The effect of stage of maturity on the yield and chemical composition of oats for haymaking

1. Ayr Line Potato oats was studied in the later stages of development for 3 years under upland conditions in Kincardineshire, Scotland. Some major changes in yield and chemical composition of the crop and certain effects of haymaking have been demonstrated.2. In each year, between the ‘milky’ stage and full ripeness of the grain, the growth curve falls into the distinct phases of growth, maturity and senescence when dry-matter loss occurs. The position of the peak yield in terms of stage of maturity varies from year to year.3. Percentage crude protein is low throughout, falling to a minimum after the early ‘milky’ stage and rising again to a maximum at the last cut. Yield of crude protein is highest at the last cut in one year and at the penultimate cut in two years.4. Percentage crude fibre tends to decrease with increasing maturity, while crude fibre yield is low at both extremes of the experimental period.5. More detailed chemical analyses at different stages of maturity show total ash content to be low. The content of calcium is especially poor.6. Separation of the whole of the aerial part of the plant into leaf, stem and inflorescence shows that chemical constituents are being actively re-distributed throughout the plant during the experimental period; with the exception of crude fibre and calcium all constituents estimated tend to be concentrated in the grain with advancing maturity.7. In one year, dry-matter losses during curing range from 22 to 7% at the first and last cuts respectively, while corresponding figures for crude protein are 18 and 10%.8. In the absence of digestibility data and feeding trials under Scottish conditions, the tentative conclusion is drawn that in the higher rainfall areas of the north and west where the crop is most likely to be used, cutting between the late ‘milky’ and late cheesy' stages should give optimum results.9. Attention is drawn to the need for caution in the general application of the results.

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Studies of the chemical composition of kales and rapes. I. The kales

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s002185960003673x ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 230-237 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

D. J. C. Jones

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

The Other ◽

Winter Period ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Phosphorus And Potassium ◽

Plant Basis ◽

Matter Basis

1. Four varieties of marrow stem kale, three of thousand headed kales, Hungry Gap Kale and Rape-Kale were grown at three centres in mid-Wales. They were sampled in the early winter period and separate leaf and stem samples analysed for the proximate constituents and minerals.2. Leaf to stem ratios were measured on both a green and dry matter basis and the latter values used to calculate whole plant values for the chemical constituents.3. The leaves of the marrow stem kales were higher in dry matter than the stems, except in the case of the Purple Stem Kale. This variety resembled the thousand headed and rape-type kales in having a higher dry matter in the stems. On a dry matter basis, the leaves of all the varieties were richer than the stems in ether extract, crude protein, total ash and all the minerals except potassium and sodium. These elements occurred to a greater extent in the stems of the fleshy stemmed marrow stem kales than in the leaves. The stems were higher in crude fibre and nitrogen-free extractives.4. The leaves of the rape-type kales were higher than those of the other varieties in silica, phosphorus and potassium. They were the best source of phosphorus on a whole plant basis. The marrow stem kales had considerably higher leaf and stem values for sodium and were markedly superior to the other varieties as a source of the element.

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Chemical analysis of fodder climbers found in Sunsari district, Nepal

Nepalese Journal of Biosciences ◽

10.3126/njbs.v4i1.41682 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 22-28

Author(s):

T. N. Mandal ◽

T. P. Gautam

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Matter Content ◽

Local Information ◽

Slight Variation ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Ether Extract ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Mineral Contents

Altogether 19 fodder climbers were collected with local information for their quality, feeding season and preference by livestock from Sunsari district, Nepal. Fodder climbers were distributed under 15 angiospermic families. Among them, 6 climber species were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, N-free extract, total ash and mineral contents (K, Ca, and P). Dry matter content ranged from 24.12 to 45.43%. Crude protein content showed slight variation. Ether extract ranged from 2.13- 4.23%, while Crude fiber content ranged between 18.62 and 22.52%. N-free extract showed narrow variation in the content while Total ash content exhibited a wide variation ranging from 5.67 to 11.52%. Among the minerals, Phosphorus showed distinct variation in the content from 0.19 to 0.46%. Fodder quality assessed by local people was compared with the result of chemical composition. On the basis of local information and chemical composition, Hedera nepalensis and Hedyotis scandens were considered as very good fodder climbers.

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Chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of lichens

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.6.1.569 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Torstein H. Garmo

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

In Vitro Method ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Protein 4.2 ◽

The Mean

The chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of 45 samples of different species of lichen are reported. Mean content (g/100 g dry matter) of the main nutrients was: crude protein 4.2, crude fat 3.2, crude fibre 16.6, ash 1.9, Ca 0.15, P 0.09, Mg 0.05, K 0.13, Na 0.035, S 0.07. The content of microminerals (mg/kg dry matter) was: Cu 2.5, Mo 0.11, Zn 27.2, Se 0.12, Fe 898, Mn 154. The mean in vitro dry matter digestibility was 35%. However, the in vitro method do underestimate the dry matter digestibility of lichens. Stereocaulon spp. showed higher levels of crude protein, P, S, Cu and Mo than Cetraria spp. and Cladonia spp. Cetraria nivalis showed higher digestibility and contained more NFE, ash, Ca, Mg, but less crude fibre than Cladonia stellaris. Lichens contained less amounts of most nutrients compared with grasses (Fig. 1), exept for crude fat, NFE, Se and Fe.Kjemisk innhald og in vitro fordøyelsesgrad av lav.Abstract in Norwegian / Samandrag: Kjemisk innhald og in vitro fordøyelsesgrad av tørrstoffet er bestemt i 45 prøver av beitelav frå to stader i Sør-Noreg. Middel innhald (g/100g tørrstoff) av følgjande næringsstoff var: protein 4.2, feitt 3.2, trevlar 16.6, oske 1.9, kalsium 0.15, fosfor 0.09, magnesium 0.05, kalium 0.13, natrium 0.035, svovel 0.07. Innhaldet (mg/kg tørrstoff) av mikronæringsstoffa var: kopar 2.5, molybden 0.11, sink 27.2, selen 0.12, jern 898 og mangan 154. Den midlare fordøyelsesgraden av tørrstoffet i lav-prøvene var 35%, men in vitro fordøyelsesanalyser undervurderer fordøyelsesgraden av lav. Det var ein stor variasjon mellom dei ulike lavartane for dei fleste næringsstoffa og fordøyelsesgraden. Stereocaulon spp. inneheldt meir protein, fosfor, svovel, kopar og molybden enn Cetraria spp. og Cladonia spp. Gulskinn hadde høgare fordøyelsesgrad, og innehaldet av NFE, oske, kalsium og magnesium var høgre enn i kvitkrull, medan trevleinnhaldet var størst i kvitkrull. Lav inneheldt mindre av dei fleste næringsstoffa samanlikna med gras, unnateke feitt, NFE, selen og jern.Jäkälien kemiallinen sisältö ja in vitro sulatuksen aste.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Kuiva-aineen kemiallinen sisalto ja in vitro sulatusaste on mååråtty 45:ssa kokeessa tårkeistå laidunjåkålistå kahdella paikkakunnalla Etelå — Norjassa. Keskimååråinen sisalto (g/100 g kuiva-ainetta) seuraavissa ravintoaineissa oli: valkuaisainetta 4.2, rasvaa 3.2, kuituja 16.6, tuhkaa 1.9, kalsiumia 0.15, fosforia 0.09, magnesiumia 0.05, kaliumia 0.13, natriumia 0.035, rikkia 0.07. Hivenainepitoisuus (mg/kg kuiva-ainesta) oli: kuparia 2.5, molybdeenia 0.11, sinkkia 27.2, seleeniå 0.12, rautaa 898 ja mangaania 154. Kuiva-aineiden keskimååråinen sulatusaste jåkålåkokeissa oli 35%. Eri jåkålåajien vålillå oli suuri vaihtelu eisimmissa ravintoaineissa ja sulatusasteessa. Stereocaulon spp. sisålsi enemmån valkuaisainetta, fosforia, rikkiå kuparia ja typettomien uuteaineiden, molybdeeniå kuin Cetraria spp. ja Cladonia spp. Lapalumijåkålållå oli korkeampi sulatusaste, ja tuhkan, kalsiumin ja magnesiumin sisålto oli korkeampi kuin Cladonia alpestris-jäkälässä, mutta kuitusisålto oli korkein Cladonia alpestris-jäkälässä. Jåkålå sisålsi våhemmån useimmista ravintoaineista ruohoon verrattuna lukuunottamatta rasvaa, typettomiå uuteaineita, seleeniå ja rautaa.

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The net energy value of three subtropical forages

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9670137 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 137 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

N McCGraham

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Nitrogen Balance ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Net Energy ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Digestible Energy ◽

Net Energy Value ◽

Low Nitrogen

Energy and nitrogen balance experiments with three subtropical forages, a legume and two grasses, are reported. Each forage was given to four sheep at several levels of feeding. One of the forages had a low nitrogen content (4% crude protein) and was supplemented with urea and molasses containing 7 g nitrogen and 56 kcal/day. This caused voluntary consumption to increase by 50% and digestibility of all chemical constituents to increase by 6–12 units. Utilization of metabolizable energy for maintenance also improved by approximately 10%. Digestible energy (42–62%) was predicted quite accurately from chemical composition by means of published equations which refer to forages grown in temperate climates. Metabolizable energy was close to 82% of digestible energy, as found with non-tropical forages. Net availability of metabolizable energy for maintenance ranged from a very low 60% to 80%. It was predicted more accurately from percentage metabolizable energy than from digestible crude fibre: the reverse applied to net availability for production (40–50%).

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Chemical composition of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa l.) seeds fermented at varying durations

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v46i2.44 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 269-275

Author(s):

A. O. Angbulu ◽

S. Duru ◽

S. B. Afolayan ◽

B. M. Munza

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Trypsin Inhibitor ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Antinutritional Factors ◽

Ether Extract ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Nutritional Factors ◽

Nitrogen Free Extract ◽

Extract Content

A study was carried out to determine the chemical composition of roselle seeds fermented at varying durations. One kg cleaned Roselle seeds were soaked in 3L of water for 8 hours. The soaked seeds were drained and fermented for 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours as treatments. Samples of fermented roselle seeds at different duration of fermentations were analyzed for chemical composition including anti-nutritional factors. The results showed that there was significant (P<0.05) effect of fermentation duration on chemical composition and antinutritional factors of roselle seeds. Dry matter and crude protein content increased as fermentation duration increased from 0 to 96 hours. The highest dry matter (91.87%) and crude protein (35.05%) were obtained at 96 hours while crude fibre and ether extract decreased with increased fermentation duration. Crude fibre (6.55%) and ether extract (26.79%) were highest at 0 hours. Ash and nitrogen free extract content ranged from 5.41 – 5.78 % and 30.62 – 39.19 %, respectively. Anti-nutritional factor contents declined withincreased fermentation duration. The lowest values for saponin (2.02%), tannin (0.15%), phytic acid (5.44%) and trypsin inhibitor (8.93%) were obtained at 96 hours fermentation. It can be concluded that roselle seeds fermented for 96 hours enhanced nutrient availability and significantly reduced tannin, phytate, saponin and trypsin inhibitor anti-nutritional factors.

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Nutritive value of pasture. III. The influence of the intensity of grazing on the composition and nutritive value of pasture herbage (Part I)

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600009102 ◽

1928 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 266-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

H. E. Woodman

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

The Other ◽

Protein Concentrate ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Pasture Grass ◽

Main Trial ◽

Feeding Value

The present investigation was undertaken with the object of ascertaining the effect of cutting at fortnightly instead of weekly intervals on the yield of pastures, and on the composition, digestibility and nutritive value of the herbage.The main trial was carried out on the 1925 light-land pasture. The plot was divided into 14 sub-plots, and one sub-plot was mown per day. The whole plot, therefore, was cut over once per fortnight during the season. The results in respect of yield, composition and nutritive value were compared with corresponding results obtained on the same pasture plot under a system of weekly cuts during 1925.A second trial was carried out on sub-plots 2 and 3 of the 1926 heavy-land pasture, one sub-plot being cut weekly and the other fort-nightly. The work in this case was restricted to securing comparative data in respect of yield and composition of herbage.The results from both trials lead to the conclusion that the differences in chemical composition, both organic and inorganic, between pasture grass cut at weekly and fortnightly intervals are inconsiderable. The dry matter of the fortnightly-cut grass is extremely rich in crude protein and contains, in comparison with grass cut at the hay stage of maturity, a low percentage of crude fibre. Moreover, these characteristics are retained, by systematic cutting at fortnightly intervals, over the entire season.The results of the digestion trials justify the conclusion that the dry matter of the pasture herbage grown under a system of fortnightly cutting is a protein concentrate equal in digestibility and nutritive value to that obtained by weekly cutting. There is no significant running off in respect of composition and feeding value during the second week of growth. At the end of a fortnight the herbage still consists of the same immature, non-lignified. tissue as it was at the end of a week's growth.

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Contemporary administration of high and low concentrated diets in lactating rabbit does

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800055156 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 71 (2) ◽

pp. 309-316

Author(s):

A. Nizza ◽

F. Infascelli

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Food Intake ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Energy Requirements ◽

Control Group ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Digestible Protein ◽

Improved Performance

AbstractThe aim of this work was to study the effect of the contemporary administration, in separate troughs, of two diets differing in digestible energy (DE) and crude fibre (CF) content, on the performance of lactating rabbit does. At the first mating (130 days of age and 3·8 kg), 54 nulliparous rabbit does (New Zealand) were assigned to the control group offered a conventional lactation diet (diet C: 188 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM) and 11·43 MJ DE per kg DM); whilst another 54 rabbit does were offered at the same time, in separate troughs, diet E (203 g CP per kg DM and 12·66 MJ DE per kg DM) and diet F (178 g CP per kg DM and 10·73 MJ DE per kg DM). The contemporary administration of two diets did not significantly affect food intake. However, the rabbit does in group F + E, due to the greater consumption of diet E (approx. 0·76 of the total), consumed more digestible protein (DP) both during the first (14·40 v. 13·44 g/day per kg M0·75 and 80·1 v. 73·5 g/day per kg M0·75, respectively for days 1 to 21 and days 22 to 35) and subsequent lactations (15·37 v. 14·35 g/day per kg M0·75 and 82·6 v. 76·5 g/day per kg M0·75 respectively for days 1 to 21 and days 22 to 35). Also the DE intake was higher for the rabbit does of group F + E during the 22- to 35-day period (6708 v. 6361 kJ/day and 6918 v. 6620 kJ/day respectively for primiparous and multiparous). The improved performance of rabbit does given two different diets does not justify the extra time involved in such a technique, as the intake of diet E was constant during the experimental period and was not influenced by the different energy requirements during lactation.

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Digestibility and energy content of Paulownia (Paulownia elongata S.Y.Hu) leaves

Agricultural Science and Technology ◽

10.15547/ast.2019.04.051 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 307-310

Author(s):

G. Ganchev ◽

А. Ilchev ◽

А. Koleva

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Energy Content ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Ether Extract ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Nitrogen Free Extract ◽

Paulownia Elongata

Abstract. The aim of the study was to determine the digestibility and energy content of Paulownia elongata S.Y.Hu leaves after leaf fall. Leaves together with petioles were dried at room temperature and milled with a roughage mill before feeding to animals. A classical digestion trial was performed, with three rams weighing 55.4kg on average, by determining the chemical composition of consumed feed, feed leftovers and excreted faeces. Digestibility was evaluated as difference in the amount of ingested nutrients and nutrients excreted with faeces and it was determined to be 50.72, 52.08, 31.63, 54.09, 55.15 and 56.06% for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF) and nitrogen-free extract (NFE). The energy value for ruminants calculated on the basis of chemical composition and established digestibility was 8.29 MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg DM, 6.55 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/ kg DM, 0.59 feed units for milk (FUM)/kg DM and 0.52 feed units for growth (FUG)/kg DM.

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Chemical analysis of fodder tree leaves found in Sunsari district, Nepal

BIBECHANA ◽

10.3126/bibechana.v8i0.5701 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 131-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

TN Mandal ◽

TP Gautam

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Local Information ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Mineral Contents ◽

Fodder Trees ◽

Nutrient Contents ◽

Fodder Quality

Altogether 55 fodder trees were collected with their local information from Sunsari district, Nepal. Among them, the leaves of 19 fodder trees were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, N-free extract, total ash and mineral contents (K, Ca, and P). Regarding fodder quality, local information and chemical composition do not match for all plants. On the basis of chemical composition 12 fodder trees were recognized as good fodders. On the basis of both local information and chemical composition following trees were assessed as very good fodders: Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bauhinia variegata, Ficus cunia, F. glomerata and F. lacor. Keywords: Tree fodders; Farmers’ assessment; Proximate analysis; Nutrient contents DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v8i0.5701 BIBECHANA 2012; 8: 131-138

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Effect of feed supplementation on chemical composition of meat of three genotypes of scavenging ducklings in coastal areas of Bangladesh

Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.3329/bjas.v43i1.19381 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 25-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MM Rahman ◽

MJ Khan ◽

SD Chowdhury

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Coastal Areas ◽

Ash Content ◽

Ether Extract ◽

Feed Supplementation ◽

Extract Content ◽

Feeding Regimes

The present study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition of three genotypes of scavenging ducklings (Muscovy, Pekin and Desi White) in coastal areas of Bangladesh. Three ducks from each genotype were slaughtered at 6, 10 and 14th week of age. The results indicated that dry matter yield was highest in Muscovy (40.91 and 44.40) followed by Pekin (39.30 and 44.31) and Desi White (35.67 and 41.82) for control and supplemental group, respectively at 14th week of age. The concentration of crude protein was highest in Muscovy (18.76 and 19.90), intermediate in Pekin (18.40 and 19.66) and the lowest in Desi White (17.20 and 19.14) for two feeding regimes at 14th week of age. The ether extract content varied from 17.21 to 23.16. Genotype and feed showed significant effect (p<0.01) on crude protein and ether extract content of duck meat at 10 and 14th week of age. The ash content was highest in Muscovy followed by Pekin and Desi White throughout the experimental period. Genotypes, feed and interaction between genotypes and feed showed no significant (p>0.05) effect on ash content at 14th week of age. Genotypes and feed showed significant effect (p<0.01) but the interaction between genotype and feed had no significant effect (p>0.05) on DM and moisture content of duck meat.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i1.19381 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. 43 (1): 25-29

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