Plane of nutrition and starch equivalents

1955 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
N. McC. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Exponential Relationship ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Net Energy Value

1. Experiments with two sheep are described in which energy retention was measured at different levels of food intake and the losses of energy incidental to food consumption measured.2. Attainment of reasonably stable values for energy losses occurred after 72 hr. of fast. On realimentation stable values were not attained until 10 days had elapsed. Methane production was resumed relatively slowly.3. The accuracy of the mean estimates of energy retention was high, and duplicate determinations of metabolism after lapses of time gave excellent agreement.4. It is shown that the assumption of linearity of the relationship between energy retention and food intake expressed as metabolizable energy is incorrect.5. An exponential relationship between energy retention, and food intake was employed to describe the data. This resulted in a reduction of the residual sum of squares compared with a linear regression.6. It is shown that net energy values (starch equivalents) measured by Kellner, Armsby and Forbes have entirely different meanings, and that the correction employed by Wood reflects these facts.7. The exponential relationship has been generalized to take into account body-size variation and has been examined as far as it affects concepts of efficiency of food utilization, and of nutritional plane.8. Nutritional plane has been rigidly defined in such a way that it is independent of body size and of food quality, and it enables net energy values to be predicted at other planes of nutrition once the net energy value at one nutritional plane is known.9. A simple and rational scheme for the feeding of livestock to take into account the decline in net energy value (starch equivalent) with nutritional plane has been devised.10. Analysis of the energy losses in relation to nutritional plane shows that losses of energy in faeces, urine and as heat per unit food ingested tend to rise with increasing nutritional plane. Methane losses fall. These results suggest that the prediction of net energy values from measurement of energy losses in faeces, or from estimates of metabolizable energy, can give rise to extremely unreliable results.11. The results have been discussed in relation to previous work in this field. It is pointed out that the exponential relationships employed are a convenient method of describing a very complex situation and facilitating its analysis.

The utilization of food by sheep and cattle

1961 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
F. W. Wainman
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Oxidative Processes

1. The utilization of the energy of the same ration by sheep and by cattle was measured using three steers and three sheep in twenty-one and twentyfour experiments, respectively. Five different amounts of the ration were given to each steer and six different amounts to each sheep.2. No differences of any magnitude were found in the percentage losses of dietary energy in faeces, in urine or as methane if comparisons were made at comparable nutritional levels. Faecal energy losses increased and urine energy losses and methane production fell with increase in feeding level, the feeding level being defined as the ratio of food intake to that required to attain an energy retention of zero.3. The net availability of metabolizable energy for maintenance was the same in both species at 80·4%. The net availability of energy for the production of fat was 53·5 ± 1·4 in sheep and 51·4 ± 2·6 in cattle.4. The results are discussed in relation to the effect of the amount of food given on the utilization of its energy. It is pointed out that net energy per unit of food declines with increasing intake, due firstly to a decline in digestibility and secondly to the fact that oxidative processes operative at and below maintenance are more efficient processes than is the synthesis of fat.

The effect of the grinding and cubing process on the utilization of the energy of dried grass

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
N. McC. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Normal Feeding ◽  
Net Energy Value

1. Eighteen determinations of the energy retention of six sheep were made when they were given the same batch of dried grass in the form of chopped material or as cubes. The cubes were made following hammer milling to a medium and fine particle size. The fasting heat production of each sheep was also determined, following subsistence on a standard ration.2. Agreement between determinations of energy retention calculated from the carbon and nitrogen retentions and from the energy exchange was good. The mean discrepancy was 4 Cal./24 hr.3. There were no statistically significant differences in energy retention as between the three materials at either a low (600 g./24 hr.) or a high (1500 g./24 hr.) level of feeding. Calculations of net energy/100 Cal. of food ingested showed that higher values occurred at the lower level of feeding. Standard errors of the means were small, about ±3% of the determined values. Further analysis showed that no large differences in the net energy value of the materials would appear within the normal feeding range, but slight extrapolation of the data indicated that the cubes would be superior at high feeding levels.4. Faecal losses of energy were considerably greater when cubes were given and methane losses were much smaller. Individual sheep which showed low methane losses also showed high faecal energy losses. Faecal losses of energy were smaller at the lower feeding level. Urine energy losses were unaffected by the amount or physical form of the food given.5. Heat losses were greater at the higher nutritional level and were considerably less for cubes than for chopped material. Constancy of net energy value in this study thus involved compensation of high faecal energy losses by low losses of energy as heat and methane.6. The determinations of the digestibility of the carbohydrate fractions of the grass showed that a fall in the digestibility of the structural components of the cell was the major factor causing increased faecal losses. The digestibility of intracellular constituents fell very much less.7. It is shown that evaluation of the grasses in terms of metabolizable or digested energy does not place them in their correct physiological order of nutritive value, and that estimates of nutritive value using Kellner's and other factors do not give their true nutritive worth.8. It is pointed out that physical factors, which change the rate of passage of food through the gut, change the rate and nature of the microbial fermentation, and cause variation in the mechanical work involved in prehending, masticating and cudding food, are as important as the chemical composition of the food in determining its nutritive value.

scholarly journals The utilization of chopped and pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) by growing lambs

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Thomson ◽  
S. B. Cammell
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Initial Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Physical Processing ◽  
Net Energy Value

1. The efficiency of utilization of the dietary energy and nitrogen contained in a dried lucerne (Medicago sativa cv. Chartainvilliers) given either chopped (CL) or ground (1.96 mm screen) and pelleted (PL), was measured in a comparative slaughter experiment. Growing lambs were given equal amounts of digestible energy in the chopped or pelleted form at each at each of the three planes of nutrition for a period of 100 d.2. The initial energy, fat and protein content of both the carcass and the total body of the test lambs was estimated from regression equations between fasted (18 h) live weight and these components, derived from a group of twenty-three comparable lambs. The final energy, fat and protein content of the test lambs was determined directly by chemical analyses.3. The metabolizable energy (ME) content of the diets was derived at each plane of nutrition from measured faecal and urinary losses and estimated methane losses. The depression in ME content with grinding and pelleting the dried lucerne was small (CL 8.69 MJ/kg dry matter (DM), PL 8.42 MJ/kg DM).4. The efficiency of utilization of the ME of the dried lucerne for growth and fattening was higher (P < 0.01) when given in the ground pelleted form (0.533), than in the chopped form (0.284). The net energy value of the PL (3.5 MJ/kg DM) was higher than that of CL (2.2 MJ/kg DM).5. Thus lambs fed on PL grew faster and had a higher caracass weight gain, carcass protein and fat retention than lambs fed on CL. The composition of the carcass was not altered by the physical processing treatment.6. Digestion studies with these same CL and PL diets had shown that grinding and pelleting depressed digestion in the forestomachs and increased digestion in the small intestine compared with the chopped form. The increased efficiency of utilization of the gross energy and ME and the higher net energy value of PL was attributed primarily to a change in the site of digestion within the alimentary tract. Associated with this change was a higher value for absorbed amino acids : absorbed energy and an increased apparent absorption of methionine for lambs fed on PL. The difference in the energy costs of eating and ruminating the CL and PL was small.

The effect of environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of cattle

1960 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rogerson
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Retention Data ◽  
Respiration Chamber ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Different Levels

1. A relatively inexpensive closed-circuit respiration chamber for cattle is described.2. Experiments with two steers are reported in which heat production and energy retention data were measured at different levels of food intake and at different environmental temperatures.3. The energy lost in faeces increased with improving plane of nutrition but was not significantly affected by the environmental temperature. Urine energy losses fell with increasing environmental temperature at low planes of nutrition. Methane losses increased with improving nutritional plane but were reduced by high environmental temperatures at high levels of food intake.4. The heat production of fasting animals, or animals on low planes of nutrition was not influenced by the environmental temperature in the range 20–40° C. On higher planes of nutrition an increasing environmental temperature increased the animals' heat production.5. The major factor determining energy retention in different environments is the heat production of the animal. Net energy values consequently vary with temperature.

scholarly journals Net energy value of two low-digestible carbohydrates, Lycasin®HBC and the hydrogenated polysaccharide fraction of Lycasin®HBC in healthy human subjects and their impact on nutrient digestive utilization

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sinaud ◽  
C. Montaurier ◽  
D. Wils ◽  
J. Vernet ◽  
M. Brandolini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Polysaccharide Fraction ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Net Energy Value

The metabolizable energy content of low-digestible carbohydrates does not correspond with their true energy value. The aim of the present study was to determine the tolerance and effects of two polyols on digestion and energy expenditure in healthy men, as well as their digestible, metabolizable and net energy values. Nine healthy men were fed for 32 d periods a maintenance diet supplemented either with dextrose, Lycasin®HBC (Roquette Frères, Lestrem, France), or the hydrogenated polysaccharide fraction of Lycasin®HBC, at a level of 100 g DM/d in six equal doses per d according to a 3×3 Latin square design with three repetitions. After a 20 d progressive adaptation period, food intake was determined for 12 d using the duplicate meal method and faeces and urine were collected for 10 d for further analyses. Subjects spent 36 h in one of two open-circuit whole-body calorimeters with measurements during the last 24 h. Ingestion of the polyols did not cause severe digestive disorders, except excessive gas emission, and flatulence and gurgling in some subjects. The polyols induced significant increases in wet (+45 and +66 % respectively, P<0·01) and dry (+53 and +75 % respectively, P<0·002) stool weight, resulting in a 2 % decrease in dietary energy digestibility (P<0·001). They resulted also in significant increases in sleeping (+4·1 %, P<0·03) and daily energy expenditure (+2·7 and +2·9 % respectively, P<0·02) compared with dextrose ingestion. The apparent energy digestibility of the two polyols was 0·82 and 0·79 respectively, their metabolizable energy value averaged 14·1 kJ/g DM, and their net energy value averaged 10·8 kJ/g DM, that is, 35 % less than those of sucrose and starch.

scholarly journals Net energy value of non-starch polysaccharide isolates (sugarbeet fibre and commercial inulin) and their impact on nutrient digestive utilization in healthy human subjects

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Castiglia-Delavaud ◽  
E. Verdier ◽  
J. M. Besle ◽  
J. Vernet ◽  
Y. Boirie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Net Energy Value

The energy value of NSP has been expressed as their metabolizable energy (ME) content. The aim of the present study was to determine whether differences in ME and net energy (NE) contents were similar for insoluble and soluble NSP. Nine healthy young men were offered three diets according to a Latin-square design (3 × 3) with three repetitions: diet C (control), diet B (control + 50 g sugarbeet fibre/d) and diet I (control + 50 g commercial inulin/d). After a 16 d adaptation period to NSP isolate, food intake was controlled (duplicate meal method) and faeces and urine were collected for 8 d. A period of 60 h was devoted to measurement of energy expenditure (EE) by whole-body indirect calorimetry. NSP-isolate ingestion induced significant increases in the number of defecations and stool weight resulting from increases in water, DM and microbial mass excretion. After deduction of microbial N, differences in faecal N excretion between diets were not significantly different. Urinary N excretion was slightly decreased by sugarbeet fibre or commercial inulin ingestion but the N balances for the diets were not significantly different. Diet energy, N and lipid apparent digestibilities decreased by only 1–2 %. Commercial inulin was entirely fermented and fermentability of sugarbeet fibre averaged 0.886 (sd 0.117). Sugarbeet fibre and commercial inulin ME values averaged 10.7 (sd 1.2) and 13.0(sd 2.3) kJ/g DM respectively. NSP-isolate ingestion caused significant (sugarbeet) and nonsignificant (inulin) increases in daily EE. The maintenance NE contents of sugarbeet fibre and inulin averaged 5.0 (sd 5.0) and 11.9 (sd 1.3)kJ/g DM respectively. Differences in maintenance NE contents of NSP isolates were much greater than differences in ME values.

Digestible cell wall and undigested cellular contents of two grasses of low net energy value for growing cattle

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. W. Moir
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Previous Evidence ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
A Value ◽  
Net Energy Value ◽  
Range Of Values

SUMMARYIn two grasses of low net energy value for growth and fattening of cattle, digestible cell-wall values were close to 40% of forage organic matter (OM), similar to the expected value for grass. A value of 14% of forage OM for apparently undigested cellular contents in both grasses was just outside the range of values for grass. The data supported previous evidence that total cell wall is the only value that can be used at present to define grass in terms of its digestible dry matter.

scholarly journals PSIII-1 Nutritive value of expeller-pressed carinata cake for pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 171-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tofuko A Woyengo
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Livestock Feeding ◽  
Net Energy Value

Abstract Carinata (Brasicca carinata) is an oilseed crop of brassica family that is grown for production of oil for biofuel industry. Expeller-pressed carinata cake (EPCAR), a co-product from carinata seed oil extraction plants, is available for livestock feeding. However, nutritive value of EPCAR for pigs has not been reported. Objective of this study was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and net energy value of EPCAR for growing pigs. Eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW = 33 kg) were fed 3 diets in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 2 added columns to give 8 replicates/diet. The diets were cornstarch-based, containing expeller-pressed canola cake (EPCAN) or EPCAR as sole protein source, and N-free. The EPCAN was included in the study for comparison because it is derived from canola, which is the most widely used crop of Brassica family for oil production. Digestibility of AA in feedstuffs was determined by the direct method. Energy digestibility in EPCAN and EPCAR was determined by difference from the N-free diet. On DM basis, EPCAN and EPCAR contained 39.6 and 50.2% CP, 20.7 and 26.8% NDF, 16.0 and 0.88% ether extract, 2.32 and 1.82% lysine, 0.74 and 0.96% methionine, 1.63 and 1.89% threonine, and 0.50 and 0.64% tryptophan, respectively. The EPCAN compared with EPCAR, had greater (PPP = 0.078) in SID of threonine. The EPCAN had greater (P < 0.05) net energy value than EPCAN (2,082 vs. 1,576 kcal/kg DM). In conclusion, EPCAR lower energy value than EPCAN. However, EPCAR had greater SID of most AA than EPCAN; therefore, EPCAR can serve as alternative oilseed co-product feedstuff for pigs.

Empiric narrowing of the net energy value of reduced-oil corn distillers’ dried grain with solubles for growing-finishing pigs

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-241
Author(s):  
M. N. Smit ◽  
V. Zamora ◽  
M. G. Young ◽  
N. G. Campbell ◽  
B. Uttaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Tissue Composition ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Net Energy Value ◽  
Corn Distillers ◽  
Feeding Diets

Smit, M. N., Zamora, V., Young, M. G., Campbell, N., Uttaro, B. and Beltranena, E. 2015. Empiric narrowing of the net energy value of reduced-oil corn distillers’ dried grain with solubles for growing-finishing pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 225–241. This study attempted to empirically narrow down the net energy (NE) value of reduced-oil corn distillers’ dried grains and solubles (RO-cDDGS) by evaluating the response in pig growth performance, live backfat and loin depth, carcass traits, and primal pork cuts tissue composition to feeding diets formulated increasing the assumed NE value of RO-cDDGS, expecting a brisk change in slope of the response at the point at which the NE value of RO-cDDGS would be identified. In total, 1056 cross-bred pigs (31.7 kg) housed in 48 pens by gender were fed dietary regimens including 30% RO-cDDGS (6.7% ether extract) with assumed NE values of 1.7, 1.85, 2.0, 2.15, 2.3, or 2.45 Mcal kg−1over five growth periods (Grower 1: days 0–21, Grower 2: days 22–42, Grower 3: days 43–63, Finisher 1: days 64–76, Finisher 2: day 77 to market weight). Pig body weights were measured and feed disappearance (ADFI) was calculated by pen on days 0, 21, 42, 63, 76 and weekly thereafter until target slaughter weight (120 kg). For the entire trial (days 0–76), increasing the assumed NE value of RO-cDDGS linearly increased (P<0.01) ADFI and total lysine intake, did not affect NE intake and daily weight gain (ADG), quadratically decreased (P<0.05) feed efficiency, linearly decreased (P<0.05) live backfat depth and backfat:loin depth ratio, and did not affect carcass characteristics or pork primal cut tissue composition. Segmented regression only identified a change in slope for carcass ADG and lean ADG at 1.85 Mcal kg−1. These results indicate that the experimental approach taken was not reliable in narrowing down the NE value of RO-cDDGS because the decrease in dietary NE was too small (0.03 Mcal kg−1d), which limited the change in dietary Lys:NE ratio with increasing assumed NE value of RO-cDDGS. The approach resulted in progressive, but small changes in slope rather than a clearly identifiable point where one could conclude that the incremental dietary energy contribution from RO-cDDGS changed the response in a given variable.

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