proportions. There was no conclusive evidence that this optimum proportion was different for older lambs.

scholarly journals Feasibility of achieving different protein targets using a hypocaloric high-protein enteral formula in critically ill patients

Critical Care ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Singer ◽  
Itai Bendavid ◽  
Ilana BenArie ◽  
Liran Stadlander ◽  
Ilya Kagan
Keyword(s):  
Critically Ill ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Protein Targets ◽  
Protein Target ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Abstract Background and aims Combining energy and protein targets during the acute phase of critical illness is challenging. Energy should be provided progressively to reach targets while avoiding overfeeding and ensuring sufficient protein provision. This prospective observational study evaluated the feasibility of achieving protein targets guided by 24-h urinary nitrogen excretion while avoiding overfeeding when administering a high protein-to-energy ratio enteral nutrition (EN) formula. Methods Critically ill adult mechanically ventilated patients with an APACHE II score > 15, SOFA > 4 and without gastrointestinal dysfunction received EN with hypocaloric content for 7 days. Protein need was determined by 24-h urinary nitrogen excretion, up to 1.2 g/kg (Group A, N = 10) or up to 1.5 g/kg (Group B, N = 22). Variables assessed included nitrogen intake, excretion, balance; resting energy expenditure (REE); phase angle (PhA); gastrointestinal tolerance of EN. Results Demographic characteristics of groups were similar. Protein target was achieved using urinary nitrogen excretion measurements. Nitrogen balance worsened in Group A but improved in Group B. Daily protein and calorie intake and balance were significantly increased in Group B compared to Group A. REE was correlated to PhA measurements. Gastric tolerance of EN was good. Conclusions Achieving the protein target using urinary nitrogen loss up to 1.5 g/kg/day was feasible in this hypercatabolic population. Reaching a higher protein and calorie target did not induce higher nitrogen excretion and was associated with improved nitrogen balance and a better energy intake without overfeeding. PhA appears to be related to REE and may reflect metabolism level, suggestive of a new phenotype for nutritional status. Trial registration 0795-18-RMC.

Response of Yankasa sheep to various lengths of water deprivation

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. N. Umunna ◽  
C. N. Chineme ◽  
D. I. Saror ◽  
A. Ahmed ◽  
S. Abed
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Severe Dehydration ◽  
Metabolism Study ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

SUMMARYThe effects of various lengths of water deprivation were studied with Yankasa sheep fed either a high roughage or a high concentrate diet in two experiments. Water was given once in 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Free water intake decreased linearly (P < 0·01) as the period of water deprivation increased but feed intake was not similarly affected. There was a marked decrease in live-weight gain and consequently a decline in feed efficiency (kg gain/kg feed). In the metabolism study, there was a tendency towards reduced mean faecal and urinary nitrogen excretion, faecal moisture content and increased mean nitrogen retention and nitrogen and dry-matter digestibilities as the period of deprivation increased. Rams given water once in 72 and 96 h were very inactive and dull and one and three rams respectively, died of severe dehydration from those treatments in Expt 2.

Live weight gain, urinary nitrogen excretion and urination behaviour of dairy heifers grazing pasture, chicory and plantain

2017 ◽  
Vol 155 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. CHENG ◽  
J. MCCORMICK ◽  
A. N. HUSSEIN ◽  
C. LOGAN ◽  
D. PACHECO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Acclimation Period ◽  
N Loading ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Clover Pasture ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

SUMMARYThe objective of the present study was to investigate live weight (LW) gain, urinary nitrogen (UN) excretion and urination behaviour of dairy heifers grazing pasture, chicory and plantain in autumn and spring. The study comprised a 35-day autumn trial (with a 7-day acclimation period) and a 28-days spring trial (with a 7-day acclimation period). For each trial, 56 Friesian × Jersey heifers were blocked into five dietary treatments balanced for their LW and breeding worth (i.e. genetic merit of a cow for production and reproduction): 1·00 perennial ryegrass–white clover pasture (PA); 1·00 chicory (CH); 1·00 plantain (PL); 0·50 pasture + 0·50 chicory (PA + CH); and 0·50 pasture + 0·50 plantain (PA + PL). A fresh allocation of the herbage was offered every 3 days with allowance calculated according to feed requirement for maintenance plus gain of 1·0 kg LW/day. In both trials, LW gain was lower on CH than other treatments. In the spring trial, UN concentration and UN excretion were lower in CH and PL than other treatments. In autumn, a higher urination frequency was observed over the first 6 h after forage allocation in CH and PA + CH than other treatments. Data from the present study indicate that feeding CH alone limited heifer LW gain. However, heifers grazing swards containing chicory (CH and PA + CH) and plantain (PL and PA + PL) had the potential to lower nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching from soil compared with heifers grazing PA, by reducing N loading in urine patches.

THE METABOLIC FECAL NITROGEN EXCRETION OF THE PIG AS INFLUENCED BY THE TYPE OF FIBRE IN THE RATION AND BY BODY WEIGHT

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Whiting ◽  
L. M. Bezeau
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Wood Cellulose ◽  
Oat Hulls ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Nitrogen balance studies were carried out on growing pigs (15 to 60 kg. body weight) using protein-low rations (approximately 0.3 per cent) to study the influence of body weight and type of fibre in the ration upon metabolic fecal and endogenous urinary nitrogen (N). The types and amounts of fibre used were: pure wood cellulose (Solka-Floc), 7 and 14 per cent of the ration; methocel, 7 and 14 per cent of the ration; and oat hulls, 14 and 28 per cent of the ration.Type and amount of fibre significantly affected the metabolic fecal N excretion of the pig, whether expressed on the basis of dry matter (D.M.) intake or fecal D.M. output. Wood cellulose (Solka-Floc) caused the greatest, and methocel the least, fecal N excretion per unit of D.M. intake. Oat hulls were intermediate.Fecal N excretion varied inversely with the 0.3 power of body weight between the body weights of approximately 15 and 60 kg.Endogenous urinary N in one experiment varied with approximately the 1.0 power of body weight, and in a second experiment with the 0.2 power of body weight. It was not possible in these experiments to determine the factors that influenced endogenous urinary N excretion.

scholarly journals Functional diversity vs monotony: The effect of a multi-forage diet as opposed to a single forage diet on animal intake, performance, welfare, and urinary nitrogen excretion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Garrett ◽  
M R Beck ◽  
C J Marshall ◽  
A E Fleming ◽  
C M Logan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of offering animals a multi-forage choice of fresh herbages on dry matter intake (DMI), live weight gain and animal welfare, in comparison with a monotonous diet of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Twenty ram lambs [30.5 ± 0.9 kg initial live weight; mean ± standard error of the mean], were randomly allocated to either a diet consisting of diverse multi-forage choice (MF) or a single forage ryegrass (SF) diet (n = 10 per treatment) for 35 days. Both diets were fed ad libitum; however, the MF diet was composed of set dry matter ratios of: 24% chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), 30% lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), 25% plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.), and 21% ryegrass. The DMI of the MF lambs was 48% greater (P &lt; 0.01) and the within animal day-to-day coefficient of variation (CV) of intake was 26% lower (P &lt; 0.01) than the SF lambs. The average daily gain (ADG) of lambs offered the MF diet was 92% greater (P &lt; 0.01) than the lambs offered the SF diet. The within animal day-to-day CV of intake was negatively related with ADG (r = -0.59: P &lt; 0.01). The MF lamb’s urinary N concentration was 30% lower (P &lt; 0.01) than that of the SF lambs. The SF lambs spent more time (P &lt; 0.05) exhibiting stereotypic behaviors in the afternoon and spent more time observing other animals than the MF. Overall, allocating a multi-forage choice of fresh herbages as opposed to a single forage diet of ryegrass increases DMI and thereby animal performance, while potentially reducing urinary N excretion.

Studies on marsupial nutrition. VI. The utilization of dietry urea by the Euro or Hill Kangaroo, Macropus robustus (Gould)

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Brown
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Digestive Physiology ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

Macropod marsupials, the kangaroos and wallabies, are characterized by a ruminant-like digestive physiology. One feature of digestion in eutherian species of ruminants is the ability of these animals to utilize non-protein nitrogen through the conversion of such nitrogen to microbial protein by the microorganisms in the rumen. In the present experiments with the euro or hill kangaroo (M. robustus), the utilization of dietary protein (casein) and non-protein nitrogen (urea) has been compared by means of nitrogen balance feeding trials. No consistent differences between the levels of nitrogen retention and urinary nitrogen excretion were observed for euros fed rations supplemented with either casein or urea. It is suggested that the digestion of nitrogen by the ruminant-like macropod marsupials is similar to that of eutherian species of ruminant herbivores.

scholarly journals The fasting metabolism of cattle

1966 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
F. W. Wainman
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

1. The metabolism of seventeen steers was determined on forty-nine occasions during fasts of either 112 or 136 h duration.2. Faeces continued to be produced during fasts of up to 136 h duration at rates which were 15–20% of those noted before the fasts began.3. Carbon dioxide production and oxygen consumption fell continuously throughout with animals weighing less than 200 kg but changed little after 88 h in animals weighing more than 200 kg. Methane production was considerably reduced during fasting but did not disappear. Urinary nitrogen excretion changed very little. Of the total loss of energy from the body, the loss of protein accounted for 25%. This was unaffected by age or size of animal.4. With individual Ayrshire steers, metabolism increased during growth with body-weight raised to the power 0.68±0.05. No greater precision of estimate was obtained from logarithmic regressions of metabolism on body-weight than from linear ones.5. Seven Ayrshire steers had a mean fasting metabolism of 100±1.6 kcal/kg W0.73 24 h, eight Black cattle of the Aberdeen Angus type a fasting metabolism of 81±1.5 kcal/kg W0.73 24 h and two Ayrshire x Beef Shorthorn steers a fasting metabolism of 96±2.9 kcal/kg W0.73 24 h. Variation in the fasting metabolism of an individual steer from time to time, expressed as a coefficient of variation, was ±7.4%.6. The results are discussed in relation to interspecies generalizations about the relation between fasting metabolism and body-weight.

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