Graded levels of herringmeal to bacon pigs, effect on growth rate, feed efficiency and bacon quality

1961 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Laksesvela
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Petrol Ether ◽  
Effect On Growth

1. The relationship between the level of feeding herringmeal and its effect on growth rate, feed efficiency and bacon quality has been examined in nine experiments, each consisting of three groups of seven (in one series six pigs). All experiments concerned herringmeal with about 7% petrol ether extracted fat, fed in combination with ground cereal grains and concentrates (Table 2).2. Seven levels of feeding were tried. In the live weight period 20–30 kg they amounted to 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12%, herringmeal respectively. Later the percentages were successively reduced as follows: in the period 30–50 kg live weight 3/4, in the period 50–65 kg 1/2 and in the period 65–80 1/4 of the original amounts. No herringmeal was fed from 80 to 90 kg when the pigs were slaughtered (Table 1).3. Increased levels of herringmeal produced increased growth rate and also brought about an increased feed efficiency. Most of the response was obtained with moderate levels, i.e. additions starting with 6–8%. Higher levels exerted more total effect, but these further accelerations progressively lessened. For initial additions of 6% herringmeal the growth rate improved on an average estimated at 8% and the feed efficiency by 5% compared with the performances of the pigs on an all-vegetable control diet, whereas corresponding figures for initial additions of 12% were about 13 and 7, respectively. Lower levels proved of little benefit (Tables 3 and 4 and Figs. 1 and 2). Growth-promoting effect of levels of 6% or more proved significant.

THE EFFECTS OF SEX AND AGE OF MALE AT CASTRATION ON GROWTH AND CARCASS QUALITY OF YORKSHIRE SWINE

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Charette
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Effect On Growth

The effects of sex and age of castration of males on growth rate, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics in bacon type swine were measured using 16 pigs each as gilts, entire boars, and boars castrated at birth, 6, 12, 16, and 20 weeks of age. Castration at 20 weeks was too late since some pigs reached 200 pounds live weight before that age. Boars consumed less feed daily than barrows and gilts, were thinner in loin fat, and yielded a higher percentage of shoulder than gilts. The carcasses of boars and gilts were longer, had less fat covering over the shoulder and back, a larger area of loin, and a higher iodine number than those castrated late. Acceptability tests showed that sex or age of castration did not affect the flavour, odour, or tenderness of the meat.Purebred breeders can delay castration for better selection of boars without any serious effect on growth, physical carcass characteristics, and feed requirements. Although the market discriminates against boars, it appears questionable whether castration is necessary when boars are slaughtered at 200 pounds before they reach the age of 150 days.

scholarly journals REPLACEMENT VALUE BISCUIT WASTE FOR MAIZE IN BROILER DIETS.

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 70-78
Author(s):  
O. Lounge
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Maize Cob ◽  
Abdominal Fat Deposition

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the inclusion of biscuit waste in broiler diets. Performance was measured as growth rate and feed efficiency when 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of maize in a control diet was replaced by the by-product and fed to broilers for 12 weeks. Substitution for maize at 100% level significantly (P<0.05) affected performance although he cost of feed/kg live weight gain was N1.41 com­pared with ₦1.82 for the control diet. Ikletabolizable energy and nitrogen retention was not affected by dietary treatment but fat retention was significantly higher (P< 0.05) at 75 and 100% substitution. The carcass weights expressed as percentage of liveweights were not significantly affected but abdominal fat deposition was higher of the high levels of inclusion of biscuit waste. When maize was completely eliminated from the diet, bulking with 5, 7.5 or 10% maize cob as additional fibre source increas­ed feed intake but inclusion beyond 5% level did not improve feed efficiency. Fat and nitrogen retention and abdominal fat deposi­ted significantly (P • 0.05) decreased at 7.5 and 10% maize cob inclusion but gizzard weight increased.

scholarly journals Effect of genotype, age of hens and K/k allele on eggshell quality

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 242-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Ledvinka ◽  
L. Zita ◽  
M. Hubený ◽  
E. Tůmová ◽  
M. Tyller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Feed Mixture ◽  
Eggshell Quality ◽  
Feather Growth ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Relationship

We assessed the influence of the particular genotype, age of layers, feather growth-rate gene, and their mutual interactions on selected indicators of eggshell quality in six groups of hens of the laying type Dominant. The following genotypes were examined in the experiment: Barred Plymouth Rock, Dominant BPR 951 (K) strain, slow-feathering; Barred Plymouth Rock, Dominant BPR 901 (k) strain, fast-feathering; Blue Plymouth Rock, Dominant BLPR 954 (K) strain, slow-feathering; Blue Plymouth Rock, Dominant BLPR 894 (k) strain, fast-feathering; crossbreds of the above strains in the F<sub>1</sub> generation Dominant D 107 blue (K), slow-feathering and Dominant D 107 blue (k), fast-feathering. The layers were fed a feed mixture NP1 (16.64 % CP) from the 20<sup>th</sup> week of age and a feed mixture NP2 (15.02% CP) from the 42<sup>nd</sup> week. Husbandry conditions met the regular requirements of laying hens. Egg production and live weight of hens were monitored for the duration of the experiment (12 months). Eggshell quality was examined at the layers' age of 27, 35 and 56 weeks. The average hen-day egg production for the duration of the experiment (12 months) was not significantly influenced by the particular genotype or the feather growth-rate gene. The varying representation of the feather growth-rate gene significantly (P &le; 0.001) influenced the live weight; similarly, the relationship between the genotype and the representation of K/k alleles was significant. The average egg weight was influenced statistically significantly (P &le; 0.001) by the age of hens, their genotype (P &le; 0.05), feather growth-rate gene (P &le; 0.001), and the relationship between the age and genotype (P &le; 0.001). The age of hens, genotype, and the interaction of these two factors affected the egg shape index, as did the incidence of the feather growth-rate gene within the population (with a statistical significance of P &le; 0.001). The age, genotype and the feather growth-rate gene incidence within the population also significantly affected the eggshell quality indicators. In the eggshell to egg ratio, eggshell thickness and strength, an interaction was determined between the age of hens and their particular genotype. The eggshell colour was also significantly (P &le; 0.001) affected by hens' age, genotype (P &le; 0.001), as well as by the feather growth-rate gene (P &le; 0.001). No significant interaction between the age and the genotype was found for this indicator.

Selection on ram 18-month weight to improve lamb growth rate

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-164
Author(s):  
D. Croston ◽  
J. L. Read ◽  
D. W. Jones ◽  
D. E. Steane ◽  
C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Indirect Selection ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lamb Growth

ABSTRACTThirteen pairs of Suffolk rams were selected on high and low 18-month adjusted live weight from six farms over 2 years, to establish the relationship between 18-month weight and early lamb growth. Progeny were first produced in recorded crossbred flocks (618 lambs) and then in an experimental flock of crossbred ewes (1083 lambs). Different results were obtained from the recorded and experimental flocks. The regressions of lamb 12- to 13-week weight on ram 18-month weight (within farm deviation) were 0·053 ± 0·022 kg and –0·004 ± 0·020 kg, respectively. These regressions for indirect selection correspond to ‘effective’ heritabilities for direct selection for lamb growth of 0·18 ± 0·07 and 0·02 ± 0·06 respectively. Improvement of early Iamb growth is discussed and it is concluded that selection for 18-month weight is unlikely to be a useful method.

Relationship between meat colour and feed efficiency in pigs

1960 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zofia Osińska ◽  
J. Kielanowski
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Progeny Testing ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Meat Colour ◽  
The Relationship

Data from Danish Progeny Testing Stations were used to investigate the relationship between the colour of meat and feed efficiency in pigs. For groups slaughtered during the summer there was a highly significant correlation. As the amount of feed consumed per unit live-weight gain declined so the meat became paler. For groups slaughtered in winter and for data pooled over the whole year, there was no significant correlation. Possible explanations of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals Inulin results in increased levels of β-catenin and cyclin D1 as the adenomas increase in size from small to large in the Min/+ mouse

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 963-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjo Misikangas ◽  
Heidi Tanayama ◽  
Johanna Rajakangas ◽  
Jere Lindén ◽  
Anne-Maria Pajari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Cyclin D1 ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Colon Tumorigenesis ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Dietary Strategies ◽  
Metalloproteinase 9

The mechanism that drives the growth of some colonic adenomas towards malignancy, while permitting others to remain for decades in quiescence, remains unknown. Diets can alter the growth rate of intestinal tumours but it is still unknown whether diets are able to alter the molecular biology of these adenomas in a way that predicts further outcome. To address this issue we fed Min/+ mice with two diets known to lead to different adenoma outcomes: a high-fat control diet (n 15) or a high-fat inulin-enriched (10 % w/w) diet (n 13). To study the effect of diet on cell signalling during adenoma growth, the adenomas of each Min/+ mouse were divided into three size-categories, and the levels of β-catenin, E-cadherin, cyclin D1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9, which are known to be involved in colon tumorigenesis, were determined. The growth-promoting inulin diet resulted in more large adenomas than the control feeding (P = 0·003) and doubled the total area of the adenomas (P = 0·008). The inulin diet increased the expression of nuclear β-catenin (P = 0·004) and its target cyclin D1 (P = 0·017) as the adenomas increased in size from small to large, indicating the presence of an accelerated cancerous process. Neither phenomenon was seen in the control group during adenoma growth. Our results suggest that in addition to the number, size, and growth rate of adenomatous polyps, the signalling pattern of the adenomas should also be considered when evaluating preventive dietary strategies.

The intensive rearing of lambs 2. Voluntary food intake and performance on diets of varying oat husk and beef tallow content

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Owen ◽  
D. A. R. Davies ◽  
E. L. Miller ◽  
W. J. Ridgman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Beef Tallow ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Intensive Rearing ◽  
Pelleted Diet ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Oat Husk ◽  
The Relationship

1. Two experiments concerned with the voluntary intake of food by artificially reared lambs are described and the results discussed.2. When the diets were pelleted the addition of finely ground oat husks to form as much as 40% of the diet had practically no effect on live weight gain since the lambs controlled their consumption to achieve the same energy intake on the various diets. When the diets were given as a meal, the addition of 20% oat husks caused food intake to increase, digestible dry-matter intake to remain the same and growth rate to be somewhat poorer; but the addition of 40% oat husks caused no further increase in intake so that digestible drymatter intake fell markedly and growth rate was much reduced. It is argued that the relationship between food intake and digestibility is dependent on the physical form of the diet.3. Addition of beef tallow to the meal diets had very little effect on the lambs' performance.4. Lambs which had received a restricted quantity of milk replacer from birth to 11·4 kg live weight had a slower growth rate and poorer food conversion efficiency during the subsequent feeding period (13·6–34·1 kg) than lambs which had received milk ad libitum. This effect was greater with meal diets containing 40% oat husks than with more concentrated diets.5. On a pelleted diet containing 85% barley a conversion ratio of 3·21 was achieved over the whole fattening period, indicating the commercial feasibility of intensive lamb production on cereal diets.

Further studies on unrestricted whey for fattening pigs including the effect of omitting antibiotic from the diet during the later stages of fattening

1959 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Braude ◽  
K. G. Mitchell ◽  
A. S. Cray ◽  
A. Franke ◽  
P. H. Sedgwick
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Meal Feeding ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Fattening Period ◽  
Fattening Pigs ◽  
Experimental Pigs ◽  
Effect On Growth

1. Results are reported of an experiment with fattening pigs carried out under commercial conditions, to obtain further information on the comparison of all-meal feeding with meal plus unrestricted amounts of whey. In addition, the effect of omitting the antibiotic, oxytetracycline, from the diet during the latter half of the fattening period was investigated.2. There were four treatments. (i) Meal only ad lib. up to a daily maximum of 6 lb./pig, with oxytetracycline included in the diet for the whole fattening period. (ii) As (i) but oxytetracycline included in the diet only up to an average pen live weight of 130 lb. (iii) 3 lb. meal reduced to 2 lb./pig/day by 13 weeks of age plus unrestricted amounts of whey with oxytetracycline included in the basal meal for the whole fattening period. (iv) As (iii) but oxytetracycline included in the diet only up to an average pen live weight of 130 lb.There were five pens of nine group-fed pigs on each treatment, involving a total of 180 pigs. The pigs were on experiment from approximately 8 weeks of age to bacon weight. Comprehensive carcass measurements were made on all pigs.3. The meal plus whey-fed pigs grew significantly slower and utilized their food significantly less efficiently than those fed meal only. They also had a significantly lower dressing percentage, but longer and less fat carcasses than the all-meal fed animals. The results are discussed in relation to those obtained in earlier experiments completed under similar conditions at the Cow and Gate farm.4. Comparison of the efficiency of food utilization results of the all-meal and meal plus whey-fed pigs showed that 1 gal. of whey replaced approximately 0·7 lb. of meal.5. The results showed that omission of antibiotic from the diet of either the all-meal or meal plus whey-fed pigs after they reached 130 lb. live weight, had no significant effect on growth rate, efficiency of food utilization or any carcass measurements of the pigs.We wish to thank the Director of Messrs C. and G. Prideaux, Ltd., Bacon Curers, Motcombe, Shaftesbury, Dorset, for permission to take carcass measurements of the experimental pigs, and we are greatly indebted to Messrs K. Lawrence and P. Prideaux who most conscientiously took these measurements.

scholarly journals The effect of growth and development intensity in replacement heifers on economically important traits of Holstein cattle in the Czech Republic

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 277-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bouška ◽  
M. Štípková ◽  
M. Krejčová ◽  
L. Bartoň
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Productive Life ◽  
Reproduction Traits ◽  
The Relationship

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of growth and development intensity in Holstein replacement heifers on economically important animal traits. The intensity of growth was assessed by the average live weight gain until 14 months of age. In addition, live weight and height at the sacrum at 14 months of age were analysed as indicators of growth and development when evaluating the length of productive life. The milk yield of first-calvers increased as the average daily live weight gain in the rearing period increased. An opposite tendency was recorded for cows in their second and third lactation and the total production also decreased with a higher growth rate of heifers. The analysis of the relationship between growth rate and the following reproduction traits revealed that the increased average daily live weight gain to 14 months was subsequently associated with reduced reproduction efficiency in cows. The differences between the groups with the lowest and the highest average live weight gains in the number of days open in the first and second calving interval were 26.78 and 17.47 days, respectively. This tendency was also confirmed in the other reproduction traits analysed. Productive life was significantly longer in animals with the lowest intensity of growth and development compared to the other groups (2.17 to 5.49 months, <i>P</i> < 0.01).

The effect of herbage allowance on herbage intake and performance of lambs grazing perennial ryegrass and red clover swards

1976 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Gibb ◽  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Asymptotic Curves ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryThe effect of daily herbage allowance on herbage intakes and growth rates lambs grazing perennial ryegrass and red clover was investigated in two experiments. Herbage allowances defined as g herbage D.M./kg live weight (LW)/day were controlled by varying the areas of plots grazed for 2 days by groups of six lambs.In the first experiment five herbage allowances in the range 20–120 g D.M./kg LW/day were offered on two areas of a perennial ryegrass (cv. S. 23) sward that received nitrogen fertilizer applications of 39 or 78 kg N/ha/28 days. In the second experiment five herbage allowances in the range 30–160 g D.M./kg LW/day were offered on perennial ryegrass (cv. S. 23) and red clover (cv. Hungaropoly) swards.Asymptotic curves were fitted to describe the relationship between herbage allowance and daily intake of herbage. In Expt 1 nitrogen fertilizer rates did not affect the yield of herbage or animal performance. In Expt 2 intakes were higher on the clover sward than on the ryegrass sward at the higher herbage allowances.The asymptotic curves to describe the relationship between herbage allowance and growth rate of lambs differed widely between periods. Growth rate of the lambs increased linearly with increase in digestible organic matter intake. Live-weight gain per unit of digestible organic matter intake was higher on the red clover than on the ryegrass.The conclusion is drawn that if the herbage present to ground level is not more than three times the daily intake of the animals, intake of herbage of the animals may bo restricted.

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