Study of the fouling of a mineral microfiltration membrane using scanning electron microscopy and physicochemical analyses in the processing of milk

1988 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudine Vetier ◽  
Michel Bennasar ◽  
Blas Tarodo de la Fuente
Keyword(s):  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Casein Micelles ◽  
Microfiltration Membrane ◽  
Dynamic Conditions ◽  
Milk Processing ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
Velocity Effect ◽  
Dynamic Filter ◽  
Static Conditions ◽  
Matter Transfer

SummarySoluble proteins and Ca and P salts in the fouling deposit on a mineral microfiltration membrane obtained in static conditions were analysed and compared with those found using dynamic filter conditions in a laboratory pilot installation for milk processing. The serum milk proteins were retained by the porous micellar deposit under both static and dynamic conditions, resulting in progressive fouling of the dynamic micellar membrane, enabling milk to be processed with a mineral microfiltration membrane. Ca and P salts increased fouling probably by allowing better adsorption of casein micelles on the alumina and by acting as intermicellar bonds in the deposit. Fat globules modified porosity, permeability and resistance to matter transfer of the deposit. The dynamic conditions gave a deposit of the same type and structure as with the static conditions although made thinner by the velocity effect.

scholarly journals FREE FAT IN MILK AND CHEESE PRODUCTS: INFLUENCE ON QUALITY

Food systems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
O. V. Lepilkina ◽  
I. V.  Loginova ◽  
O. G. Kashnikova
Keyword(s):  
Whey Proteins ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Casein Micelles ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Milk Processing ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics ◽  
Oxidative Processes ◽  
Mechanical Factors ◽  
Cheese Products

The theoretical and practical aspects of the formation of free fat in milk, cheese and cheese products with vegetable fats are considered. The amount of free fat in milk depends on the integrity of the fat globules membranes, which are affected by: ineffective emulsification of fat during the synthesis of milk in the cow’s udder (authentic fat) and physic-mechanical factors in the milk processing after milking (destabilized fat). Free fat, primarily subjected to oxidative processes and lipolysis, reduces the quality and ability to store milk. For cheese products, the presence of free fat, available for lipolysis and oxidation, is a prerequisite for obtaining high-quality products. Characteristics of the production of cheese products with vegetable fats, providing for the preliminary emulsification of vegetable fat in skim milk, contribute to the formation of denser membranes on the surface of fat globules, consisting mainly of casein micelles and whey proteins. This is the reason for the formation of a more closed structure of the fat phase with low availability of fat for enzymes and oxidizing agents. The low availability of fat in the structure of cheese products with vegetable fats is one of the factors that worsen their organoleptic characteristics. In order to increase the amount of available fat in the production of cheese products with vegetable fats, it is advisable to use additional enzyme preparations or cultures of microorganisms that activate proteolysis and lipolysis.

Formation and Structure of Casein Micelles in Lactating Mammary Tissue

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 150-151
Author(s):  
Robert J. Carroll ◽  
Marvin P. Thompson ◽  
Harold M. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Colloidal System ◽  
Casein Micelles ◽  
The Stability

Milk is an unusually stable colloidal system; the stability of this system is due primarily to the formation of micelles by the major milk proteins, the caseins. Numerous models for the structure of casein micelles have been proposed; these models have been formulated on the basis of in vitro studies. Synthetic casein micelles (i.e., those formed by mixing the purified αsl- and k-caseins with Ca2+ in appropriate ratios) are dissimilar to those from freshly-drawn milks in (i) size distribution, (ii) ratio of Ca/P, and (iii) solvation (g. water/g. protein). Evidently, in vivo organization of the caseins into the micellar form occurs in-a manner which is not identical to the in vitro mode of formation.

scholarly journals The Effect of Various Hydroxide and Salt Additives on the Reduction of Fluoride Ion Mobility in Industrial Waste

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1554
Author(s):  
Tadas Dambrauskas ◽  
Kestutis Baltakys ◽  
Agne Grineviciene ◽  
Valdas Rudelis
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Medium ◽  
Silica Gel ◽  
Ion Mobility ◽  
Fluoride Removal ◽  
Dynamic Conditions ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Medium Flow ◽  
Silica Gel Waste ◽  
Fluorine Ions ◽  
Static Conditions

In this work, the influence of various hydroxide and salt additives on the removal of F− ions from silica gel waste, which is obtained during the production of AlF3, was examined. The leaching of the mentioned ions from silica gel waste to the liquid medium was achieved by the application of different techniques: (1) leaching under static conditions; (2) leaching under dynamic conditions by the use of continuous liquid medium flow; and (3) leaching in cycles under dynamic conditions. It was determined that the efficiency of the fluoride removal from this waste depends on the w/s ratio, the leaching conditions, and the additives used. It was proven that it is possible to reduce the concentration of fluorine ions from 10% to <5% by changing the treatment conditions and by adding alkaline compounds. The silica gel obtained after the leaching is a promising silicon dioxide source.

A New Technical Standard Procedure to Measure Stimulation and Gravel-pack Fluid Leak-off under Dynamic Conditions

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Asadi ◽  
Brain Ainley ◽  
David Archacki ◽  
Eric Aubry ◽  
Harold Brannon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Technical Standard ◽  
Gas Wells ◽  
Dynamic Conditions ◽  
Oil And Gas Wells ◽  
Static Conditions ◽  
Gravel Pack

Abstract Historically, leak-off analyses of stimulation fluids have been performed using in-house laboratory procedures. The lack of industry standard procedures to perform leak-off and wall building coefficient analyses of stimulation fluids has introduced inconsistency in both results and reporting for many years. A technical standard adopted in 2006 by both API and ISO for static conditions has provided the oil and gas industry with the first standardized procedure to measure and report leak-off1. However, the more complex testing under dynamic conditions was not addressed. As a result, a group of industry experts have compiled their years of experiences in developing a new technical standard to measure the leak-off characteristics of stimulation and gravel-pack fluids under dynamic flow conditions. Stimulation and gravel-pack fluids are defined, for the purpose of this technical standard, as fluids used to enhance production from oil and gas wells by fracturing and fluids used to place filtration media to control formation sand production from oil and gas wells. Leak-off is the amount of fluid lost to porous media during these operations. The leak-off procedure was developed through the colaberation of several industry companies by evaluating numerous in-house laboratory techniques and conducting round robin testing to ensure that any modifications to these procedures were reliable and repeatable. The new standard provides a step-by-step procedure that includes fluid preparation, experimental equipment design, testing procedure and data analyses for fluids exhibiting viscosity controlled leak-off or wall building characteristics. Example calculations are reviewed within this paper.

ALLERGENIC ACTIVITY AND DANGER OF INDUSTRIAL DUSTS OF DRY PRODUCTS OF COW'S MILK PROCESSING

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
Baranov S.A. ◽  
◽  
Shevlyakov V.V. ◽  
Sychyk S.I. ◽  
Filonyuk V.A. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Proteins ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Antigenic Determinants ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Processing ◽  
Allergenic Activity

The purpose of the work was to establish in a model experiment the allergenic activity and danger of the extracts obtained from the dust of dry products of cow's milk processing (DPMP), containing complexes of soluble whey (WMP) or casein milk proteins (CMP), as a stage of hygienic regulation of the content of dust DPMP in the air of the working area. Experiments on albino guinea pigs sensitized by the intradermal injection of standard doses of WMP and СМР solutions into the ear revealed the development of severe allergic reactions in the animals of the experimental groups with the prevalence of mixed mechanisms of immediate anaphylactic and delayed cell-mediated types. According to the criteria for the classification of industrial allergens, the WMP and СМР complexes have a strong allergenic activity and are differentiated to the 1-st class of allergenic hazard, which determines the classification of the DPMP dust containing them as extremely dangerous industrial allergens. This is confirmed by the established high levels of indicators of allergic-diagnostic reactions in vivo and in vitro when testing sensitized WMP and СМР animals with a solution of skim milk powder dust, indicating the presence of antigenic determinants of whey and casein milk proteins in it and a real ability to form cross-allergic reactions in the body of workers to dust from all dry milk processing products containing these proteins.

scholarly journals Static and Dynamic Performance of Vector Control on Induction Motor with PID Controller: An Investigation on LabVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-96
Author(s):  
Abdillah Aziz Muntashir ◽  
Era Purwanto ◽  
Bambang Sumantri ◽  
Hanif Hasyier FAkhruddin ◽  
Raden Akbar Nur Apriyanto
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Induction Motor ◽  
Pid Controller ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Load Torque ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Dynamic Conditions ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Static Conditions

A three-phase induction motor is often used in everyday life because of its high reliability. However, it is associated with some disadvantages, including difficulties in maintaining constant speed during load changes and speed regulation due to the decoupled system. Therefore, this study aims to adjust the three-phase induction motor control to become a separate amplifier DC motor by setting the vector control using the IFOC method, which changes the coupled to the decoupled system. The speed settings are equipped with a PID controller where its parameters, which are obtained using Ziegler Nichols, produce speed output with fast research time and small steady-state errors. This research was conducted to observe and analyze the performance of a controller based on the IFOC approach with a PID controller at speed differences, with static and dynamic conditions in the entire speed working area. In the first stage of the research, simulation is carried out with static conditions, namely changes in speed variations throughout the work area (low speed to high speed), the next stage is a simulation with dynamic conditions, which is to provide changes in the value of the load torque when the system is operating. The simulation result carried out with LabVIEW shows a response time of 1.13 ms, a settling time of 9.9 ms, and a steady error of 0.4% at the 500 Rpm set point. It also indicated dynamic characteristics with a recovery time of 4.9 ms at the 300 Rpm set point. When operated at low speed, IFOC with PID controller has a stable response. But In dynamic conditions, the use of a PID controller is considered unsuitable. This is because the PID controller is less fast and less robust in responding to the system when conditions change in the value of the load torque.

scholarly journals On some pre-Cambrian metadolerites from the central Ivigtut region SW Greenland

1965 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
E Bondesen ◽  
N Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Shear Zones ◽  
Metamorphic Grade ◽  
Amphibolite Facies ◽  
Dynamic Conditions ◽  
Static Conditions

After their consolidation, the Ketilidian gneisses were transversed by several generations of tensional, doleritic dykes-the Kuánitic dykes. During a later episode (the Sánerutian) these dykes were metamorphosed to varying degrees of alteration which increase in the described area from west to east. Along a specific metadolerite, which can be traced approx. 40 km, the metamorphic grade changes from greenschist to amphibolite facies. In the western parts static conditions and in the eastern parts dynamic conditions, prevailed during the alteration. Sánerutian shear zones in the eastern parts depict the dynamic conditions found here.

scholarly journals Using natural aluminosilicate (vermiculite) sorbent for purifying waste water from antibiotics

2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-394
Author(s):  
D. S. Galchenko ◽  
M. G. Smirnova ◽  
L. I. Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Model System ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Dynamic Conditions ◽  
Natural Aluminosilicate ◽  
Antibiotics Detection ◽  
Static Conditions

The problem of wastewater treatment from residual antibiotics is of particular relevance, since these drugs are used in many agricultural sectors. Antibiotics get into water, animal and human bodies, where they can accumulate negatively affecting health. The aim of this article is to study the possibility of using natural aluminosilicate vermiculite sorbent from the Koksharovskoye field (Primorsky Region) for purifying fish processing and fish farming enterprises’ waste water from antibiotics (chloramphenicol, tetracycline, cefazolin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime and and ciprofloxacin) under static and dynamic conditions. The study was carried out on a model wastewater system with injected antibiotics. The purification ability of the model system using the method of spectrophotometric antibiotics detection is analyzed. Under static conditions, the total content of antibiotics varied from 0.25 mg to 1.00 mg per 1 g of sorbent. Under dynamic conditions, the antibiotic content was 0.025 mg per 1 g of sorbent. High values of absorption for all studied antibiotics, except for chloramphenicol, were achieved both in static and dynamic modes. For chloramphenicol, when examined under static conditions, the maximum absorption rate was 45% with the minimum total concentration of antibiotics. With an increase in the load on the sorbent, the degree of absorption decreased to 3%. Thus, vermiculite modified with 7% hydrochloric acid is a promising sorbent for cleaning water bodies from residual antibiotics.

Development of Novel Test Methodology to Understand the Mechanisms of Halite Inhibition and Environmentally Acceptable Halite Scale Inhibitors for High Temperature Application

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberley Ho ◽  
Tao Chen ◽  
Ping Chen ◽  
Thomas Hagen ◽  
Harry Montgomerie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Dynamic Conditions ◽  
Test Methodology ◽  
Static Conditions ◽  
Batch Treatment ◽  
Nucleation Growth

Abstract Halite deposition is most commonly observed in gas/gas condensate fields with low water cut, high TDS produced brines and high temperature. Halite is notoriously difficult to inhibit and there are limited studies focused on halite due to it being incredibly challenging to have an effective test methodology under laboratory conditions that reflect the field conditions. The mechanisms of halite inhibition are unclear. In the published literature, static jar testing is primarily used to evaluate the performance of halite inhibitors. It is not representative of dynamic field conditions and provides limited information of halite inhibition. A new methanol driven dynamic test methodology has been developed alongside a novel jar test procedure, which together provides an effective methodology to evaluate halite inhibition under both static and dynamic conditions and provides an insight into the understanding of the mechanisms of halite inhibition. Using these novel test methodologies, four short-listed inhibitor chemistries including environmentally acceptable inhibitors were assessed and categorised into two types based on the understanding of the mechanism. ➤ Nucleation/growth inhibitors. Inhibitors reduce the nucleation/growth of halite crystals and give good performance under both static and dynamic test conditions.➤ Dispersion inhibitors. Inhibitor doesn't stop the nucleation/growth of halite crystals and gives poor performance under static conditions, but good performance under dynamic conditions due to dispersion effect. Both types of halite inhibitors have been successfully deployed in the fields through continuous injection or batch treatment. Coreflood tests were carried out to confirm the potential risk of formation damage during downhole batch treatment. Other deployment methods have been discussed such as through methanol injection line as both inhibitors are fully methanol compatible. This paper will give a comprehensive study of halite inhibition for challenged wells, including prediction, novel methodology, program of laboratory qualification, mechanism understanding and field deployment, coupled to the development of a chemical technology toolbox to design field halite applications. The value that a fuller understanding of halite control gives the industry is the ability to reduce/eliminate water wash application to control halite formation and so improve well operation time. If halite inhibition is considered at the capex phase of field development, provisions can be made for chemical injection facilities to maintain uninterrupted production.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document