Factors related to duration of postpartum amenorrhoea among USA women with prolonged lactation

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jane Heinig ◽  
Laurie A. Nommsen-Rivers ◽  
Janet M. Peerson ◽  
Kathryn G. Dewey
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Maternal Body Mass Index ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Feeding Group ◽  
Milk Volume ◽  
Pregnancy Weight ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Anthropometric Status

SummaryDuration of postpartum amenorrhoea (PPA) was compared among women who breast-fed For ≥ 6 months (breast-feeding group) Or ≤ 3 Months (formula-feeding group) and was found to be significantly shorter among the latter. associations between maternal factors and duration of PPA were examined. within the formula-feeding group, the only variable associated with duration of PPA was duration of breast-feeding. among breast-feeding mothers who resumed menstruation after 3 months postpartum, duration of PPA was positively associated with parity and negatively associated with maternal body mass index (bmi) at 3 months postpartum. Among breastfeeding mothers who resumed menstruation after 6 months, duration of PPA was positively associated with parity, pregnancy weight gain, number of night feeds and milk volume at 6 months, and negatively associated with maternal age and bmi at 6 months postpartum. These results indicate that maternal anthropometric status is related to duration of PPA, even in a relatively well-nourished population of lactating women.

scholarly journals Is there any difference between the iodine statuses of breast-fed and formula-fed infants and their mothers in an area with iodine sufficiency?

2018 ◽  
Vol 119 (9) ◽  
pp. 1012-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pantea Nazeri ◽  
Hosein Dalili ◽  
Yadollah Mehrabi ◽  
Mehdi Hedayati ◽  
Parvin Mirmiran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Feeding Group ◽  
Feeding Type ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Iodine Sufficiency

AbstractDespite substantial progress in the global elimination of iodine deficiency, lactating mothers and their infants remain susceptible to insufficient iodine intake. This cross-sectional study was conducted to compare iodine statuses of breast-fed and formula-fed infants and their mothers at four randomly selected health care centres in Tehran. Healthy infants <3 months old and their mothers were randomly selected for inclusion in this study. Iodine was measured in urine and breast milk samples from each infant and mother as well as commercially available infant formula. The study included 124 postpartum mothers (29·2 (sd 4·9) years old) and their infants (2·0 (sd 0·23) months old). The iodine concentrations were 50–184 µg/l for infant formula, compared with a median breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) of 100 µg/l in the exclusive breast-feeding group and 122 µg/l in the partial formula feeding group. The median values for urinary iodine concentration in the exclusive breast-feeding group were 183 µg/l (interquartile range (IQR) 76–285) for infants and 78 µg/l (IQR 42–145) for mothers, compared with 140 µg/l (IQR 68–290) for infants and 87 µg/l (IQR 44–159) for mothers in the formula feeding group. These differences were not statistically significant. After adjustment for BMIC, ANCOVA revealed that feeding type (exclusive breast-feeding v. partial formula feeding) did not significantly affect the infants’ or mother’s urinary iodine levels. Thus, in an area with iodine sufficiency, there was no difference in the iodine statuses of infants and mothers according to their feeding type.

Attitudes of Expectant Fathers Regarding Breast-Feeding

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-227
Author(s):  
Gary L. Freed ◽  
J. Kennard Fraley ◽  
Richard J. Schanler
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Education Programs ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Familial Support ◽  
Feeding Group ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Nursing Mothers ◽  
Expectant Fathers ◽  
Study Population

Fathers participate in choosing the feeding method for their newborns. However they traditionally have not been included in most breast-feeding education programs. To examine expectant fathers' attitudes and knowledge regarding breast-feeding, we surveyed 268 men during the first session of their Childbirth education classes at five private hospitals in Houston, Texas. The study population was 81% white, 8% black, and 6% hispanic. Ninety-seven percent (n = 259) of the total were married. Fifty-eight percent (n = 156) reported that their spouses planned to breast-feed exclusively; several signficant differences existed between these men and those who reported plans for exclusive formula feeding. The breast-feeding group was more likely to believe breast-feeding is better for the baby (96% vs 62%; P &lt; .0001), helps with infant bonding (92% vs 53%; P &lt; .0001), and protects the infant from disease (79% vs 47% P &lt; .001). The breast-feeding group was also more likely to want their partner to breast-feed (90% vs 13%; P &lt; .0001) and to have respect for breast-feeding women (57% vs 16%; P &lt; .0001). Conversely, those in the formula feeding group were more likely to think breast-feeding is bad for breasts (52% vs 22%; P &lt; .01), makes breasts ugly (44% vs 23%; P &lt; .05), and interferes with sex (72% vs 24%; P &lt; .0001). The majority of both groups indicated breast-feeding was not acceptable in public (breast-feeding = 71%, formula feeding = 78%, P &lt; .05). These data demonstrate misperceptions and a lack of education regarding breast-feeding in the formula feeding group and a lack of public acceptance in both groups. We conclude that fathers must be included in breast-feeding education programs. Confrontation of myths and misperceptions prenatally may help to overcome obstacles to the initiation of breast-feeding and to provide greater familial support for nursing mothers.

Birth Interval Among Breast-Feeding Women Not Using Contraceptives

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 747-752
Author(s):  
Audrey E. Rosner ◽  
Susan K. Schulman
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Birth Interval ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Orthodox Jewish ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
Total Birth ◽  
Night Feeding ◽  
Lactational Amenorrhea ◽  
Breast Fed

One hundred twelve Orthodox Jewish mothers were surveyed by means of questionnaire about birth interval in relationship to formula-feeding (n = 30) and breast-feeding (n = 236) experiences in the absence of birth control. Analyses indicate that mothers who breast-fed have longer birth intervals than those who did not. Moreover, data obtained from the same mothers show that birth intervals preceded by breast-feeding were longer than those preceded by formula-feeding of the previous infant. For those mothers who breast-fed, there was significant positive correlation between duration of breast-feeding and the length of lactational amenorrhea and total birth interval. The age at which night feeding was terminated had corresponding but less strong associations with lactational amenorrhea and total birth interval.

The Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Chemical Agent ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Sleep Period ◽  
Breast Fed

This statement was first published in 1983,1 with a revision published in 1989.2 Information about the transfer of drugs and chemicals into human milk continues to become available. This current statement is intended to revise the lists of agents transferred into human milk and describe their possible effects on the infant or on lactation, if known (Tables I through 7). The fact that a pharmacologic or chemical agent does not appear on the lists is not meant to imply that it is not transferred into human milk or that it does not have an effect on the infant; it only indicates that there were no reports found in the literature. These tables should assist the physician in counseling a nursing mother regarding breast-feeding when the mother has a condition for which a drug is medically indicated. The following question and options should be considered when prescribing drug therapy to lactating women. (1) Is the drug therapy really necessary? Consultation between the pediatrician and the mother's physician can be most useful. (2) Use the safest drug, for example, acetaminophen rather than aspirin for analgesia. (3) If there is a possibility that a drug may present a risk to the infant, consideration should be given to measurement of blood concentrations in the nursing infant. (4) Drug exposure to the nursing infant may be minimized by having the mother take the medication just after she has breast-fed the infant and/or just before the infant is due to have a lengthy sleep period. Data have been obtained from a search of the medical literature.

Comparison of Maternal Absenteeism and Infant Illness Rates among Breast-Feeding and Formula-Feeding Women in Two Corporations

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rona Cohen ◽  
Marsha B. Mrtek ◽  
Robert G. Mrtek
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Breast Fed

Purpose. A comparison was made between breast-feeding and formula-feeding among employed mothers. Absenteeism directly related to child care was examined. Design. This quasi-experimental study followed convenience samples of breast-feeding and formula-feeding mothers until their infants were weaned or reached 1 year of age. Setting. Two corporations with established lactation programs were used. One had approximately 100 births annually among 2400 female employees, and the other had approximately 30 births annually among 1200 female employees. Subjects. A sample of 101 participants, 59 feeding breast milk and 42 using commercial formula, was composed of employees returning from maternity leave for a medically uncomplicated birth. Intervention. The programs provided counseling by a lactation professional for all participants and facilities to collect and store breast milk. Measures. Confidential participant diaries provided descriptive data on infant illnesses and related absenteeism that the lactation consultant verified with health care providers and through employer attendance records. Analysis. Attribute counts of illnesses and absenteeism were reported as percentages. Single degree of freedom χ2 tests were used to compare rates between nutrition groups. Results. Approximately 28% of the infants in the study had no illnesses; 86% of these were breast-fed and 14% were formula-fed. When illnesses occurred, 25% of all 1-day maternal absences were among breast-fed babies and 75% were among the formula-fed group. Conclusions. In this study fewer and less severe infant illnesses and less maternal absenteeism was found in the breast-feeding group. This was not an experimental study. Participants were self-selected, and a comparison group was used rather than a true control group. Corroboration of these findings from larger experimental studies is needed to generalize beyond these groups.

scholarly journals Breast-feeding duration for the prevention of excess body weight of mother–child pairs concurrently: a 2-year cohort study

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 2537-2548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Fabio Mastroeni ◽  
Silmara Salete de Barros Silva Mastroeni ◽  
Sandra Ana Czarnobay ◽  
John Paul Ekwaru ◽  
Sarah A Loehr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Maternity Hospital ◽  
Excess Body Weight ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Pregnancy Weight ◽  
Breast Fed

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between breast-feeding duration and the risk of excess body weight (children &gt;85th percentile, mothers BMI≥25·0 kg/m2) concurrently in mother–child pairs two years after delivery.DesignProspective cohort study in Joinville, Brazil. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the independent relationship between breast-feeding duration and risk of excess body weight.SettingBrazilian public maternity hospital.SubjectsThree hundred and five mother–child pairs.ResultsAt 2-year follow-up, 23·6 % of mother–child pairs had excess body weight. Children breast-fed for &lt;2 months were more likely to have excess body weight than children breast-fed for ≥6 months (OR=2·4; 95 % CI 1·1, 5·1). Breast-feeding for &lt;2 months was also associated with a greater likelihood of maternal excess body weight compared with those who breast-fed for ≥6 months (OR=2·9; 95 % CI 1·1, 8·1). There was a progressive increase in the likelihood of mother–child pairs having excess body weight as breast-feeding duration decreased. In addition to breast-feeding duration, other independent determinants of excess body weight were pre-pregnancy weight, gestational weight gain and number of pregnancies in mothers, and birth weight in children.ConclusionsBreast-feeding for a longer duration has a parallel protective effect on the risk of excess body weight in mother–child pairs two years after birth. Since members of the same family could be influenced by the same risk factors, continued promotion and support of breast-feeding may help to attenuate the rising prevalence of overweight in mother–child pairs.

scholarly journals Effects of Exclusive Breast Feeding for First Six Months of life on Children Weight, Height and Head Circumference in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan-Iraq and Compare with Other Types of Feeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
Sardar M. Weli
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Mixed Feeding ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Essential Nutrients ◽  
Breast Fed

Breastfeeding (BF) serves as a complete nutritional source for the first six months of infant’s life. Breast milk contains all essential nutrients that necessary for the physiological growth and development of infants. The aim of this study was to compare the physiological growth of infants including weight, height and head circumference who were exclusively breastfed for 6 months and those who were given bottle-fed or mixed fed and to find a percentage of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers who contributed in this study in Sulaimani city. This study was carried out in Sulaimani city/ Kurdistan region of Iraq and the cases were enrolled between the first of October 2018 and first of October 2019. The infants’ weight, height and head circumstances were measured at different age levels (At age two, six, nine and fifteen months). The results of this study found that Among 198 mothers who were contributed in this study; 92 (46.5%) of mothers had EBF while 90 (45.5%) had mixed feeding and only 16 (8%) had exclusive formula feeding (EFF) in the first six months of baby’s life. Infant’s weight at age 2 months were no differences between types of feeding. However, at ages 6 and 9 were significantly high in infants who breastfed compared to formula fed but no differences were found between EBF and mixed feeding. At age 15 months weights of infants were again no differences were found between all types of feeding. For height parameter, infants who exclusively breastfed for six months were significantly higher than those of formula fed at age 2, 6, 9 and 15 months. Regarding head circumferences no significant differences between types of feeding at age 2 months were showed. Nevertheless, at age 6 and 15 months were significantly high in infants who breastfed than formula fed. The present study conclude that infants who breast fed for first six months of life have a higher weight, height and head circumferences than infants who exclusively formula fed. The percentage of EBF among Kurdish mothers were similar with other countries of Iraq but was low compared to the recommended rate of WHO. 

Hypernatremic Dehydration Resulting From Inadequate Breast-Feeding

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 931-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Clarke ◽  
Marguetrite Markarian ◽  
William Griswold ◽  
Stanley Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Female Infant ◽  
White Female ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Hypernatremic Dehydration

Scientific evidence accumulated over the years confirms that breast milk has many advantages over formula feeding.1.2 The difficulty of monitoring an infant's intake from breast-feeding may occasionally lead to problems in the rare baby in whom inadequate intake of food and fluids is not apparent. In the present case, a 2-week-old infant developed severe hypernatremic dehydration. Hypernatremia has not been reported previously in a totally breast-fed infant. CASE REPORT A 3,860-gm white female infant was born to a 28-year-old primigravida mother at 40 weeks' gestation after an uncomplicated prenatal course. The amniotic fluid was meconium stained, and cardiac decelerations were noted during oxytocm induction.

scholarly journals Breast- v. formula-feeding: impacts on the digestive tract and immediate and long-term health effects

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Le Huërou-Luron ◽  
Sophie Blat ◽  
Gaëlle Boudry
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Lower Incidence ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Pancreatic Function ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Breast Fed

The health benefits of breast-feeding have been recognised for a long time. In particular, breast-feeding is associated with lower incidence of necrotising enterocolitis and diarrhoea during the early period of life and with lower incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases, type 2 diabetes and obesity later in life. The higher nutritional and protective degree of human milk is related to its nutritional composition that changes over the lactation period and to the biological activities of specific components while lower growth rate of breast-fed infants may be attributed to their self-regulation of milk intake at a lower level than formula-fed infants. Many results now suggest that the developmental changes in intestinal and pancreatic function that occur postnatally are modulated by the diet. Indeed, formula-feeding induces intestinal hypertrophy and accelerates maturation of hydrolysis capacities; it increases intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation, but does not induce evident differences in microbiota composition. Whether these changes would be beneficial for enhancing absorptive capacities and for educating the gut-associated immune system remains to be further studied. Moreover, it is evident that formula-feeding increases basal blood glucose and decreases plasma ketone body concentrations, while discrepancies on postprandial glycaemia, insulin and incretin responses in both human studies and experimental studies are inconclusive. Manipulating the composition of formula, by reducing protein content, adding prebiotics, growth factors or secretory IgA can modulate intestinal and pancreatic function development, and thereby may reduce the differential responses between breast-fed and formula-fed neonates. However, the developmental responses of the digestive tract to different feeding strategies must be elucidated in terms of sensitivity to developing diseases, taking into account the major role of the intestinal microbiota.

scholarly journals Faulty Breast Feeding Practice : A Risk Factor in Malnourished Children

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
Sukhendu Shekhar Sen ◽  
Jhulan Das Sharma ◽  
Dhananjoy Das ◽  
Shahed Iqbal ◽  
Md Badruddoza
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Protein Energy Malnutrition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Prelacteal Feeding ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Protein Energy ◽  
Breast Fed

Background: The predominant form of malnutrition is commonly called proteincalorie malnutrition. Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is still a major health problem in children of developing countries including Bangladesh. The causes of malnutrition are multifactorial including nutritional factors, socioeconomic factors, health status of the mothers and repeated infections in children.Objective: To explore the information regarding the breast feeding practices of children suffering from Protein-Energy Malnutrition.Methods: This case control study was conducted in Chittagong Medical College Hospital from November 2006 to April 2007. A total of 65 controls and 65 cases were selected consecutively for the purpose of the study. Their mothers were interviewed with help of structured questionnaire containing all the variables of interest to attain the study objectives. The test statistics used to analyze the data were descriptive statistics and Chi-square (c2) or Fisher’s Exact Probability Test.Results: A significantly higher frequency of cases (67.7%) were given pre-lacteal feed, predominantly honey and sugar-water compared to control group (41.5%) (p = 0.008). Nearly 100% of controls were given colostrums compared to 75% of the cases. About one-third (31.3%) of the cases was exclusively breast-fed in comparison to 58.5% of the control group (p = 0.003). Over onequarter (27.7%) of the control were breast-fed upto 6 months of age, as opposed to only 1.5% cases (p < 0.001). Duration of predominant breast feeding for more than 6 months of age was also significantly higher in control group than that in case group (p = 0.001). Breast milk substitutes demonstrate their significant presence in cases (38.5%) than that in controls (9%) (p = 0.003).Conclusion: The study showed that rejection of colostrums, practice of prelacteal feeding, delayed initiation of breast feeding, early cessation of exclusive breast feeding and use of formula milk all were significantly higher in the malnourished group of children than those in their normal counterpart.Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.14 (2); Jul 2015; Page 43-47

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