FERTILITY TRANSITION AND ADVERSE CHILD SEX RATIO IN DISTRICTS OF INDIA

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 753-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANJAY K. MOHANTY ◽  
MAMTA RAJBHAR
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
District Level ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Demographic Research ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Gender Differential

SummaryDemographic research in India over the last two decades has focused extensively on fertility change and gender bias at the micro-level, and less has been done at the district level. Using data from the Census of India 1991–2011 and other sources, this paper shows the broad pattern of fertility transition and trends in the child sex ratio in India, and examines the determinants of the child sex ratio at the district level. During 1991–2011, while the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) declined by 1.2 children per woman, the child sex ratio fell by 30 points in the districts of India. However, the reduction in fertility was slower in the high-fertility compared with the low-fertility districts. The gender differential in under-five mortality increased in many districts of India over the study period. The decline in the child sex ratio was higher in the transitional compared with the low-fertility districts. The transitional districts are at higher risk of a low child sex ratio due to an increased gender differential in mortality and increase in the practice of sex-selective abortions. The sex ratio at birth and gender differential in mortality explains one-third of the variation, while region alone explains a quarter of the variation in the child sex ratio in the districts of India.

scholarly journals Work and fertility in Taiwan: How women’s and men’s career sequences associate with fertility outcomes?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen-Hao Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Lower Number ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Career Trajectories ◽  
The World ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
And Gender

There has been much debate over the micro-level relationship between employment situations and fertility in Europe and Northern America. However, related research in East Asia is scant, although countries in this region have some of the lowest fertility rates in the world. Moreover, most studies analyze the employment-fertility relationship from a static perspective and only for women, which underemphasizes life-course dynamics and gender heterogeneity of employment careers and their fertility implications. Drawing on retrospective data from the 2017 Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS), this study explores women’s and men’s career trajectories between ages 18 and 40 in Taiwan using sequence cluster analyses. It also examines how career variations associate with different timing and quantum of birth. Empirical results show that economically inactive women experience faster motherhood transitions and have more children by age 40 than women with stable full-time careers. For men, having an unstable career associates with slower fatherhood transitions and a lower number of children. For both genders, self-employed people are the earliest in parenthood transitions and have the highest number of children by midlife. Our findings demonstrate sharp gender contrasts in employment careers and their diversified fertility implications in low-fertility Taiwan

scholarly journals Is the Phone Mightier Than the Sword? Cellphones and Insurgent Violence in Iraq

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob N. Shapiro ◽  
Nils B. Weidmann
Keyword(s):  
Transaction Costs ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
A Priori ◽  
District Level ◽  
Event Data ◽  
Intelligence Collection ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Government ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Share Information

AbstractDoes improved communication provided by modern cellphone technology affect the rise or fall of violence during insurgencies? A priori predictions are ambiguous; introducing cellphones can enhance insurgent communications but can also make it easier for the population to share information with counterinsurgents and creates opportunities for signals intelligence collection. We provide the first systematic micro-level test of the effect of cellphone communication on conflict using data on Iraq's cellphone network (2004–2009) and event data on violence. We show that increased mobile communications reduced insurgent violence in Iraq, both at the district level and for specific local coverage areas. The results provide support for models of insurgency that focus on noncombatants providing information as the key constraint on violent groups and highlight the fact that small changes in the transaction costs of cooperating with the government can have large macro effects on conflict.

中国农村生育转变的类型与宗族文化的区域差异

Rural China ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-310
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Regional Variation ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Sex Ratio At Birth ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Village Communities

Abstract By linking the decline in the total fertility rate since the 1970s and the emergence of an unbalanced sex ratio at birth in different regions, this article defines two main types of fertility transition in rural China—a smooth and balanced fertility transition versus an obstructed and unbalanced fertility transition—and analyzes their regional distribution. The distribution of these two types is related to the regional variation in lineage culture. For historical reasons, village communities of different regions have different social networks and norms associated with lineage institutions. The regional variation with regard to these two types clearly impacts the population planning policy’s degree of control over fertility. It also constitutes the main factor behind different fertility behavior of the villagers of different regions. Mutual interaction of these two factors produces a very interesting spatial distribution of fertility transition in rural China. In the cultural region encompassing South China and the Central Plains, the decline in the fertility rate has lagged behind other regions and a severely unbalanced sex ratio at birth has appeared within the context of a strong lineage culture impacting fertility transition. On the other hand, the Northeast and Southwest China as well as most of the Yangzi River Valley, where the history of the villages is short and lineage culture is weak, have taken the lead in achieving a relatively low fertility rate while maintaining a balanced sex ratio at birth. (This article is in English.) 摘要 本文根据 20 世纪 70 年代以来总和生育率下降与出生性别比失衡在不同区域的组合， 将中国农村生育转变归纳为 “阻滞—失衡型” 生育转变和 “平滑—均衡” 型生育转变等两种类型。生育转变类型与宗族文化的区域差异有关，不同区域村庄社区内部宗族社会网络与宗族规范因为历史原因而存在差异，这两个因素交织在一起，使得中国农村生育转变存在十分有趣的空间分布：在华南以及中原等文化区，在宗族文化及其社会结构的作用下，生育率下降相对滞后，同时出现严重出生性别比失衡；而在村庄历史比较短暂、宗族文化薄弱的东北、西南、长江流域的大部分地区，率先达到较低的生育水平，出生性别比大致保持平衡。

Association between the total fertility rate and under-five child sex ratio in India: a panel study among districts of the major states

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 514-522
Author(s):  
Ajit Kumar Yadav ◽  
Akansha Singh ◽  
Faujdar Ram
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Total Fertility Rate ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Male Child ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Using Data

AbstractThis study examined the relationship between the total fertility rate and under-five child sex ratio to understand the role of fertility in the phenomenon of missing girls in India. Using data from the last four decennial censuses for the fifteen major states of India and their districts, covering more than 90% of the population of India, the study showed that there was a major decline in the female to male child sex ratio from 1981 to 2011 in most of the major Indian states and their districts. The panel regression model showed that the total fertility rate was significantly associated with the under-five child sex ratio at the district level for the 30-year period from 1981 to 2011 in India, even after controlling for other factors and any other unobserved heterogeneity. This indicates that areas of India with the highest fertility had the higher female to male child sex ratio, while low-fertility districts had a more male-biased sex ratio.

FAMILY SIZE AND CHILDREN’S EDUCATION IN MATLAB, BANGLADESH

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABDUR RAZZAQUE ◽  
PETER KIM STREATFIELD ◽  
ANN EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Children's Education ◽  
Head Of Household ◽  
The Family ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Children’S Education ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Summary.This study examines the relationship between family size and children’s education in Bangladesh for two periods – 1982 with high fertility and 1996 with low fertility – using data from the Matlab Health and Demographic Surveillance System of the ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research. Children aged 8–17 years (27,448 in 1982 and 32,635 in 1996) were selected from households where the mother was aged 30–49 years and the father was the head of household. Children’s education was measured in terms of completed years of schooling: at least class 1 (among 8–17 year olds), at least class 5 (among 12–17 year olds) and at least class 7 (among 15–17 year olds). After controlling for all variables in the multivariate analyses, level of children’s education was not found to be associated with family size during the high fertility period. The family size–education relationship became negative during the low fertility period. In both periods children of educated mothers from wealthier households and those who lived close to primary/high schools had more education, but this socioeconomic difference reduced substantially over time. Boys had more education than girls during the high fertility period but this difference disappeared during the low fertility period. As birth rates fall and the proportion of children from small families increases an increase in children’s education is to be expected.

ON-FARM FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS FOR NORTHLAND

1986 ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
J.S. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Joint Ventures ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Financial Returns ◽  
Farm Forestry ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Financial Position ◽  
On Farm

Agroforests and woodlots offer Northland hill country farmers investment and diversification opportunities. Agroforests have less effect on the "whole farm" financial position than woodlots, especially where a progressive planting regime is adopted and where no further borrowing is required. Establishment and tending costs for agro-forests are lower, and returns come much sooner. The proven opportunity for continued grazing under trees established in this manner, apart from a short post-planting period, further enhances the agroforesty option. Even where there is reluctance on a farmer's part to plant trees on high fertility land, the expected financial returns from agroforests on low and medium fertility land will increase the overall long-term profitability and flexibility of the whole farming operation. Woodlots may be more appropriate on low fertility areas where weed reversion is likely. Joint ventures may be worth considering where farm finances are a limited factor. Keywords: On-farm forestry development, Northland hill country, agroforestry, woodlots, diversification, joint ventures, progressive planting regimes, grazing availability.

Gender Ideology and Fertility: Evidence for a Curvilinear Hypothesis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Stefani ◽  
Gabriele Prati
Keyword(s):  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
World Population ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
The World ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
National Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

Research on the relationship between fertility and gender ideology revealed inconsistent results. In the present study, we argue that inconsistencies may be due to the fact that such relationship may be nonlinear. We hypothesize a U- shaped relationship between two dimensions of gender ideology (i.e. primacy of breadwinner role and acceptance of male privilege) and fertility rates. We conducted a cross-national analysis of 60 countries using data from the World Values Survey as well as the World Population Prospects 2019. Controlling for gross domestic product, we found support for a U-shaped relationship between gender ideology and fertility. Higher levels of fertility rates were found at lower and especially higher levels of traditional gender ideology, while a medium level of gender ideology was associated with the lowest fertility rate. This curvilinear relationship is in agreement with the phase of the gender revolution in which the country is located. Traditional beliefs are linked to a complementary division of private versus public sphere between sexes, while egalitarian attitudes are associated with a more equitable division. Both conditions strengthen fertility. Instead, as in the transition phase, intermediate levels of gender ideology’s support are associated with an overload and a difficult reconciliation of the roles that women have to embody (i.e. working and nurturing) so reducing fertility. The present study has contributed to the literature by addressing the inconsistencies of prior research by demonstrating that the relationship between gender ideology and fertility rates is curvilinear rather than linear.

scholarly journals Do Spousal Intimate Relationships Affect Fertility Intentions and Preferences?

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2110160
Author(s):  
Amir Erfani ◽  
Roya Jahanbakhsh
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Mate Selection ◽  
Risk Profile ◽  
Fertility Intentions ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Ideal Number ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

The fertility influence of spousal intimate relationships is unknown. Drawing on the Giddens’s theory of transformation of intimacy, this study proposed a hypothesis that couples supporting egalitarian intimate relationships, with a greater risk profile attached to the relationship, and having less attachments to the external normative pressures shaping marital relations, are more likely to have low-fertility intentions and preferences. Using data from a self-administered pilot survey ( n = 375 prospective grooms and brides) designed by the authors, and employing multivariate regression models, we found that the lower attachment to external social forces in mate selection was associated with the lower ideal number of children, and those with a greater spousal relational egalitarianism and a higher risk profile attached to their relationships preferred lower number of children and were less likely to intend to have children after marriage. The study sheds new light on the determinants of low fertility.

scholarly journals Technical efficiency among agricultural households and determinants of food security in East Java, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachman Hakim ◽  
Tri Haryanto ◽  
Dyah Wulan Sari
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Logit Regression ◽  
Agricultural Households ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Land Size ◽  
Average Consumption

AbstractRice is a staple food in East Java, and the average consumption is 100 kg/capita/year. However, rice productivity has declined dramatically in recent years. Food security can be reached by improving the technical efficiency of rice farming, especially in rice farming centers such as East Java Province. This study aims to measure technical efficiency and its determinants using two limit tobit. And it also aims to examine the effect of the technical efficiency of rice farming on food security using logit regression. Technical efficiency will be measured by using data envelopment analysis (DEA). The results show that the technical efficiency of rice farming is very low in East Java. Government assistance, irrigation, and extension have a significant effect on technical efficiency. Meanwhile, membership of farmer organization has no effect on technical efficiency. Around 69% of farmers can be categorized as food secure households. The estimation of logit regression shows that household size, income, land size, education, age, and gender significantly influence food security in East Java. Meanwhile, credit and technical efficiency did not have any significant effect.

Transnational logic of gratitude: Marriage migrants’ narratives on marital satisfaction in South Korea

2021 ◽  
pp. 026858092199469
Author(s):  
Gowoon Jung
Keyword(s):  
Marital Satisfaction ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Marriage Migrants ◽  
Sociology Of Emotion ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

Scholarship on marriage migrants has examined the impact of class and gender ideology of receiving countries on their marital satisfaction. However, little is known about the role of transnational background in explaining women’s feelings of gratitude for husbands. Drawing on qualitative in-depth interviews with marriage migrant women residing in the eastern side of Seoul, Korea, this article explores the micro-level cognitive processes in understanding women’s gratitude for their husbands. Categorizing marriage migrants into two groups, ‘gratified’ and ‘ungratified’ wives, the author demonstrates how the gratified wives’ feelings of contentment is mediated by their active comparison of Korean husbands with local men in their homelands, and how these viewpoints conversely affect their aspirations for return. Bringing the sociology of emotion into an explanation of marriage migrants’ marital satisfaction, this study aims to develop a transnational frame of reference as an underlying dynamic for comprehending marriage migrants’ (in)gratitude.

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