Effects of manipulation of number of tillers and water supply on grain yield in barley

1977 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Jones ◽  
E. J. M. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
High Yields

SummaeyThe effects of several detillering treatments on dry-matter production and grain yield in barley were investigated in a series of pot experiments using two water regimes. When ample water was provided, even quite severe reductions in the number of tillers only slightly reduced grain yield in spite of large effects on total shoot dry weight. When all the plants were grown with the same amount of water, however, the plants with few tillers tended to have greater grain yield, higher water use efficiency (in terms of grain yield) and higher harvest index than the plants permitted to tiller freely. This effect was probably related to the greater transpiration rates from the freely tillering plants which led to their suffering a greater degree of water stress than the plants with few tillers. This led to the freely tillering plants having a greater proportion of sterile ears and a lower harvest index. Water stress apparently had no effect on the grain yield of the main shoot or first tiller. It is concluded that genotypes which produce few large tillers having a high rate of survival should be able to achieve relatively high yields in drought conditions without sacrificing yield potential under optimal conditions.

scholarly journals Growth components and zinc recovery efficiency of upland rice genotypes

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 1211-1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nand Kumar Fageria ◽  
Virupax Chanabasappa Baligar
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Zinc Recovery ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Panicle Number ◽  
Rice Genotypes ◽  
Soil Zn

The objective of this work was to evaluate Zn use efficiency by upland rice genotypes. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, with ten upland rice genotypes grown on an Oxisol (Typic Hapludox) with no application, and with application of 10 mg kg-1 Zn, applied as zinc sulfate. Shoot dry weight, grain yield, Zn harvest index, Zn concentration in shoot and in grain were significantly influenced by soil Zn levels and genotypes. However, panicle number and grain harvest index were significantly affected only by genotype. Genotypes CNA8557, CNA8540 and IR42 produced higher grain yield than other genotypes. Genotypes showed significant variability in Zn recovery efficiency. On average, 13% of the applied Zn was recovered by upland rice genotypes. Genotypes with high Zn recovery efficiency could be used in breeding of Zn efficient upland rice cultivars. Higher level of soil Zn (10 mg kg-1) increased significantly the concentrations of plant Cu and Mn. However, Fe concentrations in plant (shoot and grain) were not influenced by soil Zn levels.

The effects of salt and boron on growth of wheat

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 987 ◽  
Author(s):  
RE Holloway ◽  
AM Alston
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Warigal) was grown in a glasshouse in deep pots (0.125 x 0.125 x 1.2 m) containing sieved solonized brown soil (calcixerollic xerochrept) comprising 0.2 m sandy loam topsoil above 0.6 m treated calcareous sandy loam subsoil and a base layer of light clay 0.26 m thick. The subsoil was treated with a mixture of salts (0, 13, 39, 75 mmolc kg-1) and with boric acid (0, 20, 38 and 73 mg B kg-1) in factorial combination. The soil was initially watered to field capacity and water use was determined by regularly weighing the pots. The soil was allowed to dry gradually during the season, but the weights of the pots were not permitted to fall below that corresponding to 17% of the available water holding capacity of the soil. Tillering, dry weight of shoots and grain, and root length density were determined. Water-use efficiency was calculated with respect to total dry weight and grain production. Salt decreased tillering, dry matter production, grain yield, root length and water-use efficiency (total dry weight): it increased sodium and decreased boron concentrations in the plants. Boron decreased dry matter production (but not tillering), grain yield, root length and water-use efficiency (total dry weight and grain yield): it increased the concentrations of boron and decreased the concentration of sodium in the plants. At the concentrations of salt and boron used (which cover the range normally encountered in subsoils in much of Upper Eyre Peninsula), boron had more deleterious effects on wheat than did salt. Yield was depressed by salt at concentrations of sodium in the tissue commonly found in field-grown plants.

scholarly journals Grain yield, biomass productivity and water use efficiency in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under drought stress

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalel Chakri Telahigue ◽  
Laila Ben Yahia ◽  
Fateh Aljane ◽  
Khaled Belhouchett ◽  
Lamjed Toumi
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Irrigation Water Requirement ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency

Five quinoa cultivars introduced from Egypte DRC (Desert Research Center-Caire) were tested in an experimental station in Tunisia located under arid climatic conditions. In order to test their adaptation to abiotic constraints; water requirements, yield (grain, dry matter) and water use efficiency (WUE) were correlated to three water stress: T100% of field capacity (T1), T60% of field capacity (T2) and T30% of field capacity (T3). Net irrigation water requirement was estimated using CROPWAT 8.0 software. The study aims to develop an irrigation scheduling for quinoa from January to Jun during 2015 season. The ET0 was between 1.08 mm/day and 4.95 mm/day and net irrigation water requirement was 287.2 mm. For grain yield, 1000 grains weight and dry matter production results show significant differences between cultivars and water stress. The seeds productivity of the five cultivars ranges between 2092.6kg/ha and 270kg/ha under full irrigation and it decreases to reach up 74% under T3 of field capacity stress in comparison with control stress. Similar results were shown for dry matter production. On refilling soil to field capacity with irrigation at critical depletion, 70% field efficiency was achieved which correspond to optimal condition, while adapting fixed interval per stage. For WUE, highest value of irrigation and total water use efficiency for both grain and dry matter  ​​were recorded to the T2 hydrous stress.

Grain yield and flowering of some introduced grain legumes in South Australia

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (75) ◽  
pp. 556 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Silsbury
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Lathyrus Cicera ◽  
Genotype A

Data are presented for time of flowering, total shoot dry weight and grain yield of White Brunswick pea (Pisum sativum), six introduced peas and one introduction each of Lathyrus sativus and Lathyrus cicera from ten plot experiments conducted in South Australia over the period 1955-1 960.None of the introduced legumes flowered earlier than White Brunswick peas and only one, possibly, has a greater capacity for higher grain yield. L. cicera on the other hand gave 25 per cent greater yield over all sites and seasons with an average of 2.84 tonne ha-1.The ratio between grain yield and total shoot dry weight varied with genotype and between seasons with a genotype. A low ratio was not always associated with low dry matter production.

Silicon uptake by wheat and its relation to grain yield and water use

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (78) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Schultz ◽  
RJ French
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Silicon Uptake ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
High Yields

The silicon content in wheat in South Australia was measured in 46 experiments over four seasons. The percentage silicon, silicon uptake and its distribution in the plant tops varied greatly. The maximum uptake was 2.4 per cent of the dry matter production, but high yields were obtained with a lesser percentage than this. Of the total silicon uptake, 16-48 per cent was found in the glumes. The correlations between grain yield and silicon, either in the glumes or in the plant, were generally poor. There were significant relationships between water use and silicon. The relationship with silicon uptake in the tops was best and accounted for 77 per cent of the variation in water use but silicon analyses were not a satisfactory measure of water use efficiency. The effect of agronomic practices on the relationships is discussed.

scholarly journals Trade-Off between Root Efficiency and Root Size Is Associated with Yield Performance of Soybean under Different Water and Phosphorus Levels

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 481
Author(s):  
Jin He ◽  
Yi Jin ◽  
Kadambot H. M. Siddique ◽  
Feng-Min Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Unit Root ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Root Density ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Root Size ◽  
Root Efficiency

(1) Background: Root traits play important roles in acclimating to water and phosphorus (P) shortages. However, the relative importance of root size and efficiency under these conditions is unknown. (2) Methods: This study investigated the role of root size and efficiency in acclimating to water- and P-limited environments. Three soybean genotypes with contrasting root sizes were grown in tall cylindrical pots to compare grain yield, root density, and water- and nutrient-uptake efficiencies under two water (well-watered and water-stressed) and three P levels (0 (P0), 60 (P60), and 120 (P120) mg P kg−1 dry soil). (3) Results: Water or P deficit, and combined water and P deficit significantly decreased grain yield, which was associated with greater P uptake per unit root dry weight (DW) under water stress. The genotype Zhonghuang 30 (ZH) with the greatest water, nitrogen, and P uptakes per unit root DW had the highest grain yield at P60 and P120 under water stress and P0 under well-watered conditions, but ZH had the lowest grain yield at P60 and P120 under well-watered conditions, due to its small root size. (4) Conclusions: High root efficiency—which was correlated with high root density—improved grain yield under P- and water-limited conditions, but restricted yield potential when P and water were not limited.

Effects of planting density and nitrogen fertilization level on grain yield and harvest index in seven modern tropical maize hybrids (Zea maysL.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 154 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. TRACHSEL ◽  
F. M. SAN VICENTE ◽  
E. A. SUAREZ ◽  
C. S. RODRIGUEZ ◽  
G. N. ATLIN
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Tropical Maize ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Tropical Germplasm ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Fertilization Level

SUMMARYTo support tropical maize (Zea maysL.) breeding efforts, the current work aimed to assess harvest index (HI) in modern hybrids and determine the effect of different planting densities on grain yield and HI under well-fertilized (HN) and nitrogen (N) deficient conditions. Harvest index and grain yield of 34 hybrids on average reached 0·42 and 7·06 t/ha (five environments), indicating a large potential for improvement in HI relative to temperate hybrids. Ear weight (r= 0·88), HI (r= 0·78) and shoot dry weight (r= 0·68) were strongly associated with grain yield. In the second experiment, seven hybrids were evaluated at planting densities of 5, 7, 9 and 11 plants/m2under HN (six environments) and N deficient (LN) conditions (four environments) to assess the effect of planting density on grain yield and HI. Grain yield increased by 40·4 and 21·8% under HN and LN conditions when planting density was increased relative to the lowest planting density. Harvest index increased from 0·42 at 5 plants/m2to 0·45 at 11 plants/m2under HN conditions and decreased from 0·44 at 5 plants/m2to 0·42 at 9 plants/m2under LN conditions. Harvest index was maximized at planting densities of 8·33 plants/m2and 5·30 plants/m2under HN and LN conditions, respectively, while grain yield was maximized at 9·93 plants/m2and 7·89/m2. Optimal planting density maximizing both HI and grain yield were higher than planting densities currently used in tropical germplasm. It can be concluded that productivity in tropical maize could be increased both under intensive (+40·4%) and lower-input management (+21·8%) by increasing planting densities above those currently used in smallholder agriculture in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa, in environments targeted by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center.

Contribution of Stem Dry Matter to Grain Yield in Wheat Cultivars

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Pheloung ◽  
KHM Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Percentage Reduction ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Field experiments were conducted in the eastern wheat belt of Western Australia in a dry year with and without irrigation (1987) and in a wet year (1988), comparing three cultivars of wheat differing in height and yield potential. The aim of the study was to determine the contribution of remobilisable stem dry matter to grain dry matter under different water regimes in old and modern wheats. Stem non-structural carbohydrate was labelled with 14C 1 day after anthesis and the activity and weight of this pool and the grain was measured at 2, 18 and 58 days after anthesis. Gutha and Kulin, modern tall and semi-dwarf cultivars respectively, yielded higher than Gamenya, a tall older cultivar in all conditions, but the percentage reduction in yield under water stress was greater for the modern cultivars (41, 34 and 23%). In the grain of Gamenya, the increase in 14C activity after the initial labelling was highest under water stress. Generally, loss of 14C activity from the non-structural stem dry matter was less than the increase in grain activity under water stress but similar to or greater than grain activity increase under well watered conditions. Averaged over environments and cultivars, non-structural dry matter stored in the stem contributed at least 20% of the grain dry matter.

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of semi-dwarf and tall varieties of winter wheat

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Pearman ◽  
S. M. Thomas ◽  
G. N. Thorne
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Dwarf Variety

SummaryEight amounts of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 210 kg N/ha were applied to two tall and one semi-dwarf variety of winter wheat in the spring of 1975 and 1976. The tall varieties were Cappelle-Desprez and Maris Huntsman; the semi-dwarf variety was Maris Fundin in 1975 and Hobbit in 1976. Interactions between varieties and nitrogen were few and small compared with the main effects. All varieties produced their maximum grain yields with 180 kg N/ha. The yield of the semi-dwarf varieties, but not the others, decreased slightly with more nitrogen.Cappelle-Desprez yielded less grain than the other varieties in both years. In 1975 the yields of Maris Fundin and Maris Huntsman were similar and in 1976 Hobbit yielded more than Maris Huntsman. The varieties had similar numbers of ears at maturity and similar patterns of tillering. The semi-dwarf varieties had most grains per spikelet, and hence grains per ear, and Cappelle-Desprez had least. The semi-dwarf varieties had the smallest grains. The semi-dwarf varieties had less straw than the other varieties and hence the largest ratios of grain to total above-ground dry weight. The decrease in dry weight of stem and leaves between anthesis and maturity was similar for all varieties. In 1975 the efficiency of the top two leaves plus top internode in producing grain was the same for all varieties, but in 1976 Hobbit was more efficient than the other two. There were some small differences between varieties in nutrient uptake that were not related to differences in growth. Maris Fundin tended to have a greater phosphorus and potassium content than the tall varieties. Hobbit contained slightly less nitrogen than the tall varieties at maturity, and had a smaller concentration of nitrogen in the grain.Applying 210 kg N/ha doubled grain yield in 1975. Applying nitrogen resulted in a largeincrease in number of ears and a small increase in number of grains per ear due to the development of more fertile spikelets per ear. Nitrogen decreased dry weight per grain, especially of the semi-dwarf varieties. With extra nitrogen, straw dry weight at maturity, shoot dry weight atanthesis and leaf area were all increased relatively more than grain yield, and stems lost moredry weight between anthesis and maturity than without nitrogen. The year 1976 was exceptionallydry and nitrogen had only small effects in that it affected neither straw dry weight nor numberof ears but slightly increased grain yield by increasing the number of spikelets and number of grains per spikelet. It also increased leaf area proportionately to grain yield. In 1975 nitrogen increased evaporation of water from the crop before anthesis but decreased it after anthesis, even though it continued to increase the extraction of water from below 90 cm.

scholarly journals Molecular Genetic Analysis of Drought Stress Response Traits in Brachypodium spp.

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 518
Author(s):  
Juan M. González ◽  
Jaime Redondo-Pedraza ◽  
Yolanda Loarce ◽  
Rifka Hammami ◽  
Eva Friero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Molecular Genetic Analysis ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Seminal Roots ◽  
The Relationship

The root is the organ responsible for the uptake of water and therefore has a very important role in drought tolerance. The aims of the present work were to characterize nine traits of the root system architecture (RSA) and the shoot dry weight (W) of twelve genotypes of Brachypodium spp. under water stress and to establish the relationship between RSA phenotyping traits and SSRs. Two culture media, one standard (SM) and one (PEG) to induced water stress have been used. In SM medium, B. stacei had the highest values of W and all the RSA traits, except the mean diameter of the seminal roots, followed by B. hybridum and B. distachyon. In the PEG medium, root length increased in B. distachyon, decreased in B. hybridum and remained the same in B. stacei. A two-way hierarchical cluster analysis from 117 polymorphic SSRs and the traits of the RSA of the Brachypodium spp. genotypes, was performed. Brachypodium genotypes were separated into three groups corresponding to each species. In the second way of the hierarchical clustering association were observed between five RSA variables and SSR markers, which could be useful in the search for genes or QTLs related to RSA characters.

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