Ectoine as a natural component of food: detection in red smear cheeses

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 446-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Klein ◽  
Thomas Schwarz ◽  
Georg Lentzen
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Halophilic Bacteria ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Compatible Solute ◽  
Brevibacterium Linens ◽  
Food Detection ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cheese Production ◽  
Natural Component ◽  
Red Smear Cheese

Ectoine is a compatible solute accumulated in halophilic bacteria in response to high salt concentrations and offers protection from osmotic stress. The occurrence of compatible solutes is widespread among bacteria, yet ectoine has never been detected in foods. The use of an ectoine producing microorganism (Brevibacterium linens) in the surface ripening of red smear cheeses led to the question whether ectoine can be found in cheese. Therefore we examined samples from a variety of cheese manufacturers and different types of red smear cheeses for the presence of ectoine using HPLC and HPLC/MS analysis. Ectoine solely appears in the rind and was detected up to 178 mg/200 g red smear cheese, depending on several factors like ripening status and conditions throughout the cheese production process (e.g. salt concentrations of used brine baths).

scholarly journals Compatible-Solute-Supported Periplasmic Expression of Functional Recombinant Proteins under Stress Conditions

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1572-1579 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Barth ◽  
M. Huhn ◽  
B. Matthey ◽  
A. Klimka ◽  
E. A. Galinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Glycine Betaine ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Halophilic Bacteria ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Compatible Solute ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
High Yield ◽  
High Concentrations

ABSTRACT The standard method of producing recombinant proteins such as immunotoxins (rITs) in large quantities is to transform gram-negative bacteria and subsequently recover the desired protein from inclusion bodies by intensive de- and renaturing procedures. The major disadvantage of this technique is the low yield of active protein. Here we report the development of a novel strategy for the expression of functional rIT directed to the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli. rITs were recovered by freeze-thawing of pellets from shaking cultures of bacteria grown under osmotic stress (4% NaCl plus 0.5 M sorbitol) in the presence of compatible solutes. Compatible solutes, such as glycine betaine and hydroxyectoine, are low-molecular-weight osmolytes that occur naturally in halophilic bacteria and are known to protect proteins at high salt concentrations. Adding 10 mM glycine betaine for the cultivation of E. coliunder osmotic stress not only allowed the bacteria to grow under these otherwise inhibitory conditions but also produced a periplasmic microenvironment for the generation of high concentrations of correctly folded rITs. Protein purified by combinations of metal ion affinity and size exclusion chromatography was substantially stabilized in the presence of 1 M hydroxyecotine after several rounds of freeze-thawing, even at very low protein concentrations. The binding properties and cytotoxic potency of the rITs were confirmed by competitive experiments. This novel compatible-solute-guided expression and purification strategy might also be applicable for high-yield periplasmic production of recombinant proteins in different expression systems.

Osmoregulation in Bacteria: Compatible Solute Accumulation and Osmosensing

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Jörg Kunte
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Surrounding Medium ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Compatible Solute ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Organic Osmolytes ◽  
Organic Osmolyte ◽  
Solute Accumulation

Environmental Context.Bacteria and Archaea have developed two basic mechanisms to cope with osmotic stress. The ‘salt-in-cytoplasm mechanism’ involves adjusting the salt concentration in the cytoplasm according to the environmental osmolarity and the ‘organic-osmolyte mechanism’ involves accumulating uncharged, highly water-soluble organic compounds in order to maintain an osmotic equilibrium with the surrounding medium. This highlight gives an overview of the osmoadaptation of prokaryotes employing the organic-osmolyte strategy and introduces a model explaining the fine-tuning of osmoregulatory osmolyte synthesis. Abstract.Bacteria and Archaea have developed two basic mechanisms to cope with osmotic stress, the salt-in-cytoplasm mechanism, and the organic-osmolyte mechanism. Organic osmolytes or so-called compatible solutes can be accumulated in molar concentration in the cytoplasm and allow for the adaptation of bacterial cells to varying salt concentrations. The biosynthetic pathways of compatible solutes and different compatible solute transport systems are described. A model for osmoregulatory compatible solute accumulation is introduced.

scholarly journals Link between Lipid Second Messengers and Osmotic Stress in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2658
Author(s):  
Beatriz A. Rodas-Junco ◽  
Graciela E. Racagni-Di-Palma ◽  
Michel Canul-Chan ◽  
Javier Usorach ◽  
S. M. Teresa Hernández-Sotomayor
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Protein Conformation ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Second Messengers ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Transient Molecules ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
Different Types

Plants are subject to different types of stress, which consequently affect their growth and development. They have developed mechanisms for recognizing and processing an extracellular signal. Second messengers are transient molecules that modulate the physiological responses in plant cells under stress conditions. In this sense, it has been shown in various plant models that membrane lipids are substrates for the generation of second lipid messengers such as phosphoinositide, phosphatidic acid, sphingolipids, and lysophospholipids. In recent years, research on lipid second messengers has been moving toward using genetic and molecular approaches to reveal the molecular setting in which these molecules act in response to osmotic stress. In this sense, these studies have established that second messengers can transiently recruit target proteins to the membrane and, therefore, affect protein conformation, activity, and gene expression. This review summarizes recent advances in responses related to the link between lipid second messengers and osmotic stress in plant cells.

Humectant Permeability Influences Growth and Compatible Solute Uptake by Staphylococcus aureus Subjected to Osmotic Stress

2002 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1008-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
ODDUR VILHELMSSON ◽  
KAREN J. MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Glycine Betaine ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Compatible Solute ◽  
Solute Uptake ◽  
Stressed Cells ◽  
Carnitine Uptake

The effects of different humectants (sodium chloride, sucrose, and glycerol) on the growth of and compatible solute (glycine betaine, proline, and carnitine) uptake by the osmotolerant foodborne pathogen Staphylococcus aureus were investigated. While growth in the presence of the impermeant humectants sodium chloride and sucrose induced the accumulation of proline and glycine betaine by cells, growth in the presence of the permeant humectant glycerol did not. When compatible solutes were omitted from low-water-activity media, growth was very poor in the presence of impermeant humectants. In contrast, the addition of compatible solutes had essentially no effect on growth when cells were grown in low-water-activity media containing glycerol as the humectant. Carnitine was found to accumulate to high intracellular levels in osmotically stressed cells when proline and glycine betaine were absent, making it a potentially important compatible solute for this organism.

scholarly journals Potential of temperature- and salinity-driven shifts in diatom compatible solute concentrations to impact biogeochemical cycling within sea ice

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah M. Dawson ◽  
Katherine R. Heal ◽  
Angela K. Boysen ◽  
Laura T. Carlson ◽  
Anitra E. Ingalls ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Biogeochemical Cycling ◽  
Compatible Solute ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Antarctic Sea Ice ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Metabolite Pool ◽  
Cellular Metabolite

Sea-ice algae are an important source of primary production in polar regions, yet we have limited understanding of their responses to the seasonal cycling of temperature and salinity. Using a targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach, we found that axenic cultures of the Antarctic sea-ice diatom, Nitzschia lecointei, displayed large differences in their metabolomes when grown in a matrix of conditions that included temperatures of –1 and 4°C, and salinities of 32 and 41, despite relatively small changes in growth rate. Temperature exerted a greater effect than salinity on cellular metabolite pool sizes, though the N- or S-containing compatible solutes, 2, 3-dihydroxypropane-1-sulfonate (DHPS), glycine betaine (GBT), dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), and proline responded strongly to both temperature and salinity, suggesting complexity in their control. We saw the largest (> 4-fold) response to salinity for proline. DHPS, a rarely studied but potential compatible solute, had the highest intracellular concentrations among all compatible solutes of ~85 mM. When comparing the culture findings to natural Arctic sea-ice diatom communities, we found extensive overlap in metabolite profiles, highlighting the relevance of culture-based studies to probe environmental questions. Large changes in sea-ice diatom metabolomes and compatible solutes over a seasonal cycle could be significant components of biogeochemical cycling within sea ice.

Major Compatible Solutes and Structural Adaptation of Proteins in Extremophiles

2022 ◽  
pp. 161-186
Author(s):  
Hardik Shah ◽  
Khushbu Panchal ◽  
Amisha Panchal
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Organic Solutes ◽  
Structural Adaptation ◽  
Extreme Habitats

Extremophiles are the most ancient microbes on the Earth and also a center of attraction for the scientific community for research because of their ability to adapt to extreme habitats. Compatible solutes are among those factors which enable these microorganisms to thrive in such extreme habitats. Under osmotic stress, the majority of extremophiles accumulate specific organic solutes such as amino acids, sugars, polyols, and their derivatives. In addition, proteins in extremophiles are found to be evolved by changing their amino acid composition to alter the hydrophobicity of its core and surface charge to maintain activity. This chapter encompasses a comprehensive study about the role of various compatible solutes in the endurance of microorganisms under extremophilic conditions, synthesis of compatible solutes, nature of extremophilic proteins, and their applications. Furthermore, an attempt has been made to cover various strategies adopted by the scientific community while pursuing research on compatible solutes.

scholarly journals Plant growth under suboptimal water conditions: early responses and methods to study them

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1706-1722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke Dubois ◽  
Dirk Inzé
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Environmental Constraint ◽  
Early Stress ◽  
Different Types

Abstract Drought stress forms a major environmental constraint during the life cycle of plants, often decreasing plant yield and in extreme cases threatening survival. The molecular and physiological responses induced by drought have been the topic of extensive research during the past decades. Because soil-based approaches to studying drought responses are often challenging due to low throughput and insufficient control of the conditions, osmotic stress assays in plates were developed to mimic drought. Addition of compounds such as polyethylene glycol, mannitol, sorbitol, or NaCl to controlled growth media has become increasingly popular since it offers the advantage of accurate control of stress level and onset. These osmotic stress assays enabled the discovery of very early stress responses, occurring within seconds or minutes following osmotic stress exposure. In this review, we construct a detailed timeline of early responses to osmotic stress, with a focus on how they initiate plant growth arrest. We further discuss the specific responses triggered by different types and severities of osmotic stress. Finally, we compare short-term plant responses under osmotic stress versus in-soil drought and discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and future of these plate-based proxies for drought.

scholarly journals Growth and nitrogen removal characteristics of Halomonas sp. B01 under high salinity

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (13) ◽  
pp. 1425-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Te Wang ◽  
Zhengzhong Jiang ◽  
Wenbo Dong ◽  
Xiaoya Liang ◽  
Linghua Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Halophilic Bacteria ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Aerobic Denitrification ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Expression Abundance

Abstract Purpose At present, the nitrogen (N) removal efficiency of the microbial treatment in the high-salinity nitrogenous wastewaters is relatively low. Study on the N removal behavior and properties of moderately halophilic bacteria Halomonas under high salinity is of great significance for the microbial treatment of high-salinity nitrogenous wastewater. Methods The response mechanism of Halomonas sp. B01 to high osmotic pressure stress was investigated by measuring the compatible solute ectoine concentration and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The salt tolerance during growth and N removal of the strain was evaluated by measuring the activities of growth-related and N removal–related enzymes and the mRNA expression abundance of ammonia monooxygenase-encoding gene (amoA). The process of simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification (SND) under high salinity was described by measuring the concentration of inorganic N. Result Halomonas sp. B01 synthesized ectoine under NaCl stress, and the intracellular ectoine concentration increased with increased NaCl concentration in the growth medium. When the NaCl concentration of the medium reached 120 g L−1, the malondialdehyde concentration and SOD activity were significantly increased to 576.1 μg mg−1 and 1.7 U mg−1, respectively. The growth-related and N removal–related enzymes of the strain were active or most active in medium with 30–60 g L−1 NaCl. The amoA of the strain cultured in medium with 60 g L−1 NaCl had the highest mRNA expression abundance. In the N removal medium containing 60 g L−1 NaCl and 2121 mg L−1 NH4+-N, SND by Halomonas sp. B01 was performed over 96 h and the N removal rate reached 98.8%. Conclusion In addition to the protective mechanism of synthetic compatible solutes, Halomonas sp. B01 had the repair mechanism of SOD for lipid peroxidation. The growth-related and N removal–related enzymes of the strain were most active at a certain salt concentration; amoA also had the highest mRNA expression abundance under high salinity. Halomonas sp. B01 could efficiently perform N removal by SND under high salinity.

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of an ATP Binding Cassette l-Carnitine Transporter inListeria monocytogenes

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 4696-4704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katy R. Fraser ◽  
Duncan Harvie ◽  
Peter J. Coote ◽  
Conor P. O'Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Binding Protein ◽  
Substrate Binding ◽  
Compatible Solutes ◽  
Brain Heart Infusion ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Compatible Solute ◽  
Atp Binding ◽  
Insertional Inactivation ◽  
Substrate Binding Protein ◽  
Atp Binding Cassette

ABSTRACT We identified an operon in Listeria monocytogenes EGD with high levels of sequence similarity to the operons encoding the OpuC and OpuB compatible solute transporters from Bacillus subtilis, which are members of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) substrate binding protein-dependent transporter superfamily. The operon, designated opuC, consists of four genes which are predicted to encode an ATP binding protein (OpuCA), an extracellular substrate binding protein (OpuCC), and two membrane-associated proteins presumed to form the permease (OpuCB and OpuCD). The operon is preceded by a potential SigB-dependent promoter. An opuC-defective mutant was generated by the insertional inactivation of theopuCA gene. The mutant was impaired for growth at high osmolarity in brain heart infusion broth and failed to grow in a defined medium. Supplementation of the defined medium with peptone restored the growth of the mutant in this medium. The mutant was found to accumulate the compatible solutes glycine betaine and choline to same extent as the parent strain but was defective in the uptake ofl-carnitine. We conclude that the opuC operon in L. monocytogenes encodes an ABC compatible solute transporter which is capable of transporting l-carnitine and which plays an important role in osmoregulation in this pathogen.

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