The protein-saving action of synthetic lysine and methionine

1961 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Synthetic Amino Acids ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Striking Effect

When synthetic amino acids are added to an allvegetable diet the amount of nitrogen eliminated in the urine is reduced and the nitrogen retained as tissue protein is correspondingly increased.The requirements of the weanling pig for essential amino acids have been critically examined, the work involving both growth trials and nitrogenbalance determinations in the metabolism crates.The addition of synthetic lysine and methionine to a low-protein vegetable diet had a striking effect on the thriftiness of the pigs. It is possible to secure almost as good growth and economy of food conversion on a cereal diet supplemented with as little as 6 % ex. soya-bean meal, when the amino acids are added in appropriate amounts, as is obtained on a similar diet containing sufficient white-fish meal to support maximum growth

The amino acid supplementation of diets rich in maize meal for weanling pigs

1962 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Supplementation ◽  
Weanling Pigs ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Maize Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Protein Rich

A comparison is made between a maize-rich diet containing 7% white-fish meal and a similar diet in which the protein supplement consisted of 6% ex. soya bean meal together with 0.3% L-lysine hydrochloride and 0.2% DL-methionine. The vegetable protein diet plus the amino acids proved in every way equal to the fish meal diet.When the essential amino acids in the diet of weanling pigs are properly balanced as little as 10% digestible crude protein will support maximum growth.The results obtained when 6% ex. dec. groundnut meal was used as a protein-rich supplement were not so favourable.

Total amino acid requirements of weaned piglets 8 to 25 kg live weight given diets based on wheat and soya-bean meal fortified with free amino acids

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Gatel ◽  
G. Buron ◽  
J. Fékéte
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out with weaned piglets from 8 to 25 kg live weight in order to determine the dietary amino acid content necessary for maximum growth. Six diets based on wheat, soya-bean meal, soya-bean oil and free amino acids were compared in each experiment. Essential amino acids were in the same relative proportion for all diets: (methionine + cystine)/lysine = 0·60 to 0·65; threonine/lysine = 0·65; tryptophan/lysine = 0·19. The range of amino acid content was 9·53 to 12·52 g lysine per kg in the first experiment and 11·34 to 15·94 g lysine per kg in the second experiment. The number of piglets used per diet was 136 (20 pens) and 106 (16 pens) in respectively the first and the second experiment. The relationship between either dietary lysine content or daily lysine intake and growth rate was quadratic and significant. Dietary lysine content and daily lysine intake which enable maximum growth were calculated according to this model. Dietary lysine contents were 15·5 and 14·9 g/kg for the first 3 weeks (8 to 17 kg) and for the overall post-weaning period (8 to 25 kg) respectively. Daily lysine intakes were 10·6 and 13·3 g/day respectively for the same two periods. Reasons for these values being higher than those currently cited are discussed.

scholarly journals Strategies to reduce reliance on soya bean meal and palm kernel meal in livestock nutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
J.M. Wilkinson ◽  
R.H. Young
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Palm Kernel ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Natural Grasslands ◽  
Kernel Meal ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Palm Kernel Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Greenhouse gas emissions and loss of wildlife habitats have stimulated growing global concern over the continued expansion of soya bean and palm oilseed production on land recently converted from forest and natural grasslands. This paper reviews the roles of soya bean meal and palm kernel meal in livestock nutrition, drawing on research data to explore the potential for their replacement in nutritionally balanced diets. Soya bean meal is a widely used livestock feed due to relatively high levels of total protein and essential amino acids. Palm kernel meal has been used for many years in compound feeds for ruminant livestock and as a supplement to grazed pasture in periods of drought. A range of alternative sources of protein is available to replace soya bean and palm kernel meals, e.g. protected rapeseed meal can replace soya bean meal in diets for productive dairy cows, but constraints to widespread adoption include insufficient supply, anti-nutritional factors which require feeds to be processed or supplemented with enzymes, and imbalances in essential amino acids. Soya ‘milk’ made directly from soya beans is a less efficient process than producing milk from dairy cows, especially when they are grazed on pastures or given diets that do not contain soya bean meal.

Sites of digestion in the calf. I. The digestion of diets containing barley and wheat chaff supplemented with soya bean meal or urea

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Wheat Chaff ◽  
Total Amino Acids

Four Friesian bull calves were fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulae within 1 week of birth. From 13 weeks of age the calves were fed on one of three diets all containing 17% crude protein. Diet A contained barley, 15% wheat chaff and soya bean meal, diet B barley, 15% wheat chaff and urea, and diet C barley, 45% wheat chaff and soya bean meal. The diets were given for 2 weeks, and on the last day of each feeding period total collections were made of the digesta leaving the abomasum over a 12 hr period. The diets were then changed so that each calf was offered each diet twice. The total apparent digestion of the organic matter in the diet containing 45% wheat straw was less than that of those containing 15% wheat straw. This was due to less digestion in both the stomach and hindgut. The flow of nitrogen from the abomasum, expressed as a percentage of the nitrogen intake, was less when the calves were fed on the diet containing urea (B) than when they were fed on those containing soya bean meal (A and C). Also, a larger proportion of the nitrogen was of microbial origin when they were on diet B. The proportion of essential amino acids in the total amino acids flowing from the abomasum was greater than that in the total amino acids present in all diets. Also, the apparent digestion of essential amino acids in the hindgut was greater than that of non-essential amino acids. It is calculated that methionine and threonine may be limiting for the growth of calves given diets A and B, while dietary metabolizable energy intake was probably the first factor limiting the growth of calves on diet C.

The interaction between lactofeed level and soya-bean meal on growth performance of weanling pigs

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. O’Doherty ◽  
C. S. Nolan ◽  
J. J. Callan ◽  
P. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Soya Protein ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Synthetic Amino Acids ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractA 3 ✕ 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction between lactofeed 70 (LF70) (860 g/kg whey permeate, 140 g/kg soya-bean meal, Volac International, UK) levels and soya-bean meal inclusion (SBM) (90 and 225 g/kg) from day 0 to day 25 after weaning (starter period) on growth performance and diet digestibility. A common diet was offered from day 25 to day 38. Dietary treatments were established by substituting LF70 for extruded wheat and soya-bean meal for potato protein (PP) and soya protein concentrate (SPC). Digestible energy and amino acids were maintained by adjusting soya oil and synthetic amino acids. A total of 252 pigs (7·7 kg and 28 ± 2 days of age) were allotted randomly to six treatments containing (1) 0 LF70 with 40 g/kg PP and 40 g/kg SPC and 90 g/kg SBM (2) 0 LF70 with 225 g/kg SBM (3) 175 g/kg LF70 with 40 g/kg PP and 40 g/kg SPC and 90 g/kg SBM (4) 175 g/kg LF70 with 225 g/kg SBM (5) 350 g/kg LF70 with 40 g/kg PP, 40 g/kg SPC and 90 g/kg SBM and (6) 350 g/kg LF70 with 225 g/kg SBM. There was an increase in average daily gain (ADG) (0·182 v. 0·292 v. 0·318 kg, s.e. 0·0089; P < 0·001) and food intake (0·413 v. 0·472 v. 0·489 kg, s.e. 0·0139; P < 0·01) and an improvement in food conversion ratio (FCR) (2·31 v. 1·63 v. 1·55 kg, s.e. 0·037; P < 0·001) as the level of LF70 increased during the starter period. From day 25 to day 38, the pigs given the starter diets containing no LF70 had an improved ADG (P < 0·05) and FCR (P < 0·001) compared with the pigs given 175 and 350 g/kg LF70. The pigs offered diets containing 350 g/kg lactofeed had a significantly higher N digestibility (P < 0·05) than the pigs offered diets containing no lactofeed. There was a significant interaction (P < 0·001) between LF70 and SBM in the apparent digestibility of gross energy (GED). Pigs given higher SBM diets had a higher GED at the 350 g/kg LF70 inclusion than pigs given PP + SPC diets. However, there was no difference in GED at the 0 and 175 g/kg LF70 inclusion. In conclusion, the inclusion of LF70 increased ADG, food intake and apparent N digestibility and improved FCR.

Double-low rapeseed meal for pigs: ileal apparent digestibility of amino acids in diets containing various proportions of rapeseed meal, fish meal and soya-bean meal

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. G. Partridge ◽  
A. G. Low ◽  
J. J. Matte
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Main Trial ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTIn order to determine the relative nutritional value of rapeseed meal (var. Tandem) in comparison with soya-bean meal and fish meal, seven barley-based diets were formulated to provide 13·1 MJ digestible energy and 8·8 g total lysine per kg. They contained soya-bean meal (S), rapeseed meal (R) or fish meal (F) alone, or equal proportions (on a total nitrogen basis) of soya and rapeseed, soya and fish meal, rapeseed and fish meal or soya, rapeseed and fish meal. The study involved 14 pigs growing from 40 to 90 kg, each fitted with a T cannula in the terminal ileum. Dietary treatments were applied during 7-day periods according to a 7 × 7 Latin-square design, replicated twice. The pigs were fed at 12-h intervals. Ileal digesta were collected during two 12-h periods from each pig after adaptation to each diet. Nutrient apparent digestibilities were measured using chromium III oxide as a marker; for diets S, R and F, respectively, values were: dry matter, 0·58, 0·51 and 0·66 (s.e. 0·014); N, 0·72, 0·67 and 0·73 (s.e. 0·011); lysine, 0·79, 0·72 and 0·83 (s.e. 0·010), with a similar relationship between diets for most other amino acids. In general, values for diets containing combinations of the protein supplements were intermediate between those for diets containing the respective single supplements. Following the main trial, seven pigs were given a semi-purified diet containing rapeseed meal as the only protein source; this gave amino acid digestibility values similar to or slightly higher than diet R. Diet R, which contained 375 g rapeseed meal per kg, presented no palatability problem. Rapeseed meal of the quality used in this trial could contribute a substantial proportion of the protein supplement for growing pigs. Its value should be enhanced by formulating diets according to the ileal digestibility of the limiting amino acids.

scholarly journals Digestion in the pig between 7 and 35 d of age

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Wilson ◽  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
True Digestibility ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Protein Diets ◽  
Bean Protein

1. In two experiments, forty-four pigs weaned at 4–5 d of age were given diets containing milk or soya-bean proteins until slaughtered at 14, 28 or 35 d of age.2. Additions of methionine and methionine plus lysine to the diets did not increase the proportions of these amino acids in ileal digesta.3. In the pigs given a nitrogen-free diet, ileal digesta contained more threonine, proline and glycine than in pigs given diets containing protein.4. The apparent and true digestibility of amino acids were greater when milk protein was fed than when soya-bean proteins were fed.5. The apparent digestion of amino acids to the ileum of pigs given isolated soya-bean protein (ISP; Supro 610) increased with increasing age of pigs from a mean of 0.82 at 14 d of age to 0.87 at 35 d of age.6. When milk protein was fed apparent digestibilities of methionine and lysine to the ileum were 0.912 and 0.905. The apparent digestibility of threonine to the ileum was 0.800, 0.774 and 0.504 for pigs given the milk-, ISP and soya-bean-meal (SBM)-protein diets respectively.7. Apparent digestibilities of total essential and non-essential amino acids were 0.79 and 0.69 respectively, and true digestibilities of both were 0.82.

The digestion of organic matter, nitrogen and amino acids in calves fed semi-purified diets containing urea, uric acid or soya-bean meal

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. L. Jacobs ◽  
Jane Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SummarySemi-purified diets containing urea (diet A), uric acid (diet B) or soya-bean meal (diet C) as the sole source of nitrogen were fed to two Friesian bull calves fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulae. Total collections of digesta leaving the abomasum were made over 24-h periods.The flow of organic matter to the duodenum expressed as a percentage of intake increased from 35·8% (diet A) and 40·6% (diet B) for the non-protein nitrogen diets to 58·3% for diet C. A greater proportion of the apparent digestion of organic matter occurred in the forestomachs of the calves when fed diets A or B than when they were fed diet C.The flow of nitrogen from the abomasum expressed as a percentage of intake showed a significant increase (P< 0·05) from 65·4% for diet A to 84·4% for diet B and 85·1% for diet C. When diets B and C were fed to the calves a greater proportion of the apparent digestion of nitrogen occurred in the hindgut than when they were fed diet A. The synthesis of microbial protein was 13·9 g and 13·0 g for every 100 g of organic matter digested in the stomach when the calves were fed diets B and C and only 10·9 g when the calves were fed diet A.A significantly (P< 0·05) greater proportion of dry matter of the digesta at the duodenum was composed of amino acids on diet C (19·5%) than diet A (16·1%) with the proportion of essential amino acids (especially threonine, lysine, histidine and arginine) also being greater. The amino acid composition of the digesta dry matter on diet B was intermediate (17·2%).From the data presented, it was predicted that cystine and histidine were the first limiting amino acids for growth when the calves were fed the non-protein nitrogen diets (A and B).

The nutrition of the bacon pig: V. The minimum level of protein intake consistent with quick growth and satisfactory carcass quality

1940 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Woodman ◽  
R. E. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Blood Meal ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Protein Treatment

The present investigation is the sequel to an earlier pig-feeding trial in which a diet supplying only half the standard amounts of protein supplement, in the form of a mixture of feeding blood meal, dried separated milk and ex. soya bean meal, was found to give as good results from the standpoints of rate of growth, efficiency of food conversion and carcass leanness and quality, as a diet that contained the full standard allowances.It was considered desirable to repeat this initial exploratory experiment, making use this time of a totally different form of protein supplement, since the question of the biological efficiency of the protein supply might conceivably be of critical importance at the lower levels of protein feeding. In the present trial, therefore, the mixture of the three protein foods was replaced by a single protein food, namely, white fish meal. The standard-protein treatment C supplied 12% of white fish meal up to 90 lb. live-weight, 10% from 90 to 150 lb., whilst from 150 lb. to slaughter at about 200 lb. live-weight, the white fish meal was omitted from the diet, its place being taken by 5% of ex. soya bean meal. The corresponding allowances of protein food in the low-protein treatment B were 5, 4 and 3% respectively. The low-protein treatment A, which was introduced as a link between the previous and the present trials, contained the protein supplement composed of feeding blood meal, dried separated milk and ex. soya bean meal and supplied the same amount of digestible protein as was contained in the low-protein treatment B.

Protein levels in practical diets for bacon pigs

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-236
Author(s):  
C. D. Rickaby
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Farm Scale ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. The performance and profitability of growing-fattening bacon pigs on two diets, A and B, were compared in farm-scale trials at five centres involving a total of 94 pigs. Diet A contained normal amounts of white-fish meal, middlings and barley meal. Diet B was a cheap low-protein diet containing 90–95% barley meal and no wheat offals.2. The average crude protein contents of the diets were: diet A, weaner meal 17·2%, fattener meal 14·1% and diet B 14·8% and 12·1% respectively.3. The pigs on diet A had a daily live-weight gain 1·26 lb. and a food conversion ratio of 3·38 lb.; corresponding figures for the pigs on diet B were 1·22 lb. and 3·49 lb.The food costs of the pigs on diet B were lower by 10s. 10d. per pig; although the grading of these pigs was slightly poorer, the ultimate profit was 7s. 10d. greater per pig than for diet A.4. At a sixth centre, decorticated groundnut meal was used in diet B instead of soya bean meal; this had a marked adverse effect on the performance of the pigs and the profit was 18s. 3d. less per pig than for diet A.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document