scholarly journals Breast- v. formula-feeding: impacts on the digestive tract and immediate and long-term health effects

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Le Huërou-Luron ◽  
Sophie Blat ◽  
Gaëlle Boudry
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Lower Incidence ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Pancreatic Function ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Breast Fed

The health benefits of breast-feeding have been recognised for a long time. In particular, breast-feeding is associated with lower incidence of necrotising enterocolitis and diarrhoea during the early period of life and with lower incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases, type 2 diabetes and obesity later in life. The higher nutritional and protective degree of human milk is related to its nutritional composition that changes over the lactation period and to the biological activities of specific components while lower growth rate of breast-fed infants may be attributed to their self-regulation of milk intake at a lower level than formula-fed infants. Many results now suggest that the developmental changes in intestinal and pancreatic function that occur postnatally are modulated by the diet. Indeed, formula-feeding induces intestinal hypertrophy and accelerates maturation of hydrolysis capacities; it increases intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation, but does not induce evident differences in microbiota composition. Whether these changes would be beneficial for enhancing absorptive capacities and for educating the gut-associated immune system remains to be further studied. Moreover, it is evident that formula-feeding increases basal blood glucose and decreases plasma ketone body concentrations, while discrepancies on postprandial glycaemia, insulin and incretin responses in both human studies and experimental studies are inconclusive. Manipulating the composition of formula, by reducing protein content, adding prebiotics, growth factors or secretory IgA can modulate intestinal and pancreatic function development, and thereby may reduce the differential responses between breast-fed and formula-fed neonates. However, the developmental responses of the digestive tract to different feeding strategies must be elucidated in terms of sensitivity to developing diseases, taking into account the major role of the intestinal microbiota.

scholarly journals Is there any difference between the iodine statuses of breast-fed and formula-fed infants and their mothers in an area with iodine sufficiency?

2018 ◽  
Vol 119 (9) ◽  
pp. 1012-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pantea Nazeri ◽  
Hosein Dalili ◽  
Yadollah Mehrabi ◽  
Mehdi Hedayati ◽  
Parvin Mirmiran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Feeding Group ◽  
Feeding Type ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Iodine Sufficiency

AbstractDespite substantial progress in the global elimination of iodine deficiency, lactating mothers and their infants remain susceptible to insufficient iodine intake. This cross-sectional study was conducted to compare iodine statuses of breast-fed and formula-fed infants and their mothers at four randomly selected health care centres in Tehran. Healthy infants <3 months old and their mothers were randomly selected for inclusion in this study. Iodine was measured in urine and breast milk samples from each infant and mother as well as commercially available infant formula. The study included 124 postpartum mothers (29·2 (sd 4·9) years old) and their infants (2·0 (sd 0·23) months old). The iodine concentrations were 50–184 µg/l for infant formula, compared with a median breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC) of 100 µg/l in the exclusive breast-feeding group and 122 µg/l in the partial formula feeding group. The median values for urinary iodine concentration in the exclusive breast-feeding group were 183 µg/l (interquartile range (IQR) 76–285) for infants and 78 µg/l (IQR 42–145) for mothers, compared with 140 µg/l (IQR 68–290) for infants and 87 µg/l (IQR 44–159) for mothers in the formula feeding group. These differences were not statistically significant. After adjustment for BMIC, ANCOVA revealed that feeding type (exclusive breast-feeding v. partial formula feeding) did not significantly affect the infants’ or mother’s urinary iodine levels. Thus, in an area with iodine sufficiency, there was no difference in the iodine statuses of infants and mothers according to their feeding type.

Birth Interval Among Breast-Feeding Women Not Using Contraceptives

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 747-752
Author(s):  
Audrey E. Rosner ◽  
Susan K. Schulman
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Birth Interval ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Orthodox Jewish ◽  
Birth Intervals ◽  
Total Birth ◽  
Night Feeding ◽  
Lactational Amenorrhea ◽  
Breast Fed

One hundred twelve Orthodox Jewish mothers were surveyed by means of questionnaire about birth interval in relationship to formula-feeding (n = 30) and breast-feeding (n = 236) experiences in the absence of birth control. Analyses indicate that mothers who breast-fed have longer birth intervals than those who did not. Moreover, data obtained from the same mothers show that birth intervals preceded by breast-feeding were longer than those preceded by formula-feeding of the previous infant. For those mothers who breast-fed, there was significant positive correlation between duration of breast-feeding and the length of lactational amenorrhea and total birth interval. The age at which night feeding was terminated had corresponding but less strong associations with lactational amenorrhea and total birth interval.

Comparison of Maternal Absenteeism and Infant Illness Rates among Breast-Feeding and Formula-Feeding Women in Two Corporations

1995 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rona Cohen ◽  
Marsha B. Mrtek ◽  
Robert G. Mrtek
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Female Employees ◽  
Breast Fed

Purpose. A comparison was made between breast-feeding and formula-feeding among employed mothers. Absenteeism directly related to child care was examined. Design. This quasi-experimental study followed convenience samples of breast-feeding and formula-feeding mothers until their infants were weaned or reached 1 year of age. Setting. Two corporations with established lactation programs were used. One had approximately 100 births annually among 2400 female employees, and the other had approximately 30 births annually among 1200 female employees. Subjects. A sample of 101 participants, 59 feeding breast milk and 42 using commercial formula, was composed of employees returning from maternity leave for a medically uncomplicated birth. Intervention. The programs provided counseling by a lactation professional for all participants and facilities to collect and store breast milk. Measures. Confidential participant diaries provided descriptive data on infant illnesses and related absenteeism that the lactation consultant verified with health care providers and through employer attendance records. Analysis. Attribute counts of illnesses and absenteeism were reported as percentages. Single degree of freedom χ2 tests were used to compare rates between nutrition groups. Results. Approximately 28% of the infants in the study had no illnesses; 86% of these were breast-fed and 14% were formula-fed. When illnesses occurred, 25% of all 1-day maternal absences were among breast-fed babies and 75% were among the formula-fed group. Conclusions. In this study fewer and less severe infant illnesses and less maternal absenteeism was found in the breast-feeding group. This was not an experimental study. Participants were self-selected, and a comparison group was used rather than a true control group. Corroboration of these findings from larger experimental studies is needed to generalize beyond these groups.

Factors related to duration of postpartum amenorrhoea among USA women with prolonged lactation

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jane Heinig ◽  
Laurie A. Nommsen-Rivers ◽  
Janet M. Peerson ◽  
Kathryn G. Dewey
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Maternal Body Mass Index ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Feeding Group ◽  
Milk Volume ◽  
Pregnancy Weight ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Anthropometric Status

SummaryDuration of postpartum amenorrhoea (PPA) was compared among women who breast-fed For ≥ 6 months (breast-feeding group) Or ≤ 3 Months (formula-feeding group) and was found to be significantly shorter among the latter. associations between maternal factors and duration of PPA were examined. within the formula-feeding group, the only variable associated with duration of PPA was duration of breast-feeding. among breast-feeding mothers who resumed menstruation after 3 months postpartum, duration of PPA was positively associated with parity and negatively associated with maternal body mass index (bmi) at 3 months postpartum. Among breastfeeding mothers who resumed menstruation after 6 months, duration of PPA was positively associated with parity, pregnancy weight gain, number of night feeds and milk volume at 6 months, and negatively associated with maternal age and bmi at 6 months postpartum. These results indicate that maternal anthropometric status is related to duration of PPA, even in a relatively well-nourished population of lactating women.

Letter to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-168
Author(s):  
Richard D. Bland
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Lower Incidence ◽  
Suppurative Otitis Media ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Secretory Immunoglobulin

Dr. Rothstein has pointed out most appropriately that the relationship between secretory immunoglobulin acquisition via breast-feeding and the apparent lower incidence of otitis media in breast-fed young infants is merely speculative, though consistent with the available immunologic data. I, too, read with interest the retrospective study by Beauregard on "Positional Otitis Media" and the accompanying editorial. I am equally intrigued by the speculative notion that the entry of milk into the middle ear of the supine suckling infant with head extended, so well deomonstrated by Wittenborg and Neuhauser, somehow predisposes to suppurative otitis media.

scholarly journals Effects of Exclusive Breast Feeding for First Six Months of life on Children Weight, Height and Head Circumference in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan-Iraq and Compare with Other Types of Feeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
Sardar M. Weli
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Mixed Feeding ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Essential Nutrients ◽  
Breast Fed

Breastfeeding (BF) serves as a complete nutritional source for the first six months of infant’s life. Breast milk contains all essential nutrients that necessary for the physiological growth and development of infants. The aim of this study was to compare the physiological growth of infants including weight, height and head circumference who were exclusively breastfed for 6 months and those who were given bottle-fed or mixed fed and to find a percentage of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers who contributed in this study in Sulaimani city. This study was carried out in Sulaimani city/ Kurdistan region of Iraq and the cases were enrolled between the first of October 2018 and first of October 2019. The infants’ weight, height and head circumstances were measured at different age levels (At age two, six, nine and fifteen months). The results of this study found that Among 198 mothers who were contributed in this study; 92 (46.5%) of mothers had EBF while 90 (45.5%) had mixed feeding and only 16 (8%) had exclusive formula feeding (EFF) in the first six months of baby’s life. Infant’s weight at age 2 months were no differences between types of feeding. However, at ages 6 and 9 were significantly high in infants who breastfed compared to formula fed but no differences were found between EBF and mixed feeding. At age 15 months weights of infants were again no differences were found between all types of feeding. For height parameter, infants who exclusively breastfed for six months were significantly higher than those of formula fed at age 2, 6, 9 and 15 months. Regarding head circumferences no significant differences between types of feeding at age 2 months were showed. Nevertheless, at age 6 and 15 months were significantly high in infants who breastfed than formula fed. The present study conclude that infants who breast fed for first six months of life have a higher weight, height and head circumferences than infants who exclusively formula fed. The percentage of EBF among Kurdish mothers were similar with other countries of Iraq but was low compared to the recommended rate of WHO. 

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory effects of the intake of fermented milk with Lactobacillus casei DN114001 in lactating mothers and their children

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 834-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Ortiz-Andrellucchi ◽  
Almudena Sánchez-Villegas ◽  
Carlos Rodríguez-Gallego ◽  
Angelina Lemes ◽  
Teresa Molero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Maternal Milk ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Helper Type

The healthy action of probiotics is not only due to their nutritional properties and their influence on the gastrointestinal environment, but also to their action on the immune system. The aim of the present study was to determine if 6 weeks of probiotic intake would be able to modulate the immune system in women who had recently delivered and were breast-feeding. The design consisted of a randomised, controlled and double-blind nutritional intervention study with parallel groups with a sample size of 104 women. The main variable is the T helper type 1/T helper type 2 (Th1/Th2) profile determined by measuring interferon-γ (Th1) and IL-4 (Th2) values in peripheral blood by flow cytometry. The modifications of cytokines were evaluated in maternal milk by cytometric bead array in a flow cytometer and ELISA at three stages of breast-feeding: colostrum, early milk (10 d) and mature milk (45 d). Additionally, the anthropometry and infectious and allergic episodes in the newborn were followed up throughout the first 6 months of life. After the consumption of milk fermented with Lactobacillus casei during the puerperium, we observed a non-significant increase in T and B lymphocytes and a significant increase in natural killer cells. A decrease in the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in maternal milk and fewer gastrointestinal disturbances were also observed in the breast-fed child of the mothers who consumed L. casei. The intake of milk fermented with L. casei during the lactation period modestly contributes to the modulation of the mother's immunological response after delivery and decreases the incidence of gastrointestinal episodes in the breast-fed child.

scholarly journals Session 1: Feeding and infant development Breast-feeding and immune function

2007 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Å. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Host Defence ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Immunological Diseases ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Breast Fed

The newborn receives, via the placenta, maternal IgG antibodies against the microbes present in its surroundings, but such antibodies have a pro-inflammatory action, initiating the complement system and phagocytes. Although the host defence mechanisms of the neonate that involve inflammatory reactivity are somewhat inefficient, this defence system can still have catabolic effects. Breast-feeding compensates for this relative inefficiency of host defence in the neonate by providing considerable amounts of secretory IgA antibodies directed particularly against the microbial flora of the mother and her environment. These antibodies bind the microbes that are appearing on the infant's mucosal membranes, preventing activation of the pro-inflammatory defence. The major milk protein lactoferrin can destroy microbes and reduce inflammatory responses. The non-absorbed milk oligosaccharides block attachment of microbes to the infant's mucosae, preventing infections. The milk may contain anti-secretory factor, which is anti-inflammatory, preventing mastitis in mothers and diarrhoea in infants. Numerous additional factors in the milk are of unknown function, although IL-7 is linked to the larger size of the thymus and the enhanced development of intestinal Tγδ lymphocytes in breast-fed compared with non-breast-fed infants. Several additional components in the milk may help to explain why breast-feeding can reduce infant mortality, protecting against neonatal septicaemia and meningitis. It is therefore important to start breast-feeding immediately. Protection is also apparent against diarrhoea, respiratory infections and otitis media. There may be protection against urinary tract infections and necrotizing enterocolitis, and possibly also against allergy and certain other immunological diseases, and tumours. In conclusion, breast-feeding provides a very broad multifactorial anti-inflammatory defence for the infant.

Hypernatremic Dehydration Resulting From Inadequate Breast-Feeding

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 931-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Clarke ◽  
Marguetrite Markarian ◽  
William Griswold ◽  
Stanley Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Female Infant ◽  
White Female ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Hypernatremic Dehydration

Scientific evidence accumulated over the years confirms that breast milk has many advantages over formula feeding.1.2 The difficulty of monitoring an infant's intake from breast-feeding may occasionally lead to problems in the rare baby in whom inadequate intake of food and fluids is not apparent. In the present case, a 2-week-old infant developed severe hypernatremic dehydration. Hypernatremia has not been reported previously in a totally breast-fed infant. CASE REPORT A 3,860-gm white female infant was born to a 28-year-old primigravida mother at 40 weeks' gestation after an uncomplicated prenatal course. The amniotic fluid was meconium stained, and cardiac decelerations were noted during oxytocm induction.

scholarly journals Sea urchin larvae utilize light for regulating the pyloric opening

BMC Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junko Yaguchi ◽  
Shunsuke Yaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Animal Evolution ◽  
Deuterostome Evolution ◽  
Visual Systems

Abstract Background Light is essential for various biological activities. In particular, visual information through eyes or eyespots is very important for most of animals, and thus, the functions and developmental mechanisms of visual systems have been well studied to date. In addition, light-dependent non-visual systems expressing photoreceptor Opsins have been used to study the effects of light on diverse animal behaviors. However, it remains unclear how light-dependent systems were acquired and diversified during deuterostome evolution due to an almost complete lack of knowledge on the light-response signaling pathway in Ambulacraria, one of the major groups of deuterostomes and a sister group of chordates. Results Here, we show that sea urchin larvae utilize light for digestive tract activity. We found that photoirradiation of larvae induces pyloric opening even without addition of food stimuli. Micro-surgical and knockdown experiments revealed that this stimulating light is received and mediated by Go(/RGR)-Opsin (Opsin3.2 in sea urchin genomes) cells around the anterior neuroectoderm. Furthermore, we found that the anterior neuroectodermal serotoninergic neurons near Go-Opsin-expressing cells are essential for mediating light stimuli-induced nitric oxide (NO) release at the pylorus. Our results demonstrate that the light>Go-Opsin>serotonin>NO pathway functions in pyloric opening during larval stages. Conclusions The results shown here will lead us to understand how light-dependent systems of pyloric opening functioning via neurotransmitters were acquired and established during animal evolution. Based on the similarity of nervous system patterns and the gut proportions among Ambulacraria, we suggest the light>pyloric opening pathway may be conserved in the clade, although the light signaling pathway has so far not been reported in other members of the group. In light of brain-gut interactions previously found in vertebrates, we speculate that one primitive function of anterior neuroectodermal neurons (brain neurons) may have been to regulate the function of the digestive tract in the common ancestor of deuterostomes. Given that food consumption and nutrient absorption are essential for animals, the acquirement and development of brain-based sophisticated gut regulatory system might have been important for deuterostome evolution.

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