The Safety and Efficacy Evaluation of PRRS Attenuated Vaccine BG895 Strain in Experimental Pigs

From the PRRSV virulent strain BG8 isolated from a PRRSV-infected pig, using serial passage method in MARC-145 cell line, we have successfully obtained an attenuated strain in 95th passage, named as BG895, with high potential to be a vaccine candidate. In this study, we present the results of the safety and efficacy evaluation of BG895 against PRRSV in experimental pigs. Trial results of vaccine formula using strain BG895 have very high safety when inoculating 5 doses/animal and 10 doses/animal. Evaluation of immune response by ELISA method showed that, from 14 days post inoculation, anti-PRRSV antibodies were detected in the serum of all inoculated pigs in vaccine batches with the lowest S/P index of 1.50 ± 0.4 and the highest S/P was 2.36 ± 0.1 from 28 days post inoculation. The IPMA method showed that the antibody titer of the vaccine reached ≥ 1/160 in 100% of pigs from 21 days post inoculation andreached ≥ 1/640 in 100% of pigs from 28 days post inoculation, indicating that the vaccine was effective at protecting 100% of pigs from 28 days post inoculation. The protective effect of the vaccine was evaluated by the virulent challenge from 28 days post inoculation with 1 dose/animal compared with the control group. The results showed that compared with all pigs in the control group with typical clinical manifestations of Blue-ear disease, all inoculated pigs had normal body temperature and weight gain, besides, the S/P index increased from 1.65 ± 0.1 to the highest 2.99 ± 0.2; the average antibody titer was >1/2560, and virus wasnot detected in nasal fluid by real-time RT-PCR from 7 days post challenge. These experimental results confirmed the safety and efficacy of the attenuated PRRS vaccine based on BG895strain.

The effect of herbal phytoextract on metabolic parameters of sows and piglets

The purpose of the research was to study the effect of a phytocomplex containing herbal extracts of R. carthamoides, S. coronata, F. ulmaria on blood biochemistry of milking sows, the development and viability of piglets born by the time of weaning. For the experiment, the animals were divided into an experimental (Phytoadditive) and a control (SPK-2 compound feed) groups, 10 animals each. Phytoadditive in dry form was introduced into the diet of pigs of the experimental group during the sucking period (30 days) daily, once per head per day - 10 grams (individually). Before the beginning and at the end of the experiment, the blood of sows was examined for biochemical parameters. The multiplicity, the quality of the piglets born, the weight of the nest and one pig after birth and before weaning, as well as viability were determined. As the result, it was found that the concentration of the investigated extractives in the Phytoadditive was 13.5 g/kg, of which 10.5 g were ecdysteroids and 3.0 g of flavonoid rutin. Significant changes in the total protein content in the blood compared with the beginning of the experiment were noted in experimental pigs from 60.2±0.5 to 67.3±0.2 g/l (P <0.05) and in the control group from 61.0±0.2 to 66.1±0.1 g/l (P <0.05), the "Ca" content from 2.1±0.01 to 2.7±0.02 mmol/l (P <0.05) in the experimental group and from 2.0±0.01 to 2.5±0.02 mmol/l (P <0.05) in the control groups, while being within the normal range. The amount of albumin significantly increased only in the experimental group from 40.8±1.2 to 49.3±2.8 g/l (P <0.05), in the control from 42.2±2.1 to 46.0±1.5 g/l (P> 0.05). The number of piglets with low viability in the experimental group was 2 times less than in the control group. The viability of piglets in the experimental group by the time of weaning was 92.6 %, in the control ‒ 83.2 %.

The Impact of Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Gastrointestinal Injury on the Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Donepezil and Its Active Metabolite 6-O-desmethyldonepezil, and Gastric Myoelectric Activity in Experimental Pigs

Gastrointestinal side effects of donepezil, including dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, occur in 20–30% of patients. The pathogenesis of these dysmotility associated disorders has not been fully clarified yet. Pharmacokinetic parameters of donepezil and its active metabolite 6-O-desmethyldonepezil were investigated in experimental pigs with and without small intestinal injury induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Morphological features of this injury were evaluated by a video capsule endoscopy. The effect of a single and repeated doses of donepezil on gastric myoelectric activity was assessed. Both DSS-induced small intestinal injury and prolonged small intestinal transit time caused higher plasma concentrations of donepezil in experimental pigs. This has an important implication for clinical practice in humans, with a need to reduce doses of the drug if an underlying gastrointestinal disease is present. Donepezil had an undesirable impact on porcine myoelectric activity. This effect was further aggravated by DSS-induced small intestinal injury. These findings can explain donepezil-associated dyspepsia in humans.

Evaluation of prebiotic activity of conventional fibre feedstuffs in the diets of pigs

Over the years, significant research efforts have been made to improve livestock welfare and productivity. In part, this has been achieved through the use of in-feed antibiotics to enhance production and maintain animal health. More recently, the risks of residual effects, cross- resistance and development of antibacterial resistant strains especially on animal and final consumers of animal products provided justification for prohibition, hence the continuous search for suitable and cost-effective alternatives. This study evaluated the prebiotic activity of four fibre feedstuffs in diets of pigs. Twenty growing crossbred (Large White × Hampshire) pigs with a mean weight of 40±0.50 Kg were randomly allotted to four fibre feedstuffs namely palm kernel cake (PKC), brewer's dried grain (BDG), wheat offal (WO) and rice bran (RB) as well as maize in a 14-day feeding trial to examine their effect on the growth of non-pathogenic gut microbiota. The experimental pigs were randomly allocated to the diets in a completely randomized design with four animals per treatment. The arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide concentrations, proximate and cell wall composition of fibre feedstuffs, short chain fatty acids concentrations, apparent nutrient digestibility in the experimental animals, and the activities of bacteria in the guts of the experimental pigs were evaluated. Results showed significant difference (p<0.05) in arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide concentration among treatment groups. The short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) affected by fibre sources both at the foregut and hindgut of pigs. Also, the SCFAs concentrations produced in the hindgut were numerically (p >0.05) higher compared to the values in the foregut of pigs. The results also demonstrated that acetate and butyrate were mainly produced in the foregut while the concentration of propionate in addition to butyrate increased in the hindgut of pigs. The digesta acetate concentration was negatively correlated with dietary acid detergent fibre (ADF) and cellulose in the foregut. All the fibre feedstuffs promoted the growth of non-pathogenic Lactobacillus than maize in the foregut and hindgut, hence, palm kernel cake, brewer dried grains, wheat offal and rice bran could elicit prebiotic activity in the gut of growing pigs and enhance animal welfare. A cause du scepticisme qui suit l'utilisation de la farine d'écorce de manioc, il a été préconisé que sa valeur nutritive pour la volaille soit améliorée. Ainsi, une expérience a été menée pour évaluer l'effet diététique de la farine d'écorce de manioc (le 'CPM') améliorée en complétant avec Calopogonium mucunoides (le 'CM') sur la digestibilité apparente des nutriments, la croissance, le rendement en viande et les organes internes des poulets de chair. Le 'CPM' a été amélioré en mélangeant 1000 g de celui-ci avec des feuilles fraîches et succulentes 'CM' à des niveaux de 0, 10, 20, 30 et 40% respectivement et inclus dans les régimes. Cent quarante-quatre (144) poussins Hubbard d'un jour ont été utilisés. Ils ont été regroupés en six traitements (T1-T6), répliqués en trois et avec huit oiseaux / répliques dans un plan complètement randomisé (le 'CRD'). Le traitement 1 (T1) était le régime témoin sans CPM, T2 contenait du CPM non amélioré tandis que T3-T6 contenait du CPM mélangé à 10, 20, 30 et 40% de 'CM', respectivement. Des aliments et de l'eau ont été offerts à volonté pendant 49 jours. Les résultats ont montré que le 'CM' améliorait la teneur en protéines brutes, en extrait d'éther et en fibres du 'CPM'. Le poids vif et le rapport alimentation : gain étaient meilleurs (P <0,05) avec un 'CPM' amélioré, mais affectés négativement par un 'CPM' non amélioré lors de la phase de démarrage. De même, lors de la phase de démarrage, la prise alimentaire n'a pas été modifiée de manière significative (P> 0,05). Lors de la phase de finition, alors que le poids vif était augmenté de 20 à 40% de 'CPM' amélioré, la prise alimentaire était réduite (P <0,05). Le meilleur rapport alimentation : gain a été enregistré par une 'CM' améliorée de 40%. Le CPM non amélioré réduit la digestibilité de la matière sèche, des protéines, de l'extrait d'éther et de l'utilisation de l'énergie ; pourcentage habillé, le poids du sein, du gésier, des reins, du pancréas et de l'intestin grêle mais augmentation du volume de la bile et de la taille des caecas. Par conséquent, il est recommandé d'utiliser 40% de muconoides depour améliorer la farine de pelure de manioc à inclure dans l'alimentation des poulets de chair.

PORK QUALITY WHEN USING IMMUNOMODULATORY DRUG

The data on the quality of pork when using an immunomodulatory drug (IMiD) are presented. It was found that the muscular tissue of experimental piglets has the best physico-chemical, product and process characteristics. It is evidenced by a higher protein content, protein quality index, better water-holding capacity, less juice loss upon the application of heat. The quality and bioavailability of subcutaneous fat improves, which is confirmed by a higher content of dry matter, iodine absorption number and lower softening point. Muscular and adipose tissues of experimental pigs are non-toxic and belong to the category of organic product.

PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF DRY-RESISTANT VARIETIES OF CHICKPEA IN FEEDING PIGS

The article discusses the possibilities and prospects of using drought-resistant varieties of chickpea of the Volgograd selection in feeding pigs. The relevance of the research topic is associated with the need to solve the problem of deficiency of feed protein and micronutrients, as well as to organize waste-free production. Described are innovative ways of processing chickpea grain. Evaluation of the efficiency of using chickpea processing products in the pig-breeding industry is carried out by performing a scientific and economic experiment with the use of experimental pigs of the large white breed.

Case Report: Intoxication in a Pig (Sus Scrofa Domesticus) After Transdermal Fentanyl Patch Ingestion

An experimental study on the effects of electroporation on pancreatic tissue was performed in pigs, and the fentanyl transdermal patch (FTP) was used postoperatively as part of multimodal pain management. Ingestion of an FTP, which resulted in fentanyl intoxication, was suspected 5 days after placement in one of the experimental pigs. The pig was first dysphoric, running in the stall, panting and vocalizing until it finally became depressed and it remained lying on the floor. Ingestion of an FTP was not observed but the fentanyl plasma concentration on the day of intoxication was 20.7 ng/ml, while at its peak after FTP administration it was only 0.492 ng/ml. The intoxication was successfully treated with a single intramuscular naloxone injection.

Infection status of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in experimental pigs at a commercial farm

The objective of this study was to investigate the profiles of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MH) infection at different ages of pig in a sow – finishing herd using serological and molecular methods. A total of 30 study piglets were born from non-vaccinated sows with MH. They were injected one-dose of inactivated MH vaccine at the 10th week. MH infection status was evaluated by using ELISA to detect MH antibodies from blood samples, and PCR to detect MH DNA in nasal swabs or oral fluid samples every other week from newborn to slaughter time. The results of this study showed that PCR positive proportions were low at 1st-2nd week (7-13%), then increased significantly during 5th -7th week (73-79%) and reduced at 8th week (33%); finally became negative after 13th week of age. This pattern corresponds to the one of antibody level. In particular, the level of maternal antibodies against MH was very high due to maternal immunity, then decreased gradually to negative at 7-8 weeks of age, and finally increased gradually from 13 weeks of age to all positive at 25 weeks of age. In conclusion, the result showed that in this herd, MH might invade pigs by the time of 5-7 weeks of age after maternal immunity disappears, and humoral response can overcome the infection at week 13. This should be noted to have appropriate strategies to control MH at the farm.

INFLUENCE OF BISCHOFITE AND PHOSPHATID CONCENTRATE ON PORK PRODUCTIVITY

The aim of the research is improving pork of store pigs. During the scientific and economic experiment, four store pig groups of large white breed were marked during the feeding period. The influence of natural Volgograd bis-chofite and sunflower phosphatide concentrate both separately and mixed in diets was studied, on pork develop-ment from store pigs. The experimental store pig selection into groups was based on the method of pair-analogues. Animals of compared groups received complete feed: in the first period of feeding SK-6 and in the second period SK-7. Feeding results of experimental pigs of compared groups were evaluated by a number of indicators charac-terizing their meat qualities in total. The main indicators of pork are the hot carcass, slaughter weight and yield. It was found that the introduction to the complete feed natural bischofite and phosphatide concentrate individually, as components and in mixed complex, in comparison with the control, contributes accordingly slaughter live weight in store pigs fattening by 7.84 and 9.78 and 10.97%, their hot carcass – by 8.67, 10.37 and 11.92%, carcass exit – by 0.47-0.33 and 0.53% slaughter weight – by 8.97, 11.18 and 12.94% and slaughter yield – by 0.60, 0.80 and 1.10%. Protein content in the average sample of pork, when animals received test components was more, than in control one by 0.45, 0.25 and 0.63%. Store pigs, which used natural bischofite and phosphatide concentrate the absolute increase in live weight, was higher. Higher meat yield was received from fatted store pigs, with additional introduction to the main diet of natural Volgograd bischofite combined with sunflower phosphatide concentrate.