Rice bran as a supplement to elephant grass for cattle and buffalo in Indonesia: 1. Feed intake, utilization and growth rates

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Rice Bran ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Daily Intakes

SUMMARYIndonesian Ongole and swamp buffalo bulls were fed ad libitum a diet of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) with five levels of rice bran (0, 1·2, 2·4, 3·6 and 4·8 kg/head/ day) in a study lasting 161 days. Measurements were made of the digestibility of the diet, the balances of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and water and the metabolizability of the gross energy. Using multiple regressions, the daily intakes of metabolizable energy were partitioned between maintenance and growth.Feeding rice bran stimulated appetite, initially improved feed conversion efficiency and increased growth rates. Each additional kilogram of rice bran fed depressed grass dry-matter intake by 0·8 kg in the buffaloes and 0·6 kg in Ongoles. Rice bran had little effect on digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and energy. Metabolizable energy contents of rice bran and elephant grass were calculated to be, respectively, 9·5 and 8·2 MJ/kg dry matter. Nitrogen and phosphorus status was improved in the supplemented animals but the balance of calcium was adversely affected. Voluntary feed intake was always higher in the buffaloes but the differences were reduced with increasing rice-bran supplementation.Metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and growth did not differ significantly between Ongole and buffaloes and were similar to values calculated for British animals.

scholarly journals Original Research Article Milk Yield and Feed Conversion of Sokoto Gudali Cows Fed Elephant Grass Ensiled with Cassava Peel

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 123-128
Author(s):  
Olusola Adeyanju Olorunnisomo ◽  
Gladys Abiemwense Ibhaze
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Cassava Peel

Abstract Year-round availability of feed is a major concern for dairy farmers in many parts of the tropics. Silage making is a reliable means of providing feed for dairy cattle during periods of forage scarcity. In this study, Elephant grass (EG) (Pennisetum purpureum) was ensiled with cassava peel (CSP) at 0, 10, 30 and 50% levels of inclusion on a wet basis. At 21, 42 and 63 days of ensiling, silage samples were taken for chemical analysis and the remaining materials were fed to four lactating Sokoto Gudali cows for a period of 84 days using a Latin square design. Dry matter (DM) content of silage mixtures increased from 18.22 to 28.70% as level of CSP in the silage mixture increased while crude protein (7.33 to 6.08%) and crude fibre (32.80 to 23.95%) decreased. Dry matter intake of cows, milk yield and feed conversion ratio (FCR) varied (P < 0.05) with inclusion of cassava peel in the silage mixtures. Dry matter intake of cows increased from 2.56 to 3.84% of body weight (BW) and milk yield from 2.90 to 6.70 kg/d as proportion of CSP in the grass silage increased. Feed conversion ratio of cows ranged from 2.08 to 3.23 and improved with inclusion of CSP in the silage. These results show that addition of cassava peel to Elephant grass silage improved intake and milk production in Sokoto Gudali cows fed Elephant grass silage.

scholarly journals Fermentasi Aerob dan An-Aerob Rumput Gajah Mini (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott) untuk Pakan Kambing Boerka Sedang Tumbuh

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juniar Sirait ◽  
Kiston Simanihuruk ◽  
Rijanto Hutasoit
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Dwarf Elephant Grass

ABSTRAK. Penelitian bertujuan mempelajari pengaruh fermentasi secara aerobik dan anaerobik rumput gajah mini (RGM) sebagai pakan terhadap performan kambing Boerka. Penelitian dilaksanakan dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dan terdiri atas tiga perlakuan yaitu RGM segar, RGM hasil fermentasi an-aerob dan RGM hasil fermentasi aerob. Pada setiap perlakuan ternak diberikan konsentrat dengan komposisi 50% hijauan dan 50% konsentrat berdasarkan bahan kering. Digunakan 24 ekor ternak kambing Boerka jantan (8 ekor per perlakuan). Ternak ditempatkan di kandang individu. Peubah yang diamati mencakup konsumsi bahan kering (BK), pertambahan bobot hidup harian (PBHH), efisiensi penggunaan pakan (EPP), income over feed cost (IOFC) dan kecernaan pakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa RGM segar sebagai pakan kambing dengan persentase pemberian 50% RGM dan 50% konsentrat menghasilkan PBHH dan IOFC yang nyata lebih tinggi (P0,05) dibanding RGM hasil fermentasi (62,1 vs 32,4 g/e/h dan Rp. 222.960 vs Rp. 104.397/e/3 bln) diikuti dengan EPP yang sama dengan RGM hasil fermentasi aerob sebesar 0,10. Pengolahan RGM melalui fermentasi meningkatkan kandungan protein kasar namun tidak meningkatkan kecernaan. Pemanfaatan RGM hasil fermentasi an-aerob untuk pakan kambing Boerka sedang tumbuh dapat menghasilkan konsumsi nutrien, kecernaan nutrien, PBHH, EPP dan IOFC yang sebanding dengan RGM tanpa fermentasi. (Aerob and un-aerob fermentation of dwarf elephant grass as feed for growing Boerka goat) ABSTRACT. The research was aimed to study the effects of fermentation of dwarf elephant grass (DEG) as feed on Boerka goat performances. The experiment was at Indonesian Goat Research Station, Sei Putih in 2015. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized designed, and consisted of three diet treatments namely 1) fresh (unfermented) DEG, 2) aerobically-fermented DEG, and 3) anaerobically-fermentation DEG. Goat was offered 50% concentrate and 50% DEG on every treatment based on dry matter. Twenty four of male Boerka goats were used on this experiment (eight animals per treatment). Parameters observed included dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), income over feed cost (IOFC) and digestibility. The results showed that utilitazion of unfermented dwarf elephant resulted in higher ADG and IOFC (P0.05) than goats received aerob fermented dwarf elephant grass (62.1 vs 32.4 g/h/d dan Rp. 222,960 vs Rp. 104,397/h/3 month). Feed efficiency ranged from 0.08 to 0.10 and was not affected by treatments (P0.05). Fermentation of DEG increase crude protein content. The usage of anaerobically-fermentation DEG as feed of Boerka goat produce nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility, ADG, feed efficiency and IOFC which were comparable to DEG without fermentation.

RAPESEED AS AN ENERGY AND PROTEIN SOURCE IN DIETS FOR GROWING PIGS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Matter Basis

Twenty gilts and 20 barrows were fed 0, 5 or 10% ground rapeseed in diets with or without rapeseed meal (RM) and either adjusted or unadjusted for levels of digestible energy (DE) and total protein. Dietary rapeseed at a level of 10% depressed (P < 0.10) feed intake and improved (P < 0.01) feed conversion in comparison with 0% rapeseed, but did not significantly influence efficiency of DE conversion. Pigs fed rapeseed gained 0.05 to 0.11 kg/day more slowly than those fed no rapeseed, but differences were not significant. Carcass dressing percentage was lower (P < 0.05) for pigs fed 5 or 10% rapeseed in diets without RM than it was for those fed a diet with 0% rapeseed or with 5% rapeseed plus 4% RM. The former pigs also had carcass measurements that suggested leaner carcasses. Data on rapeseed composition, including amino acid values, are presented. Coefficients for DE, metabolizable energy (ME), ME corrected to N equilibrium (MEn), and digestible N (DN) at 21 kg liveweight were not influenced by diet. The DE, ME, MEn and DN per unit of feed were increased by the addition of 10% rapeseed to the diet. Rapeseed had a calculated DE of 5703 kcal/kg on a dry matter basis. The DE, ME and MEn were highly correlated (r = 0.970 to 0.997), indicating little difference in accuracy between these energy measures. Daily N retained averaged 16.8 g and was not influenced by diet. Barrows ate more, required more feed and more DE/kg gain and had poorer carcasses than gilts. The DE, ME, MEn and DN were significantly higher for barrows than for gilts. The data suggest that when 5 or 10% rape-seed is fed to growing pigs from 8 kg initial weight, a depression of approximately 2% in feed intake can be expected for each 1% of dietary rapeseed added, regardless of whether DE and protein adjustments are made. Improved feed conversion when rapeseed is fed occurs in association with the high gross energy content of the seed.

Use of okara (aqueous extract residue) in the diet of starter broilers

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Diaz-Vargas ◽  
A.E. Murakami ◽  
I.C. Ospina-Rojas ◽  
L.H. Zanetti ◽  
M.M. Puzotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Inclusion Level

Two experiments were carried out to determine the chemical composition of okara and to evaluate the performance and carcass yield of broilers fed diets containing increasing levels of okara. In experiment 1, a total of 72 21-d-old Cobb male broilers were distributed in an entirely randomized experimental design consisting of three treatments and four replicates of six birds each. The energy in okara was 2972 kcal of AME kg−1, with an apparent metabolizable energy (AME) coefficient of 60.72 (% dry matter). In experiment 2, a total of 840 male Cobb male chicks were distributed in an entirely randomized experimental design consisting of six treatments (0.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10% okara inclusion) and six replicates of 28 birds each. The inclusion of increasing levels of okara from 1 to 21 d of age linearly reduced (P < 0.05) weight gain and feed intake, without affecting (P > 0.05) feed conversion, carcass, breast, drumstick, and thigh yields at 42 d of age. Economic analysis indicated that a 10.0% inclusion level of okara in broiler diets during the starter phase produced the best economic results.

scholarly journals Feed intake and growth performance of goats supplemented with soy waste

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 554-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mijanur Rahman ◽  
Toshinori Nakagawa ◽  
Ramli Bin Abdullah ◽  
Wan Khadijah Wan Embong ◽  
Ryo Akashi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Soy Waste

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of supplemental feeding of soy waste on the feed intake and growth rate of goats. Twenty male crossbred (Boer x local) goats were assigned to two isonitrogenous diet groups: one of commercial pellet and the other of soy waste. The commercial pellet (1.0%) and soy waste (0.8%) were provided on the dry matter basis of body weight (BW) per day, to the respective group of each diet. The soy waste group had lower daily intakes of total dry matter (0.79 vs. 0.88 kg) and organic matter (665.71 vs. 790.44 g) than the group fed pellet; however, the differences on daily intakes for grass (0.62 vs. 0.64 kg), crude protein (96.81 vs. 96.83 g), and neutral detergent fibre (483.70 vs. 499.86 g) were not significant. No differences were observed between groups for BW gain. The feed conversion ratio and feed cost per kilogram of BW gain were lower for the group fed soy waste than for the one fed pellet. Goats fed supplemental soy waste have a lower total dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio, and feed cost per kilogram of body weight gain than those fed commercial pellets.

Daily methane emissions and emission intensity of grazing beef cattle genetically divergent for residual feed intake

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 627 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Velazco ◽  
R. M. Herd ◽  
D. J. Cottle ◽  
R. S. Hegarty
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Emission Intensity ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Feed Conversion

As daily methane production (DMP; g CH4/day) is strongly correlated with dry matter intake (DMI), the breeding of cattle that require less feed to achieve a desired rate of average daily gain (ADG) by selection for a low residual feed intake (RFI) can be expected to reduce DMP and also emission intensity (EI; g CH4/kg ADG). An experiment was conducted to compare DMP and EI of Angus cattle genetically divergent for RFI and 400-day weight (400dWT). In a 6-week grazing study, 64 yearling-age cattle (30 steers, 34 heifers) were grazed on temperate pastures, with heifers and steers grazing separate paddocks. Liveweight (LW) was monitored weekly and DMP of individual cattle was measured by a GreenFeed emission monitoring unit in each paddock. Thirty-nine of the possible 64 animals had emission data recorded for 15 or more days, and only data for these animals were analysed. For these cattle, regression against their mid-parent estimated breeding value (EBV) for post-weaning RFI (RFI-EBV) showed that a lower RFI-EBV was associated with higher LW at the start of experiment. Predicted dry matter intake (pDMI), predicted DMP (pDMP) and measured DMP (mDMP) were all negatively correlated with RFI-EBV (P < 0.05), whereas ADG, EI, predicted CH4 yield (pMY; g CH4/kg DMI) were not correlated with RFI-EBV (P > 0.1). Daily CH4 production was positively correlated with animal LW and ADG (P < 0.05). The associations between ADG and its dependent traits EI and pMY and predicted feed conversion ratio (kg pDMI/kg ADG) were strongly negative (r = –0.82, –0.57 and –0.85, P < 0.001) implying that faster daily growth by cattle was accompanied by lower EI, MY and feed conversion ratio. These results show that cattle genetically divergent for RFI do not necessarily differ in ADG, EI or pMY on pasture and that, if heavier, cattle with lower RFI-EBV can actually have higher DMP while grazing moderate quality pastures.

Rice bran as a supplement to elephant grass for cattle and buffalo in Indonesia: 2. Carcass development, energy accretion and its effect on feed efficiency: 2. Carcass development, energy accretion and its effect on feed efficiency

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-722
Author(s):  
J. B. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Gross Energy

SUMMARYIndonesian Ongole and swamp buffalo bulls that had previously been given 0, 1·2, 2·4, 3·6 or 4·8 kg/head/day rice bran plus ad libitum elephant grass were slaughtered after 161 days feeding. Abdominal depot fat, full and empty reticulo-rumen and cold carcass weights were recorded. Various carcass variables were measured and the 9–10–11 rib joints were dissected into bone, muscle and fat. Carcass gross energy was calculated from rib-fat content using previously determined regression equations. Feed efficiency was expressed in terms of the ratios of live-weight gain or carcass-energy accretion to metabolizable energy available for growth.Increasing supplementation with rice bran resulted in larger abdominal fat depots, higher dressing percentages, increased carcass fatness (and hence carcass gross energy) and improved rib muscle to bone ratios. Carcass conformation was unaffected by dietary treatment. When feed efficiency was expressed per unit live-weight gain, there was a decrease with increasing rice-bran feeding. Feed efficiency, expressed per unit of carcass energy accretion, improved with rice-bran supplementation and was generally higher in buffalo than in Ongole bulls. Dietary and species differences in feed efficiency could be primarily explained by the differential energy cost of deposition of, and the availability of energy from, carcass protein and lipid.

scholarly journals Metabolizable energy levels for semi-heavy laying hens at the second production cycle

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 857-862
Author(s):  
Fernando Guilherme Perazzo Costa ◽  
Janaine Sena da Costa ◽  
Cláudia de Castro Goulart ◽  
Denise Fontana Figueiredo-Lima ◽  
Raul da Cunha Lima Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Feed Conversion

This study was carried out to evaluate the energy levels in the diet to obtain better performance rates and quality of eggs from laying hens in the second production cycle. One hundred and eighty Bovans Goldline laying hens with 62 weeks of age were used during four 28-day periods. A completely randomized experimental design was used with four metabolizable energy levels (2,650, 2,725, 2,800, 2,875 and 2,950 kcal/kg), each with six replicates of six birds. The energy level of diet did not affect the weight of the egg, yolk, albumen and eggshell, the percentages of yolk, albumen and eggshell, yolk color and egg specific gravity. Feed intake, egg production, egg mass and feed conversion per egg mass and per dozen eggs increased significantly with increasing levels of metabolizable energy. Feed intake decreased linearly as the energy level in the diet increased. The metabolizable energy levels showed a quadratic effect on egg production, egg mass and feed conversion per egg mass and per dozen eggs. The metabolizable energy level of 2,830 kcal/kg was the most appropriate to promote better performance and quality of eggs from laying hens in the second production cycle.

scholarly journals Evaluation of different corn textures in dry grain or silage forms for piglets from 7 to 15 kg

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1757-1761
Author(s):  
José Vieira Neto ◽  
Vinícius de Souza Cantarelli ◽  
Elias Tadeu Fialho ◽  
Márcio Gilberto Zangeronimo ◽  
Nikolas de Oliveira Amaral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Large White ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Independent Form ◽  
Ensilage Corn

The objective of this study was to evaluate different textures and storage forms of corn in piglet diets. Two experiments were conducted, one of which tested digestibility of nutrients and the other diet performance. In the digestibility trial, 24 crossbred (Landrace X Large White) barrows with an initial weight of 18.7 ± 1.5 kg were used. They were kept in metabolic cages in a randomized block design using the factorial arrangement 2 X 2 (type of corn - dent and flint X type of storage - moist grain silage and dry grain) and six replicates, with one animal as the experimental unit. The values of metabolizable energy (ME) obtained were 3841 kcal of ME/kg of dry matter (DM) from dry corn, 3912 kcal of ME/kg of DM from moist corn, 4022 kcal of DM from ensiled dry corn and 3928 kcal of ME/kg of DM from ensiled humidity corn. The ensilage process increases the digestibility coefficient of dry matter and crude protein and increases the digestible energy of the diets, independent of the process form. The type of corn did not influence these variables. In the performance trial, 60 barrows (initial weight of 6.5 ± 1.5 kg) of the same stock were used during 28 days of post-weaning distributed in the same experimental design, with five replicates and three animals as the experimental unit. The treatments did not influence the daily weigh gain or the daily feed intake. The dentate corn and the ensilage process decreased the feed conversion of the independent form (no significant interaction). The substitution of dry for ensilage corn increased the digestibility of the nutrients in the diets and the feed conversion of the piglets from 7 to 15 kg. Dentate corn promotes best feed conversion in this phase.

scholarly journals Metabolizable energy levels in diets with a fixed nutrient: calorie ratio for free-range broilers

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (6supl2) ◽  
pp. 4009-4022
Author(s):  
Thiago Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
◽  
Karina Márcia Ribeiro de Souza Nascimento ◽  
Charles Kiefer ◽  
Luanna Lopes Paiva Copat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Deposition

The present study proposes to examine the effect of dietary levels of metabolizable energy, under a fixed nutrient:calorie ratio, on the production performance; body fat and protein deposition; and carcass characteristics of free-range broilers from 1 to 84 days of age. Nine hundred unsexed chicks were allocated to six treatments in a completely randomized design with six replicates of 25 birds each. Treatments consisted of diets with varying levels of metabolizable energy (2700, 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 and 3200 Kcal ME/kg of diet) and a fixed proportion of nutrients relative to the energy level according to the nutritional requirements for each rearing phase. Body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, production viability, metabolizable energy intake, protein intake, lysine intake, body fat deposition, body protein deposition and carcass characteristics were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and, later, to regression analysis. Increasing levels of metabolizable energy, coupled with a fixed nutrient:calorie ratio, reduced feed intake, increased body weight and weight gain, improved feed conversion and did not affect carcass characteristics. In conclusion, adjusting the nutrient supply according to the dietary energy level improves production performance by improving feed conversion, ensuring adequate nutrient intake and preserving fat and protein deposition in the carcass when the metabolizable energy level is raised up to 3200 Kcal/kg in all rearing stages.

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