Investigations on copper deficiency in plants

1942 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Piper
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Copper Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Wide Range

A water-culture technique has been described which makes it possible to determine with precision the effects on plant growth resulting from the absence of traces of the various heavy metals.The essential nature of copper for plant growth has been confirmed, and the quantitative data presented show that the addition of traces of copper to a nutrient solution leads to increases of growth of the order of 200–1200%.The characteristic symptoms produced by growing oats, peas, wheat, Wimmera rye-grass, Phalaris, flax, tomato, subterranean clover, and lucerne in nutrient solutions devoid of copper are described. Copper becomes necessary for normal healthy growth at an early seedling stage and is required so long as active growth is proceeding. Optimum growth of oats was obtained throughout a wide range of copper concentration in the nutrient solution.Oats grown in a copper-free nutrient solution until the development of acute deficiency symptoms recovered and completed their normal life cycle on the addition of sufficient copper to the solution.The copper content of oats at various stages of growth has been determined. The proportion of copper in the dry matter of the plant was greatest in the young stages and rapidly decreased as growth proceeded.The copper content of mature oat plants showing symptoms of copper deficiency was less than 1·0 mg. per kg. whether grown in nutrient solution or obtained from copper-deficient soils. Oats which ceased growth from copper deficiency at an earlier stage of development contained a relatively greater amount of copper in their dry matter.

scholarly journals Monitoring and Control Systems in Agriculture Using Intelligent Sensor Techniques: A Review of the Aeroponic System

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran Ali Lakhiar ◽  
Gao Jianmin ◽  
Tabinda Naz Syed ◽  
Farman Ali Chandio ◽  
Noman Ali Buttar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Wireless Sensors ◽  
Fault Detection And Diagnosis ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Intelligent Sensor ◽  
Plant Cultivation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Detection And Diagnosis

In recent years, intelligent sensor techniques have achieved significant attention in agriculture. It is applied in agriculture to plan the several activities and missions properly by utilising limited resources with minor human interference. Currently, plant cultivation using new agriculture methods is very popular among the growers. However, the aeroponics is one of the methods of modern agriculture, which is commonly practiced around the world. In the system, plant cultivates under complete control conditions in the growth chamber by providing a small mist of the nutrient solution in replacement of the soil. The nutrient mist is ejected through atomization nozzles on a periodical basis. During the plant cultivation, several steps including temperature, humidity, light intensity, water nutrient solution level, pH and EC value, CO2concentration, atomization time, and atomization interval time require proper attention for flourishing plant growth. Therefore, the object of this review study was to provide significant knowledge about early fault detection and diagnosis in aeroponics using intelligent techniques (wireless sensors). So, the farmer could monitor several paraments without using laboratory instruments, and the farmer could control the entire system remotely. Moreover, the technique also provides a wide range of information which could be essential for plant researchers and provides a greater understanding of how the key parameters of aeroponics correlate with plant growth in the system. It offers full control of the system, not by constant manual attention from the operator but to a large extent by wireless sensors. Furthermore, the adoption of the intelligent techniques in the aeroponic system could reduce the concept of the usefulness of the system due to complicated manually monitoring and controlling process.

Effects of root environment on the kinetics of 1st month growth and nodulation of alfalfa

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 888-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. D. H. Macdowall
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
N Content ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Pot Size ◽  
Solid Substratum ◽  
Soil Mix

Measurements were made of plant, root, and nodule dry matter, nodule number, acetylene reduction by nitrogenase, plant N content, and shoot height of Medicago sativa L. cv. Algonquin and expressed chiefly as rate constants of growth (k1′). The effects of the nature and quantity of solid substratum, of the form and concentration of combined N and of symbiotic and non-symbiotic growth, were compared in optimum growth room conditions. Plants grew at the same maximum k1′ in vermiculite with or without gravel and in a soil mix when supplied with 15 mM NO3− in the nutrient solution. Plant growth was retarded with decreasing pot size but maximum nodule growth k1′ occurred in 7-cm pots. Nodulation and nitrogenase activity showed maximum k1′ with least added N but moderate additions produced larger yields of roots and nodules. Plant growth in dry matter and N content, expressed as k1′, yield, or absolute rate (k1′∙yield), was under no circumstance increased by symbiosis in this phase of exponential growth. Nodulation was completely inhibited by 15 mM NO3− and higher concentrations of N were generally inhibitory. A transient, postgerminative treatment with 15 mM NO3− provided a sustained boost to growth. Combined N supplied as NO2− or NH4+ at 15 mM in the nutrient solution without NO3− suported k1′ values comparable to those obtained with less than 1.5 mM NO3−.

Seed yield and nutritive value of dry, mature subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. J. Ru ◽  
J. A. Fortune
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Wide Range

The nutritive value of 26 cultivars of dry, mature subterranean clover was evaluated at Shenton Park, Perth, Western Australia. The cultivars were divided into 3 maturity groups according to flowering time and each cultivar was sown in blocks comprising 4 replicates. The plots were grazed by sheep at 2-week intervals during the growing season. Dry mature plant material and soil were sampled in summer to examine the effect of grazing and cultivar on seed yield and nutritive value of feed residues. Cultivars heavily grazed in spring had a low herbage mass. There was no difference in seed yield and seed weight between heavily and lightly grazed cultivars. Dry matter digestibility and mineral content of dry residues was inconsistent for the 2 grazing treatments. The dry matter digestibility of dry, mature subterranean clover ranged from 40 to 56%, with a wide range of crude fibre, nitrogen and mineral content for the 26 cultivars. While most minerals in the dry residues were above the requirement for sheep, 7 cultivars had a zinc content less than the maintenance requirement for sheep. There was an imbalance for all cultivars in calcium: phosphorus with a range of 4–10: 1. Concurrent estimates on the yield and composition of seed indicated that seed can be resource of minerals for grazing animals in summer. Most cultivars had a seed yield over 100 g/m2 with that of 9 cultivars being over 130 g/m2. Seed was rich in nitrogen, sodium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc and copper, and poor in sodium, calcium and manganese. However, there were no cultivars with an appropriate ratio of calcium and phosphorus. The imbalance in nitrogen and sulfur was a result of high nitrogen content with the ratio ranging from 19: 1 to 29: 1.

Evaluation of some annual Trifolium spp. under irrigation

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
KB Kelly ◽  
WK Mason
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Habit ◽  
Germinable Seed ◽  
Early Establishment

Eighteen annual species (38 lines) of the genus Trifolium were sown in 1982 as nursery plots to evaluate their potential under irrigation at Kyabram in northern Victoria. A wide range in plant habit, plant growth and flowering time was observed both within and between species. This experiment was used to select species for further agronomic evaluation; those selected were T. balansae CPI45856, T. purpureum cv. Paratta, T. resupinatum cv. Maral and the subterranean clover species T. brachycalycinum cv. Clare, T. subterraneum cv. Woogenellup and T. yanninicum cv. Trikkala. Pure swards of T. balansae, T. resupinatum and a mixture of subterranean clover cultivars were sown on five occasions in 1983. The first four sowings were established by irrigation on 7 February, 28 February, 21 March and 11 April; the fifth was sown on 20 June. T. purpureum was included only on 28 February and 20 June. Establishment was low (35% of germinable seed sown) at the first two times of establishment, when temperatures and evaporation rates were high. Early establishment increased the productivity of all species, by increasing autumn-winter production with only slight indications of a decline in spring growth. Spring productivity of T. resupinatum was superior to all other species. Irrigation into early summer maintained the growth of T. resupinatum but not of the other species. Data on growth rates, in vitro dry matter digestibility and nitrogen content are also presented.

Plant growth with nutrient solutions: II. A comparison of pure sand and fresh soil as the aggregate for plant growth

1946 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowland Marcus Woodman ◽  
Delphine Ainslie Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Edible Portion ◽  
Nutritional Elements ◽  
Statistical Experiments ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Nutrient Reserves ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Statistical experiments have been carried out as pot cultures in the greenhouse, with sand and soil as the aggregates (nutrients being supplied to both aggregates in the form of nutrient solutions), on the growth of the two vegetables turnip and spring cabbage to the stage of maturity usual in actual practice. With full nutrients, the soil, possibly because of such factors as its nutrient reserves, its physical properties, and its capacity for retaining certain nutritional elements supplied, was superior to the sand as judged by yields of fresh and dry matter for tops and whole plants of both vegetables, and roots for the turnip, thus including the edible portion ofboth plants; the (true) root of the cabbage, however, yielded more in the sand under these conditions. Similar results were obtained even when the concentrations of the nutrients for the soil were only half those in the full nutrient solution applied to the sand, so that it may be stated that fresh soil is greatly superior to sand under equal conditions as an aggregate in the growth of vegetables with nutrient solutions.

The effect of copper supply on vegetative and seed yield of pasture legumes and the field calibration of a tissue test for detecting copper deficiency. I. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum and Trifolium yanninicum)

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 817 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Pasture Legumes

Three cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cvv. Woogenellup, Nungarin; Trifolium yanninicum cv. Trikkala) were grown on three copper-deficient soil types at seven rates of copper, applied at sowing, to determine their vegetative and seed yield response to copper fertilizer.On two soil types, symptoms of copper deficiency were apparent where no copper was supplied. On the third, symptoms appeared only in one season, after the site was waterlogged. On the three soil types, the symptoms disappeared when 0.125 kg Cu/ha was applied at sowing. although at this rate vegetative and seed yields were reduced by as much as 44% and 59% respectively.The proposed critical concentration range in youngest open leaf tissue for both diagnosing maximum vegetative dry matter and predicting maximum seed yield is 3.0-4.5 mg Cu/kg for Woogenellup and Nungarin subterranean clover. Trikkala subterranean clover had higher critical concentration ranges for diagnosing maximum vegetative dry matter (4.0-6.0 mg Culkg) and predicting maximum seed yield (4.5-7.0 mg Cu/kg). It was not clear whether this difference was due to a higher internal requirement for copper of Trikkala or overlying environmental conditions affecting the external copper supply at the time of sampling.For whole top tissue (WT), there was no difference in the critical concentration range between the three cultivars for diagnosing maximum vegetative yield (3.0-4.0 mg Cu/kg). However, the critical concentration in WT for predicting maximum seed yield was higher for Trikkala (5.0-6.0 mg Cu/kg) than Woogenellup and Nungarin (3.5-4.5 mg Cu/kg). In the pasture situation, a critical concentration of 5.0-6.0 mg Cu/kg in the WT should be adopted when animal requirement is considered.Seed copper concentration for predicting maximum seed or vegetative yield was not a reliable indicator of copper status of subterranean clover.

Enzymic diagnosis of copper deficiency in subterranean clover. I. Relationship of ascorbate oxidase activity in leaves to plant copper status

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 967 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Loneragan ◽  
E Delhaize ◽  
J Webb
Keyword(s):  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Ascorbate Oxidase ◽  
Copper Level ◽  
Manganese Zinc ◽  
Copper Status ◽  
Relationship Of

Ascorbate oxidase activity in leaf blades of various ages was examined in relation to copper supply to subterranean clover cv. Seaton Park grown in the glasshouse on a copper-deficient sand. At each copper level, ascorbate oxidase activity per g fresh weight was highest in the youngest leaf blades and declined steeply with age; activity per leaf remained relatively constant with leaf age. On either basis, and in leaf blades of each age category, ascorbate oxidase activity followed copper level. The activity per young folded leaf (YFL) was chosen as the most suitable criterion for a diagnostic test of copper deficiency. Ascorbate oxidase activity per YFL correlated closely with the response to copper of the dry matter yield of plant tops. Activity per YFL also correlated closely with copper concentrations in the youngest open leaf (YOL). These correlations held for Seaton Park subterranean clover when nitrogen was supplied either as NH4NO3 or by symbiotic fixation. Ascorbate oxidase activity in YFL of Mt Barker subterranean clover grown at varying copper levels in the field also correlated closely with YOL copper concentrations in the same plants. Moreover, subterranean clover plants deficient in any one of six other nutrients (nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, manganese, zinc) all had ascorbate oxidase activities above the suggested critical value for adequate copper supply. It is suggested that ascorbate oxidase activity in YFL can be used as a specific and sensitive test for the copper status of subterranean clover, with activities of = 50 nmol O2/min per leaf indicating deficiency, = 100 indicating sufficiency, and 50-100 indicating a marginal copper supply.

The effectiveness of zinc fertilizers as measured by DTPA soil extractable zinc, dry matter production and zinc uptake by subterranean clover in relation to soil properties of a range of Australian soils

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Soil Extraction ◽  
Zn Uptake ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Zinc Fertilizer

The effectiveness of zinc fertilizer (Zn) on a wide range of Australian soils was examined using subterranean clover (Trifolium subterranean cv. Nungarin) as a test crop in a glasshouse experiment. The initial effectiveness (IE) of zinc fertilizer as measured by dry matter production (DMP), and zinc content (uptake) of subterranean clover (clover) was found to vary markedly among the soil types. No simple linear retationship between the initial effectiveness measured by either dry matter production or uptake and any one soil property was found. IE values were found to be related to the pH (1 : 5 soil :water) (pHw) and the level of DTPA soil extractable zinc measured in the unfertilized soil (Zno). IE based on Zn uptake by clover tops was also related to the organic carbon (OC) (%) content of the soils. The model for IE measured by DMP in a stepwise linear regression was IEDMP = 2.682 - 0.107 pH,-4.852 Zn, (n = 45; r2 = 0-86). IE based on Zn uptake by clover tops was: IEuptake = 10.842 - 0.882 pH, - 0.310 OC (%) - 1.349 Zn, (n = 54; R2 = 0.85). The IE of zinc fertilizer measured by DTPA soil extraction (IEDTPA-zn) was also found to vary markedly among soil types. The level of zinc extracted by DTPA after the addition of Zn fertilizer was found to be affected by clay (%), organic carbon (%) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) (%) content of the range of Australian soils. This relationship could be described by: IEDTPA - Zn = 0.178 + 0.0.002 Clay (%) + 0.014 OC (%) + 0.018 CaCO3 (%) (N = 54, r2 = 0.84)

The influence of soil type on phosphorus toxicity in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Monocalcium Phosphate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Toxicity ◽  
Soil Effects ◽  
Pot Culture

Five soils were investigated in pot culture, using a wide range of levels of monocalcium phosphate. The amount of phosphorus required to produce phosphorus toxicity symptoms in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) varied widely between soils, even when all other nutrients were adequately supplied. Soil effects are ascribed largely to differences in capacity to "fix" soluble phosphorus in forms not readily available for plant growth. Wherever the problem is likely to occur in the field, poor nodulation may accentuate the malady.

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