Variation in development of wheat and barley in response to sowing date and variety

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. M. Kirby ◽  
Margaret Appleyard ◽  
Gwynneth Fellowes
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Made In

SummaryA number of commercial varieties and advanced breeding lines of wheat and of barley were each sown successively in the field from early in September until late in February in 3 or 2 years. Shoot apex development was monitored throughout the growing season and the dates at which the double ridge stage and the terminal spikelet stage were attained are reported. There was considerable variation in the date at which these stages occurred, associated both with variety and date of sowing. When sown early, spring wheat varieties and the winter wheat, Fenman, developed more rapidly than the other winter wheats, but the difference disappeared in sowings made in the middle of October or later. Spring barley developed more quickly than winter barley and the difference persisted until sowings made in mid-November.Length of the longest leaf sheath, number of emerged leaves on the main shoot and the time when stem elongation began (‘ear at 1 cm’), plant characters used to assess the stage for various agronomic treatments, were measured in parallel with apex development. The relationships between number of emerged leaves and the length of the longest leaf sheath and stage of development were found to vary with sowing date. The stage ‘ear at 1 cm’ provided a good guide to shoot apex development. Stem length and number of elongated internodes varied with date of sowing. Some of the variation in number of emerged leaves at a given stage and in the final number of elongated internodes was found to be correlated with total number of leaves on the main shoot. The form of analysis used indicated that sowing date may have important effects, via its effect on the number of leaves on the main shoot, on the duration of ear growth in wheat and barley and on the duration of ear formation in barley.

A comparison of spring barley grown in England and in Scotland. 1. Shoot apex development

1980 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. M. Kirby ◽  
R. P. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Golden Promise ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
A Site ◽  
Made In

SummaryAn analysis of development of Golden Promise and Maris Mink spring barley grown in England and in Scotland was made in 1976 and 1977. In both seasons the differences between varieties at a site were small. Rates of leaf emergence and primordium production and the number of primordia formed and the number which died were almost the same at both sites in 1976. In 1977 both leaf emergence and ear initiation started later in Scotland and the rates of leaf emergence and spikelet initiation were slower. Fewer spikelet primordia were formed in Scotland than in England in 1977 but a higher proportion survived to produce potentially fertile florets. Tillers emerged at the same leaf stage of the main shoot and the frequency of tillering differed at some tiller positions between England and Scotland, but the number of tillers produced was similar at both sites.These results show that in Scotland the effect of longer photoperiod which enhances the rate of leaf emergence and primordium production compensates for the lower temperature which slows down these processes. The lower temperature in Scotland particularly in 1977 during the period of spikelet primordium death increased the proportion of spikelets that survived.

scholarly journals Study on the Morpho-physiological Character of Four Quality Protein of Maize (Corn)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-124
Author(s):  
SK Mondal ◽  
MM Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Planting Time ◽  
Physiological Character ◽  
Physiological Variability ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Number Of Leaves

The experiment was conducted to find out the morpho-physiological variability in response to different sowing dates in four lines of Quality Protein Maize (QPM) in in the Field Laboratory of the Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The study was carried out with four lines of maize and two sowing dates, 15 November (T1) and 15 December, ((T2). Sowing date differed significantly in plant height, length of leaf blade, length of leaf sheath, leaf breadth, cob length, cob diameter, length of tassel, days to 50% tasselling, days to 50 % silking, days to maturity, number of cobs per plant, cob weight, number of grain per cob. 1000-seed weight, percent underdeveloped cob, total dry matter and grain yield, but did not differ in number of leaves and protein percent. The lines differed significantly among themselves in those characters except number of leaves per plant, length of leaf sheath, cob length, cob diameter, days to 50% tasselling, number of cobs per plants and number of grain per cob. The line Across 8666 (V2) and (V3) gave the highest grain yield 4.57 and 4.55 and the lowest from (V4) lines 4.41 tons per hectare. The 15 November sowing time (T1) gave the highest grain yield 4.86 tons per hectare. In case of interaction, the earlier planting time (T1) showed better performance with all lines. On the other hand, the highest yield was found from combination of line V2 and V3 with earlier planting time (T1).J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 10(1): 117-124 2017

Pre-maturity gradients in shoot size and in number and size of florets for spring barley treated with mepiquat chloride

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-639
Author(s):  
S. R. Waddington ◽  
Phyllis Cartwright
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Mepiquat Chloride ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Spike Development ◽  
Shoot Size

SummaryEffects of mepiquat chloride on gradients of shoot growth within spring barley plants (cv. Koru) were determined in two small-scale field experiments. Mepiquat chloride was applied at either the lemma primordium stage or the late carpel primordium stage of spike development in the main shoot. The shoot dry weight, stem length, spike length, number and size of florets and floret developmental score were measured for all shoots, over the period from the lemma primordium stage of main shoot spike development to the late milk stage of grain development.Lemma primordium mepiquat chloride increased the size and developmental score of later-formed shorter shoots pre-anthesis while delaying the spike development of the main shoot and other longer shoots by up to 4 days. The overall effect was to produce plants with a reduced range of shoot and spike sizes from the end of floret initiation in the main shoot until maturity. In addition, there was a slight increase in the number of shoots per plant in both experiments. Gradients of carpel development and carpel width along the spike were reduced in all treated spikes by the time of floret abortion in the main shoot but the effects were more noticeable in shorter shoots. The number of florets initiated per plant was increased by 21–22%. All shoots contributed to the larger number of florets but again the major additions came from the shorter shoots. The few extra florets initiated in longer shoots were lost during abortion of distal florets while the 2–5 extra florets on shorter shoots were retained to give extra grains at maturity.Application of mepiquat chloride at the late carpel primordium stage had little effect on gradients of spike size or on number, size and development of florets.

Developmental consequences of two-row and six-row ear type in spring barley: 2. Shoot apex, leaf and tiller development

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. M. Kirby ◽  
T. J. Riggs
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Pleiotropic Effect ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Barley Genotype ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Initiation Phase

SummaryLeaf and tiller production, ear development and ear growth were measured on a two-row and a six-row spring barley genotype, on the F1 between them and on the first backcrosses.Among the developmental differences between the parental genotypes the following appeared to be of particular significance: the two-row genotype bore more leaves on the main shoot than the six-row genotype and these were initiated more slowly, but emerged more rapidly; the two-row genotype had a proportionately longer ear initiation phase than the six-row; the apical dome was bigger in the six-row than in t he tworow; the two-row genotype produced more tillers.The association of characteristics with ear type may depend on a pleiotropic effect of the ear type (V – v) locus or, alternatively, some of these characteristics may be under independent genetic control. The latter hypothesis was supported by the developmental pattern of the F1.It may be that well-adapted two-row and six-row genotypes have patterns of development balanced for the particular ear type. Hybridization between ear types may disrupt these balanced developmental patterns producing a high frequency of poorly adapted genotypes in the progeny.

Prediction of leaf and internode development in wheat

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. WEIGHTMAN ◽  
E. J. M. KIRBY ◽  
R. SYLVESTER-BRADLEY ◽  
R. K. SCOTT ◽  
R. W. CLARE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Final Number ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Basal Internode ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
The Difference

Functions which predict rate of leaf emergence and final number of leaves, used in a model to predict the date at which growth stages occur, were tested in an experiment on winter wheat cv. Mercia grown with standardized husbandry at six sites in 1992/93, 1993/94 and 1994/95. A study of the number of detectable nodes on the culm and leaf length was also made.The predicted rate of leaf emergence was mostly within 5% of the observed value. The difference between observed and predicted final number of leaves was mostly less than half a leaf but suspected errors in leaf counts resulted in some differences of more than two leaves.Variable extension of the basal internode impaired confidence in the detection of nodes. The mean number of detectable nodes differed significantly among sites and between seasons from 3·7 to 4·8 but could not be related to sowing date or final number of leaves. Further information on factors affecting extension of the basal internode is desirable to standardize node detection and improve prediction of culm leaf appearance.Culm leaves showed successively longer laminae up to the penultimate leaf. There was a significant relationship between length of the flag leaf and the final number of leaves, but it was positive in 1993/94 and negative in 1994/95. This may have been due to greater water stress in 1994/95.

Modification of yield components and stem length in spring barley by the application of growth retardants prior to main shoot stem elongation

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Waddington ◽  
Phyllis Cartwright
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Growth Retardants ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Mepiquat Chloride

SummaryThe ability of mepiquat chloride and chlormequat growth retardants to modify grain yield components and stem length in two contrasting spring barley cultivars was evaluated in 2 years of small scale field experiments in central southern England. Interactions with plant population density and sowing date were studied.The mid-tall cv. Koru was more responsive than the shorter high tillering ‘erectoides’ cv. Goldmarker. Early treatments of mepiquat chloride (applied before the start of main shoot stem elongation) on Koru raised grain yield/plant in both years. Early treatments with chlormequat and later applications (during main shoot stem elongation) of either retardant were largely ineffective. Yield increases were achieved by raising the number of spikes/plant along with the number of grains/spike and the above-ground biomass in certain later-formed, lower ranking shoots.A medium plant population density (250 plants/m2) allowed the best response to early treatment with mepiquat chloride, as did a normally-timed sowing in contrast to a late one. Retardant-induced improvements in yield components in Koru were positively correlated with plant height, the result of over-compensation in the length of upper internodes.It appears that effective treatments reduced the dominance of the main shoot during tillering, allowing greater initiation and survival of florets (grain sites) in smaller shoots.

Predominance of flowers and newly formed pods in reproductive abscission of Lupinus angustifolius L

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Pigeaire ◽  
R Delane ◽  
A Seymor ◽  
CA Atkins
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Index Number ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Final Harvest

The stage of development at which reproductive organs abscised on the main inflorescence of Lupinus angustifolius L. plants was studied in field plot trials which incorporated site, sowing date, density and cultivar treatments. The average number of pods on the main inflorescence at final harvest ranged over 1.8 to 8.4, the Reproductive Index (number of seeds per gram total above-ground dry weight, excluding seeds) varied from 3.1 to 7.6, and the Harvest Index from 0.17 to 0.50. Four stages at which abscission occurred were identified (flower [ovaries 7-8 mm long], pl [pods 9-10 mm], p2 [pods 11-13 mm], p3 [pods 14-27 mm long]) and used to assess reproductive development on a week by week basis. In all treatments, losses of flowers and pl pods accounted for 92% or more of total reproductive abscission and, of this, the majority was due to flower abscission. The number of abscised pl pods was relatively stable across treatments, but the number of p2 and p3 pods which abscised varied markedly with sowing date, possibly indicating a relationship with changes in environmental conditions. Examination of ovaries following cryosectioning and fluorescence microscopy showed that pollination of ovules occurred with a similarly high frequency in flowers destined to abscise (77%) compared with those destined to form pods (88%). The difference was due to a 50% probability of pollination of the fifth ovule in ovaries of flowers forming pods and only a 25% probability in those which abscised. The data are discussed in relation to the likely physiological basis for the regulation of reproductive abscission in the species.

The relations between the main shoot and tillers in barley plants

1977 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. M. Kirby ◽  
H. G. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Early Death ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Intact Plants ◽  
Made In

SUMMARYBarley plants normally produce some tillers which die at an early stage, without bearing an ear. To investigate the proposition that these non-ear-bearing tillers may be wasteful of plant resources, two experiments were made in which the effect of tiller growth on the growth and final size of the main shoot was assessed. In one experiment, tillers were removed at a very early stage when they were a few mm long, or later when they were just emerging from the subtending leaf sheath. In the other experiment the main shoot was removed from the embryo and the size of the coleoptile tiller which grew in its absence was measured.Tiller removal affected the growth and final size of the main shoot. Leaves emerged more quickly on the main shoot of the detillered plants and were bigger and sometimes more in number. The main shoot of the detillered plants was heavier and it bore a greater weight of grain because the ear had more and heavier grains. In the experiments where the main shoot was removed the coleoptile tiller produced more leaves, which emerged more rapidly and it bore more grains than the coleoptile tiller of the intact plants.It is concluded that tillers, during their initiation and early growth, compete with the main shoot for a limited supply of resources, thus reducing the size of the main shoot. As some of the resources of the plant are used to produce tillers which die at an early stage and make no contribution to the final grain yield, it appears that they should be regarded as wasteful and that their production may reduce the final grain yield. The physiology of the initiation, growth and early death of these non-ear-bearing tillers requires further investigation.

THE INFLUENCE OF VARIETY, TEMPERATURE, AND STAGE OF GROWTH ON THE RESPONSE OF SPRING BARLEY TO PHOTOPERIOD

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Guitard
Keyword(s):  
Spring Barley ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Head Length ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Internode Elongation ◽  
Head Development ◽  
Number Of Leaves

Olli and Vantage barley were grown in plant growth chambers under 27 combinations of photoperiod at continuous temperatures of 55° and 75°F. in two consecutive experiments. The photoperiod treatments (8, 16 and 24 hours) were applied during seeding to internode elongation (Stage I), internode elongation to heading (Stage II), and heading to maturity (Stage III) of the first culm.Increases in photoperiod during Stage I reduced the number of days from seeding to internode elongation and heading but increased the number of days from heading to maturity, reduced leaf number and height, weight of stem and head, stem length, head length, number of florets and kernels per head, and fertility for the first culm. Time of initiation of tillering relative to elongation of the first internode of the first culm was advanced for Olli but delayed for Vantage with the increases in photoperiod. Tillering extended over a longer period and tillers were more numerous under 16- than under 8-or 24-hour photoperiods during Stage I.Increases in photoperiod during Stage II reduced the number of days from internode elongation to heading but generally increased leaf, stem and head development, and fertility for the first culm, and increased the number of fertile tillers. Increases in photoperiod during Stage III reduced the number of days from heading to maturity of the first culm and increased the number of fertile tillers.An increase in the temperature from 55° to 75°F. reduced the duration and extent of development of the first culm, delayed commencement and reduced duration of tiller initiation, and reduced the number and extent of development of the tillers. The influence of temperature decreased with increase in length of photoperiod.Olli and Vantage differed in duration of leaf initiation and number of leaves associated with the first culm, in kernel weight and in the relative time of initiation of tillering. They were essentially similar in duration and extent of stem and head development and fertility for the first culm, in the duration of tillering and number of tillers produced, and in the extent of stem, head and kernel development of the tillers.There were significant associations of number of days from seeding to internode elongation with number of leaves on the first culm, among stem length, head length, number of florets per head and weight of the stem and head, and of number of tillers with duration of tillering.

scholarly journals Effect of sowing date and variety on main shoot leaf emergence and number of leaves of barley and wheat

Agronomie ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. M. KIRBY ◽  
Margaret APPLEYARD ◽  
Gwynneth FELLOWES
Keyword(s):  
Sowing Date ◽  
Main Shoot ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Number Of Leaves
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