Captives, Deserters, and Exiles: Control of Migrant Mobility in the Northern Wei Period (386–534 CE)

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-143
Author(s):  
Wen-Yi Huang
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Physical Movement ◽  
Strict Control ◽  
Forced Resettlement ◽  
Imperial China ◽  
Mongol Empire ◽  
Northern Wei ◽  
Ancient States

Controlling the physical movement of people was a well-established tradition throughout imperial China. Scholars have argued that the Qin (221–206 BCE) and Han (206 BCE–220 CE) empires required their subjects to register personal information, including their place of residence, with local governments, and both empires exerted strict control over the flows of officials and those who traveled for personal reasons within the territory, mainly through checkpoints and travel documents. Recent studies have also shown that forced resettlement was a common means of mobility regulation. Ancient states, from the Qin to the Mongol empire, achieved their imperial goals through a variety of measures, one of the most important of which was the relocation of subjects and conquered peoples whenever and wherever they saw fit.

Ways of increasing the efficiency of tax collection to the budgets of local communities on the basis of tax management

2020 ◽  
pp. 86-92
Author(s):  
Roman Ya. Halamay
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
System Development ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Local Taxes ◽  
Tax Management ◽  
The Individual

The processes of fiscal decentralization have provided new opportunities for local self-governments: independent formation of local budgets; direct intergovernmental relations; expansion of the tax base, etc. The steps taken in the field of decentralization are currently not systemic. The distribution of fiscal payments between different levels of the budget system is the purpose of the tax system development, which would allow to provide quality social services to the population and influence the economic development of the territory. The main directions of tax system development on the basis of tax management are substantiated as following: strengthening the role of local taxes; establishing the effective interaction of local governments with economic entities operating in the territory to increase budget revenues; ensuring the fair distribution of the tax burden and its reduction while seeking budgetary compensators; strengthening the tax control; ensuring the efficient informational and explanatory work and interaction of local self-government bodies and taxpayers. The author's vision of the tax system within the new architecture of the administrative-territorial system is offered. The inclusion of personal income tax in local taxes and change in the mechanism of crediting the tax to local budgets are substantiated. There are two alternatives to change the procedure for crediting personal income tax to local budgets, due to which the associated burden will be distributed among all participants: 1) crediting personal income tax to local budgets at the place of residence of the individual payer; 2) giving the individual payer the right to choose which budget should include the amount of tax paid (by place of work or place of residence). The directions of increasing the property taxes accumulated in local budgets are defined. The paper develops a model of the form of self-taxation of the population in territorial communities. According to the model, the residents are involved in the accumulation and distribution of tax resources. The suggested model is based on the accumulation of financial resources by a parity principle: the amount of financial contribution of local governments is determined at a level not lower than the amount contributed by residents.

scholarly journals (A197) Attitudes toward Public Assistance during a Disaster Among Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. s55-s56
Author(s):  
H. Sato ◽  
J. Tomio ◽  
H. Mizumura
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Patient Group ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Privacy Protection ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Public Assistance ◽  
Chronic Disease Patients

BackgroundRecently, the local governments in Japan implemented the measures for people requiring assistance during a disaster (PRAD). These measures aim to provide public assistance during a disaster for the citizens who registered themselves to the PRAD list in advance, by sharing their personal information among relevant local authorities. However, the needs for such assistance were not clear among chronic disease patients, and there are some concerns about privacy protection in relation to the PRAD list.ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to describe the attitudes toward the registration to the PRAD list among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.MethodsStudy subjects were the members of a nationwide RA patient group in Japan. Of about 20,000 members, 1,477 who lived in the municipalities affected by disasters from 2004 to 2006 were enrolled. Self-administered questionnaires were sent by mail. The subjects were asked their attitudes toward the registration to the PRAD list and categorized into three groups: (1) no need for assistance; (2) need assistance but will not register; and (3) need assistance and wish to register or already registered. Their concerns about privacy protection as well as socio-demographic and health status were also asked.ResultsOf 1,477, 664 (45%) responded validly, and 596 (40%) answered on their attitudes toward the PRAD list. Of these, 365 (61%) reported they need assistance, though 30% of them (108) did not wish to register. A majority of the subjects concerned about privacy protection among those did not wish to register (65%) as well as among those wished to register (55%). Patients who lived alone, and those with low income were more likely to wish to register.ConclusionsThere are substantial needs for public assistance during a disaster among RA patients although the privacy protection issue would be a barrier to be overcome for successful utilization of the list.

scholarly journals THE INFORMATION SUPPORT OF TAX AUTHORITIES AT THE STATE AND TERRITORIAL LEVELS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fedir Tkachyk
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
General Information ◽  
The State ◽  
Document Management ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Electronic Document ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Electronic Document Management ◽  
State Tax

The urgency of this problem is that in Ukraine the issue of digitalization of information support of the fiscal space becomes widespread when the country is faced with the problem of lack of funds in the budget to perform its functions. The article highlights the relevance of information and analytical support for the functioning of tax authorities in Ukraine at different levels of government. Considerable attention is paid to the processes of digitalization of tax services and the prospects of their monitoring are substantiated. The role and specific features of the information potential of tax administrations of foreign countries are studied. The essential and institutional determinants of information support of the activity of tax bodies at the state and territorial levels are determined. The main sources of information support of tax authorities at the state and regional levels are grouped. It has been established that the practice of collecting financial information from the resources of information portals and social networks has recently become popular, but this aspect requires thorough monitoring and verification, as well as anticipation of probable risks. It is proved that an important element for the study is electronic document management as an object of activity of the State Tax Service of Ukraine. In modern conditions, the interests of stakeholders are growing in terms of efficiency, convenience and clarity of the information received, and on the part of the state and its tax authorities – timely and comprehensive information to taxpayers. The main sources of information support of tax authorities in Ukraine and Germany are systematized. Emphasis is placed on the need to develop electronic document management at all stages of the budget and tax process. Diagnosis of the possibilities of the electronic office of the taxpayer in terms of modular components (general information, personal information and information monitoring modular blocks) is conducted. The features of electronic tax information of local governments. The socio-economic and fiscal effects of increasing (innovation) of information State Tax Service of Ukraine are determinate.

scholarly journals Size and type of places, geographical region, satisfaction with life, age, sex and place attachment

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Place Attachment ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Place Identity ◽  
Geographical Region ◽  
Satisfaction With Life Scale ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Place Dependence ◽  
Life Scale ◽  
Older Subjects

Abstract The topic of the article concerns the issue of place attachment and its determinants. An analysis of place attachment was performed in terms of place identity and place dependence (Williams, Vaske, 2003). Moreover, links between place attachment and selected geographical (size and type of place, geographical region), demographic (age, sex) and psychological (satisfaction with life) variables were investigated. The study group included 759 respondents: 398 women and 361 men, aged 18-83 years, residing in 74 places in the Silesian Province, a region in Poland: in 10 sub-regions in the Upper Silesian conurbation and outside the conurbation. The study used the Place Attachment Scale (Williams, Vaske, 2003), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, Griffin, 1985) and a personal information section containing questions regarding place of permanent residence, sex and age. Results showed that subjects residing in smaller and non-industrial places had a stronger place attachment than those residing in larger and industrial cities. People living outside the Upper Silesian conurbation were more strongly attached to their place of residence in terms of place identity than those residing in the Upper Silesian conurbation. People living in the Zagłębie (industrial) sub-region were more strongly attached in terms of place dependence than those residing in the Bytom sub-region (devastated with high unemployment). Satisfaction with life was positively correlated with place attachment. Older subjects were more strongly attached to their place of residence. Men and women did not differ in the sense of place attachment and life satisfaction.

LOCAL BARGAINING IN POLICY PILOTS IN CHINA — THE CASE OF RURAL LAND MARKETIZATION IN DEQING, ZHEJIANG

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
GAN LI ◽  
BINGQIN LI
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Zhejiang Province ◽  
Rural Land ◽  
China Policy ◽  
Pilot Scheme ◽  
Strict Control ◽  
New Institutions ◽  
The Relationship

In China, policy pilots are not about implementation; it is meant to establish new institutions, adopting new practices or finding new solutions that may not be officially endorsed or publicly recognized yet. Pilots are also not “experiments” in which interventions are clearly designed and executed under strict control. It is to some extent a form of muddling through with both central and local contributions. In this paper, we examine the local government’s role in a land pilot scheme in Deqing County in Zhejiang Province since 2015 to examine the relationship between the central and local governments.

Law and Communication in Qin and Western Han China

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 679-711
Author(s):  
Charles Sanft
Keyword(s):  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Communicative Functions ◽  
The Common ◽  
Imperial China ◽  
Important Evidence

AbstractThis article gathers and examines information about the legal practices of Qin and Western Han China, and demonstrates that these served communicative functions. Law in early imperial China not only penalized antisocial behavior, it was also a medium for communication between the central government, the common population, and officials. The information so transmitted comprised institutional and personal information, including that which facilitated the function of reputation on a national scale. There is also important evidence that people at the time recognized the communicative possibilities of legal practice, as reflected in cases where they manipulated penal communication for individual benefit.

scholarly journals To Rot and Not to Die: Punitive Emasculation in Early and Medieval China

T oung Pao ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 105 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
Michael Hoeckelmann
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Penal System ◽  
Late Imperial China ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Medieval China ◽  
Imperial China ◽  
Northern Wei ◽  
Northern Wei Dynasty

AbstractHistorians agree that the primary source of supply for eunuchs in late imperial China was not the penal system but self-emasculation. What is less known is that the legal institution of punitive emasculation and the political institution of court eunuchs were separated long before then. While some scholars argue that emasculation was not among the mutilating punishments that Han Emperor Wen abolished in 167 BCE, there is enough evidence to show that the Han court no longer used it as a regular punishment after his reign and that Wen had indeed done away with emasculation. In fact, it was the non-Chinese Northern Wei dynasty that reintroduced it centuries later, from whence it continued to be used intermittently until the late seventh century.

scholarly journals Digital Care Providers Antibiotic Prescribing Compared to Traditional Primary Healthcare: A Retrospective Database Study of 332,987 Healthcare Visits in Sweden.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Ivarsson ◽  
Thorne Wallman ◽  
Andy Wallman
Keyword(s):  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Antibiotic Prescription ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Diagnosis Codes ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Virtual Visits ◽  
Retrospective Database

Abstract ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to examine if there was a difference in antibiotic prescribing between private digital care providers, and traditional primary healthcare, and to investigate if the prescriptions differed regarding diagnosis between virtual visits and physical visits adjusted for age, sex, and place of residence for patients seeking care digitally and in person.MethodsAntibiotic prescribing based on ATC-codes during the period of two months in 2020 was studied. Prescriptions issued by online doctors and by physicians working within PHC Sörmland County, Sweden were considered. Information about healthcare provider, date of the visit, staff category that patient had contact with, ICD-10-diagnosis codes, ATC-codes of prescribed medicines and personal information such as: age, sex, and place of residence were used. Statistical analysis and logistic regression were performed.ResultsAltogether 332,987 healthcare visits were registered. Of all visits to physicians at PHC in Region Sörmland, antibiotics were prescribed in 5.9% of cases, and 3.9% of all visits to online doctors. The total number of visits that led to infection diagnosis was 112,354. Within physical visits at PHC 21.5% infection visits ended with antibiotic prescription, while within online visits the corresponding percentage was 10.1%. Additionally, the study focused on seventeen infection diagnoses.ConclusionThis study has shown that private digital care providers do not prescribe more antibiotics than doctors at PHC. Probability of receiving antibiotic prescription during digital visits was 4.88 times lower compared to physical visits.

Analysis of population-based and worksite cancer screening in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Takahashi ◽  
R Machii ◽  
T Nakayama
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Recommendation ◽  
Legal Problem ◽  
Cancer Screenings ◽  
The Government

Abstract Background In some European countries, cancer screening is conducted and evaluated by the nation. In Japan, about half of cancer screenings are conducted by the government or local governments, while the other half is in a worksite, conducted by business owners and insurers as part of a welfare program. The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) have prepared guidelines for cancer screening in worksite and provided specific recommendation methods to practitioners. For an understanding of its use does not progress, it is necessary to identify problems. Methods A research group, organized by the MHLW grant, surveyed 20 major insurers in Japan about the guidelines for cancer screening in worksite. The contents of the questionnaire are related to the establishment of a system with a view to organizing screening, and consist of a total of 45 items. Answers to these questions were obtained in the following format. (1. Yes, 2. No, 3. Can't answer, 4. Can't understand the meaning of the question) Results Around 30% of insurers were able to answer all items, but 70% were not able to answer any items. Approximately 10% of the respondents answered that they had implemented the items in the guidelines, while 70% did not, and 20% can't answer or can't understand the meaning of the question. The reasons for not being able to answer were that the terms were difficult to understand, there was no need to grasp the data of cancer screening, and there was a legal problem and personal information could not be obtained. Conclusions This suggests that employers and insurers differ in their understanding of cancer screening, resulting in various implementations and evaluations. In order to establish organized screening in the whole country, it is necessary to develop a system that can also evaluate data, such as cancer screenings and health check conducted in worksite. It is also important to improve the literacy of cancer screening practitioners. Key messages Integrating cancer screening across the country. Improving the literacy of cancer screening practitioners.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document