Effects of divergent Holstein-Friesian strain and diet on diurnal patterns of plasma metabolites and hormones

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Meier ◽  
Eric S Kolver ◽  
Gwyneth A Verkerk ◽  
John R Roche
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Diurnal Patterns ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Friesian Cows

Commonly measured metabolite and hormone concentrations used to describe the metabolic status of lactating cows undergo diurnal variation resulting in distinct patterns. Studies have shown that feeding events can modulate these diurnal patterns as cows respond to the nutrient intake. What is less clear is the extent to which cow genetics and diet interact to modify the diurnal patterns of specific nutritionally related metabolites and hormones. The objective of this study was to investigate diurnal patterns in circulating metabolite and hormone concentrations in divergent strains of Holstein-Friesian cows (North American, NA; and New Zealand, NZ) offered either fresh pasture (FP) or a total mixed ration (TMR). Plasma concentrations of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), glucose, insulin, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were determined at 4-h intervals for a minimum of three consecutive days. All of the above metabolites and hormones exhibited within-day variability. Main effects of genetic strain and diet were observed for plasma IGF-1, and a strain by diet interaction was observed for GH. Time of day×diet interactions were observed for both glucose and insulin. Three-way interactions (time of day×diet×strain) were observed for BHBA and NEFA. These data indicate different levels of diurnal variation, with glucose, insulin, NEFA and BHBA having the largest daily variation. These diurnal patterns need to be considered in future investigations of these metabolites and hormones.

scholarly journals Quality Traits of Longissimus thoracis and lumborum and Gluteus medium Muscles from Cull Dairy Holstein-Friesian Cows

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Carlos Santos ◽  
Carlos Moniz ◽  
Cristina Roseiro ◽  
Vera Medeiros ◽  
Isabel Afonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aging Time ◽  
Gluteus Medius ◽  
Meat Tenderness ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sensorial Attributes ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Friesian Cows

<em>Longissimus thoracis</em> and <em>lumborum</em> (LTL) and <em>Gluteus medius</em> (Gm) muscles of culled dairy cows, differing in production status (Ps) at slaughter and carcass weight were assessed for intramuscular fat and myoglobin, color, shear force (SF) and sensorial characteristics, after being aged for 2, 7, 14, 28 and 42 days. Meat from dried-off cows was lighter, redder and had higher yellowness and chroma (<em>P </em>&lt; 0.05) than lactating cows. Meat of finished fed cows improved in color in relation to counterparts directly slaughtered, but not significantly. Color parameters increased with aging time and the mean values of LTL and Gm significantly differed mostly among lactating cows. SF of meat was affected by aging time, muscle type, Ps and by their respective interactions (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001), with a greater impact in LTL muscle. Meat from LTL muscle of dried-off cows had lower SF (47.30 N) than that of lactating cows (65.61 N) (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), but such differences were not significant for Gm muscle. Meat tenderness of finished fed cows was higher than counterparts not finished (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05). Main effects and the results from their interactions were significant for all sensorial attributes (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001).

The effect of sward surface height on grazing behaviour by lactating holstein-friesian cows

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 26-26
Author(s):  
M. J. Gibb ◽  
A. J. Rook ◽  
C. A. Huckle ◽  
R. Nuthall
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Biting Rate ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Grazing Behaviour ◽  
Friesian Cows

Sward surface height (SSH) has been shown to have an effect on the performance of dairy cows. However, to understand precisely how cows adapt to such differing sward conditions, it is necessary to study the interactions between bite mass, biting rate, and thus intake rate, and time spent grazing. An experiment was therefore designed to examine grazing behaviour and intake by lactating cows at three sward heights.

scholarly journals Diurnal Concentration of Urinary Nitrogen and Rumen Ammonia Are Modified by Timing and Mass of Herbage Allocation

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 961
Author(s):  
Ignacio E. Beltran ◽  
Pablo Gregorini ◽  
José Daza ◽  
Oscar A. Balocchi ◽  
Alvaro Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Diurnal Pattern ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen ◽  
Friesian Cows

The objective of this work was to evaluate whether changes in time of herbage allocation and herbage mass (HM) (low (L) or medium (M)) modify the diurnal pattern of urinary nitrogen (N) concentration and ruminal ammonia (NH3) of lactating dairy cows. Four Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with rumen cannula were randomly allocated to one of four treatments: 1) low herbage mass in the morning (L-AM) (Access to new herbage allocation after morning milking with a herbage mass (HM) of 2000 kg DM/ha); 2) low herbage mass in the afternoon (L-PM) (Access to new herbage allocation after afternoon milking with a HM of 2000 kg DM/ha); 3) medium herbage mass in the morning (M-AM) (Access to new herbage allocation after morning milking with a HM of 3000 kg DM/ha); and 4) medium herbage mass in the afternoon (M-PM) (Access to new herbage allocation after afternoon milking with a HM of 3000 kg DM/ha). A four by four Latin Square design with four treatments, four cows, and four experimental periods was used to evaluate treatment effects. Rumen NH3 concentration was greater for L-AM compared to L-PM and M-PM at 13:00 and 16:00 h. Urine urea and N concentrations were lower for M-AM compared to L-AM. Urine N concentration was greater for L-AM than other treatments at 10:00 hours and greater for M-PM compared to M-AM at 16:00 hours. Results suggest that maintaining the cows in the holding pen at the milking parlor for two hours after morning grass silage supplementation for L-AM and for two hours after afternoon grass silage supplementation for M-PM, could allow collection of urine from cows at the holding pen and storage of urine in the slurry pit during the time of peak N concentration, returning cows to the pasture at a time of day when urinary N concentration is decreased.

Distribution and Diurnal Variation of Nonstructural Carbohydrate in Peanut Grown Under Unshaded and Shaded Conditions1

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Farnham ◽  
H. D. Gross ◽  
J. J. Cappy
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Diurnal Patterns ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Shade Cloth

Abstract Diurnal variation in carbohydrate content of plant parts has been recognized for many years. Such variation in the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plant has received little attention. In order to better understand the dynamics of carbohydrate accumulation and utilization in peanut, a greenhouse study was undertaken to examine the effects of shading on diurnal patterns of carbohydrate distribution in this crop. The cultivar, NC 4, was grown under unaltered greenhouse conditions (control) or under shade cloth (37% of photosynthetic photon flux of control). Plants were harvested 40 and 64 days after planting, at beginning bloom and full-pod. At each harvest date plants were sampled every three hours during a 24-h cycle. The concentrations of reducing and nonreducing sugars and starch were analyzed in leaf, stem, and root plus nodule tissues for all samples. Control plants accumulated about twice the dry matter, nodule mass, and fixed N2 as shaded. The carbohydrate concentration was greater in tissues of controls than in those of shaded plants. Growth stage affected both carbohydrate concentration in tissues and the diurnal variation within tissues. All plants harvested at the bloom stage showed significant but individual diurnal effects on concentrations of reducing and nonreducing sugars and starch in leaves, and significant and comparable patterns of nonreducing sugars and starch in roots. Plants harvested at the pod stage exhibited few significant diurnal effects; there was substantial plant-to-plant variability at this stage. Results from this study emphasize the importance of considering the time of day and developmental stage when analyzing nonstructural carbohydrates in peanut tissues.

Diurnal patterns of heat production and heart rate under thermoneutral conditions in Holstein Friesian cows differing in milk production

1990 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Purwanto ◽  
Y. Abo ◽  
R. Sakamoto ◽  
F. Furumoto ◽  
S. Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Diurnal Patterns ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Minimum Heat ◽  
Friesian Cows

SUMMARYTen dairy cows were allocated into three groups according to milk productivity (four high, four intermediate and two dry cows, respectively). Heat production and heart rate, but not rectal temperature, were significantly different (P < 0·05) between groups. Heat production increased during feeding in the morning and in the afternoon and reached a peak 3 h later. Minimum heat production was observed in the early morning before feeding. The diurnal pattern for heart rate reflected that of heat production. These results suggest that cooling dairy cows during hot summer days is most effective at feeding time and 3 h afterwards.

scholarly journals Effect of a metabolically created systemic acidosis on calcium homeostasis and the diurnal variation in urine pH in the non-lactating pregnant dairy cow

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R Roche ◽  
Dawn E Dalley ◽  
Frank P O'Mara
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Diurnal Pattern ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Urinary Hydroxyproline ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

Reducing the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) has been shown to be an effective means of preventing parturient paresis in confinement systems where cows are offered a total mixed ration containing DCAD-reducing mineral compounds (anionic salts). Such a supplementation strategy is not possible in cows being group fed forages precalving, and little is known about the effect of supplementing these cows with large amounts of anionic salts twice daily.Eight non-lactating, pregnant Holstein-Friesian cows were allocated to two levels of DCAD (−20 and +18 meq/100 g DM) for 24 d, with an intensive Ca balance undertaken in metabolism stalls following a 2-week acclimatization to diet. The basal diet was 3 kg DM of crushed barley and 7 kg DM of pasture-hay. Urine and faeces were collected separately, weighed daily for 5 d and analysed for Ca content. Urinary Ca, creatinine and hydroxyproline concentration and plasma Ca concentration were determined during the period of the balance study. The diurnal pattern in urine and rumen pH was determined over 2 d. Decreasing DCAD reduced (P<0·001) the pH of urine, and increased (P<0·05) Ca absorption. Plasma Ca concentration was not affected by DCAD, and DCAD did not affect the output of urinary hydroxyproline, a marker of bone resorption. Twice-daily supplementation of anionic salts was sufficient to reduce the pH of blood and increase gastrointestinal Ca absorption. There was no diurnal variation in the pH of urine, suggesting that time of sampling to determine efficacy of DCAD in reducing systemic pH was not important.

The relative importance of the amounts of energy and crude protein in the concentrate ration on intake and yields of milk constituents by autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian cows given grass silage ad libitum

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 98-98
Author(s):  
K. Aston ◽  
J.D. Sutton ◽  
R.D. Baker ◽  
W.J. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Constant Energy ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cows

The response in yields of milk constituents to increases in the amounts of standard dairy concentrate (SC, 200 g crude protein (CP) per kg DM) given to cows consuming grass silage ad libitum were reported recently (Aston et al 1991; Baker et al 1991). A change of level however adjusts the supply of both energy and CP. Previous work also showed .linear responses in silage intake and milk and milk protein yields when CP was increased in a fixed ration of concentrate of constant energy value. In this trial energy and CP levels were varied Independently. The objective was to separate the effects of energy on the performance of lactating cows from those of CP.

Depressing Effect of Rumen Distension on Silage Intake of the Lactating Dairy Cow

1988 ◽  
Vol 1988 ◽  
pp. 82-82
Author(s):  
J.N. Mbanya ◽  
M.H. Anil ◽  
J.M. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Depressing Effect ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Daily Milk ◽  
Friesian Cows

The numerous factors involved in the control of food intake by ruminants have been reviewed in detail (Baile and Forbes, 1974.). Distension of the rumen is thought to limit the voluntary intake of hay by dry cows (Campling and Balch, 1961) and by lactating cows (Mbanya, Anil and Forbes, 1987). In more recent reports, it is thought that some of these factors which are negative feedback signals combine additively in their effects to induce satiety (Forbes, 1986). Prior to investigating the additive effects of rumen distension to those of other feedback signals on intake of silage by lactating dairy cows, we carried out a preliminary study now reported to establish a response curve to different levels of distension which will enable an appropriate degree of distension to be imposed in future experiments involving combinations of treatments.Animals and Housing - Five rumen fistulated, non-pregnant Friesian cows in early lactation (mean daily milk yield, 25.2 kg) were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design with a row omitted.

Diet selection in dairy cows: effect of training on choice of dietary protein level

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 64-64
Author(s):  
B.J. Tolkamp ◽  
M. Burger ◽  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
J.D. Oldham ◽  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Diet Choice ◽  
Mixed Feed ◽  
Dietary Protein Level ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

An experiment was carried out to determine the ability of lactating cows to select a diet from two similar feeds differing in the ratio of metabolisable protein to energy (MP/ME) content and to investigate the effect of training through previous access to feeds separately on diet choice.Holstein-Friesian cows (n=36), 1-5 months in lactation, yielding 37 (s.d.=5) kg of milk were housed in a cubicle shed equipped with 28 computer linked Hokofarm feeders which can be programmed to give or deny specific animals access and record intake, meal size and meal duration. All feeds were mixtures of grass silage and pelleted concentrates. Approximately 75 % of daily offer was given in the morning and topping up occurred during afternoon milking. After adapting to feeders and feed for at least two weeks, intake was recorded in week 1 when all feeders contained a standard mixed feed calculated to contain 8.3 g MP/MJ ME. In weeks 2-7 a low protein (lp) and a high protein (hp) feed were offered in 14 feeders each (in the order 7 lp, 7 hp, 7 lp, 7 hp).

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