scholarly journals Emissions of nitrous oxide and ammonia from a sandy soil following surface application and incorporation of cauliflower leaf residues

2015 ◽  
Vol 153 (8) ◽  
pp. 1341-1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. NETT ◽  
R. FUß ◽  
H. FLESSA ◽  
M. FINK
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Surface Application ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Northeastern Germany

SUMMARYVegetable production systems are often characterized by excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization and the incorporation of large amounts of post-harvest crop residues. This makes them particularly prone to ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Yet, urgently needed management strategies that can reduce these harmful emissions are missing, because underlying processes are not fully understood. The present study therefore focuses on the effects of residue placement on NH3 and N2O emissions. For this, cauliflower leaf residues (286 kg N/ha) were either applied as surface mulch (mulch) or mixed with the topsoil (mix) and in situ NH3 and N2O emissions were investigated. The experiment took place on a sandy soil in Northeastern Germany during summer 2012. Residue application created a high peak in N2O emissions during the first 2 weeks, irrespective of residue placement. There was no significant difference in the emission sums over the experimental period (65 days) between the mix (5·8 ± 0·68 kg N2O-N/ha) and the mulch (9·7 ± 1·53 kg N2O-N/ha) treatment. This was also the case for NH3 emissions, which exhibited a lower initial peak followed by a prolonged decline. Measured emission sums were 4·1 ± 0·33 (mix) and 5·1 ± 0·73 (mulch) kg NH3-N/ha. It was concluded that substantial NH3 and N2O emissions can occur after high input of available organic carbon and N even in a coarse-textured soil with low water-holding capacity. Other than expected, surface-application does not enhance NH3 emissions at the expense of N2O emissions compared with residue mixing into the soil, at least under the conditions of the present study.

scholarly journals Non-Chemical Weed Management in Vegetables by Using Cover Crops: A Review

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Husrev Mennan ◽  
Khawar Jabran ◽  
Bernard H. Zandstra ◽  
Firat Pala
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Negative Effects

Vegetables are a substantial part of our lives and possess great commercial and nutritional value. Weeds not only decrease vegetable yield but also reduce their quality. Non-chemical weed control is important both for the organic production of vegetables and achieving ecologically sustainable weed management. Estimates have shown that the yield of vegetables may be decreased by 45%–95% in the case of weed–vegetable competition. Non-chemical weed control in vegetables is desired for several reasons. For example, there are greater chances of contamination of vegetables by herbicide residue compared to cereals or pulse crops. Non-chemical weed control in vegetables is also needed due to environmental pollution, the evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds and a strong desire for organic vegetable cultivation. Although there are several ways to control weeds without the use of herbicides, cover crops are an attractive choice because these have a number of additional benefits (such as soil and water conservation) along with the provision of satisfactory and sustainable weed control. Several cover crops are available that may provide excellent weed control in vegetable production systems. Cover crops such as rye, vetch, or Brassicaceae plants can suppress weeds in rotations, including vegetables crops such as tomato, cabbage, or pumpkin. Growers should also consider the negative effects of using cover crops for weed control, such as the negative allelopathic effects of some cover crop residues on the main vegetable crop.

scholarly journals Strategies for Increasing Beef Cattle Production under Dryland Farming Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Heather Burrow
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Dryland Farming ◽  
Market Preference ◽  
Stocking Rates

Integrated cattle and dryland farming systems in Indonesia use a range of crop residues and by products to feed cattle through intensive and extensive production systems. Intensive systems use stalls to house cattle and cut and carry feeding systems, primarily for fattening cattle. Under extensive systems, cattle are free‐grazing,and the systems apply only where greater land areas exist and they are used for breeding and fattening cattle. This paper therefore specifically focuses on the opportunities that exist to improve beef production in dryland farming systems in Indonesia. The best strategies for smallholder farmers in Indonesia to improve beef production require farmers to focus on profitability and use proven management strategies, including a) using adapted cattle breeds resistant/tolerant to environmental stressor, b) understanding the market preference; c) managing cattle breeding herds based on rainfall patterns, d) keeping good records on all aspects of breeding and fattening activities and e) adjusting stocking rates in extensive system to match the carrying capacity of the land.

scholarly journals Leaching of nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium in a sandy soil cultivated with sugarcane

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 861-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Wagner de Oliveira ◽  
Paulo Cesar Ocheuze Trivelin ◽  
Antônio Enedi Boaretto ◽  
Taskashi Muraoka ◽  
Jeferson Mortatti
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Sugarcane Crop ◽  
Lysimeter Experiment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Crop Harvest

A lysimeter experiment was carried out with sugarcane aiming to evaluate the leaching of nitrogen derived from either urea (15N) or the soil/sugarcane crop residues. The leaching of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ was also evaluated. The experiment was a factorial 2x4. The influencing factors were: firstly, the differential addition of two kinds of sugarcane remains to the soil, simulating conditions of cane- plantation renewal after the cane crop harvest, with and without previous straw removal by burning; secondly, four doses of N: 0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha-1. During the experimental period the total volume of water received by the sugarcane-soil system was 2,015 mm, with 1,255 mm as precipitation and 760 mm as irrigation. The loss of N by leaching from the fertilizer (15N) was not detected. In the first three weeks the largest losses of N by leaching occurred, originating from the soil/sugarcane remains-N. The mean of leached N during the experimental period of 11 months was of 4.5 kg ha-1. The mean losses of K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were of 13, 320 and 80 kg ha-1, respectively.

scholarly journals Farmer Perceptions on Vegetable Diseases and Their Control in Sub-Humid Areas in Zimbabwe

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Maria Goss ◽  
Paramu. L. Mafongoya ◽  
Augustine Gubba ◽  
Obert Jiri
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Control Methods

Abstract The monoculture vegetable production systems practiced by Zimbabwean farmers has resulted in major disease outbreaks, causing major production constraints. There is need to determine the intensity of pesticides usage and methods of alternative disease management strategies. This study was carried out using 250 randomly selected vegetable farmers by administering questionnaires. The study objectives were to determine farmers’ perceptions on vegetable disease incidence and severity in relation to prevailing weather conditions, and determine common control methods practiced to manage fungal and bacterial disease outbreaks. The results indicated significant increases in fungal and bacterial disease incidence of 84.6% (within community cropping fields) and severity of 73.1% (within individual farmer fields) over the past 5-10 years (P £ 0.05). It also revealed disease incidence being highest [30.8%] during winter (May – July) and rainy months [23.1%] (November – February). Results further indicated 96.2% of the respondents relied on chemical methods, 53.8% used cultural control, and 11.5% used natural control methods. However, none of the farmers used bio-pesticide/biological control methods. In conclusion: farmers are aware of the disease shifts in response to different climate variability but seem unaware of the negative effects of extensive chemical use, nor existence of alternative bio-pesticide/biological disease management strategies.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal nematode infection in Purunã heifers raised in conventional and integrated livestock forest systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Haline Buss BAIAK ◽  
Jennifer Mayara GASPARINA ◽  
José Luis MOLETTA ◽  
Raquel Abdallah da ROCHA
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Nematode Infection ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Significant Difference

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to evaluate the resistance of Purunã heifers to nematode infection in two different production systems. In this study, 29 heifers were divided into eight pickets, four in an integrated livestock forest system (ILF) and four in a conventional pasture system (CPS). Feces were collected monthly to perform the fecal egg count (FEC), evaluate the degree of infection caused by gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle, and carry out coproculture, to identify the genus of the parasites. In addition, animal body weight was determined to evaluate performance. On the same day as the measurements, forage samples were collected to determine the number of infective larvae per kilogram of dry matter (L3/kg DM) in each picket. There were no statistical differences in FECs between the treatments. Although no significant differences were observed in the recovery of L3/kg DM, the contamination was higher in the ILF compared to CPS in December (344 and 37.7 L3/kg DM, respectively) and January (312 and 0 L3/kg DM, respectively). In March, the CPS (321 L3/kg DM) presented higher contamination than the ILF (80.7 L3/kg DM), but with no statistical difference. The weight of the animals was higher for the CPS compared to the ILF treatment throughout the whole experimental period, with a significant difference in December (343.30 kg and 314.08 kg, respectively). The present study demonstrated numerically that greater numbers of L3 were recovered from pasture of the ILF, which could have resulted in higher contamination and lower performance of the animals.

scholarly journals ​Standardization of Grafting in Bittergourd (Momordica charantia L.)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.P. Aiswarya V. Dev ◽  
M. Rafeekher ◽  
S. Sarada
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Mosaic Disease ◽  
Bitter Gourd ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Commercial cultivation of bitter gourd is affected by biotic stresses like mosaic disease, fusarium wilt and root-knot nematode as well as abiotic stress like drought. Grafting with resistant rootstocks can be a tool to control these problems. In vegetable production, grafting is exploited commercially in many parts of the world. The cultivated area of grafted solanaceae and cucubitaceae plants has increased tremendously in recent years because of the advantages of grafted plants. Commercial use of vegetable grafting is a relatively recent innovation in India and scientific information on grafting in bittergourd is meager. In this context, identification of suitable rootstocks and standardization of grafting techniques that do not have adverse effect on yield and fruit quality not only lay foundation for further evaluation on tolerance to different biotic and abiotic stresses but also enhance the area and production of bitter gourd especially in sustainable production systems. Methods: Grafting in bitter gourd was carried out with three grafting methods such as hole insertion grafting, one cotyledon grafting and cleft grafting using growth regulators viz., alar and CCC to control height of rootstocks in order to identify suitable method, growth regulator and its concentration. The grafting experiment was done independently to four cucurbitaceous rootstocks viz., sponge gourd, pumpkin, bottle gourd and bitter gourd using bittergourd var. Preethi as scion. Height and diameter of the rootstocks before grafting were recorded and then the growth regulators alar and CCC each at 10 mgL-1 and 50 mgL-1 along with distilled water as control were sprayed on rootstocks in order to prevent the lodging of the root stocks and then grafted using different methods. Days taken for graft union and percentage success were also evaluated after grafting. Result: Our study of grafting bitter gourd scion into four cucurbitaceous rootstocks utilizing three methods and two growth regulators at two different concentration along with control exhibited significant difference in graft success among the methods as well as concentration of growth regulator in all four experiments. This work can be further utilized for imparting resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses in bitter gourd by selecting suitable rootstocks.

scholarly journals Mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from flood-irrigated rice by no incorporation of winter crop residues into the soil

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 623-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Zschornack ◽  
Cimélio Bayer ◽  
Josiléia Acordi Zanatta ◽  
Frederico Costa Beber Vieira ◽  
Ibanor Anghinoni
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Irrigated Rice ◽  
Crop Residue Management ◽  
Ch4 And N2o

Winter cover crops are sources of C and N in flooded rice production systems, but very little is known about the effect of crop residue management and quality on soil methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. This study was conducted in pots in a greenhouse to evaluate the influence of crop residue management (incorporated into the soil or left on the soil surface) and the type of cover-crop residues (ryegrass and serradella) on CH4 and N2O emissions from a flooded Albaqualf soil cultivated with rice (Oryza sativa L.). The closed chamber technique was used for air sampling and the CH4 and N2O concentrations were analyzed by gas chromatography. Soil solution was sampled at two soil depths (2 and 20 cm), simultaneously to air sampling, and the contents of dissolved organic C (DOC), NO3-, NH4+, Mn2+, and Fe2+ were analyzed. Methane and N2O emissions from the soil where crop residues had been left on the surface were lower than from soil with incorporated residues. The type of crop residue had no effect on the CH4 emissions, while higher N2O emissions were observed from serradella (leguminous) than from ryegrass, but only when the residues were left on the soil surface. The more intense soil reduction verified in the deeper soil layer (20 cm), as evidenced by higher contents of reduced metal species (Mn2+ and Fe2+), and the close relationship between CH4 emission and the DOC contents in the deeper layer indicated that the sub-surface layer was the main CH4 source of the flooded soil with incorporated crop residues. The adoption of management strategies in which crop residues are left on the soil surface is crucial to minimize soil CH4 and N2O emissions from irrigated rice fields. In these production systems, CH4 accounts for more than 90 % of the partial global warming potential (CH4+N2O) and, thus, should be the main focus of research.

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