Distribution and Diurnal Variation of Nonstructural Carbohydrate in Peanut Grown Under Unshaded and Shaded Conditions1

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Farnham ◽  
H. D. Gross ◽  
J. J. Cappy
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Diurnal Patterns ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Shade Cloth

Abstract Diurnal variation in carbohydrate content of plant parts has been recognized for many years. Such variation in the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plant has received little attention. In order to better understand the dynamics of carbohydrate accumulation and utilization in peanut, a greenhouse study was undertaken to examine the effects of shading on diurnal patterns of carbohydrate distribution in this crop. The cultivar, NC 4, was grown under unaltered greenhouse conditions (control) or under shade cloth (37% of photosynthetic photon flux of control). Plants were harvested 40 and 64 days after planting, at beginning bloom and full-pod. At each harvest date plants were sampled every three hours during a 24-h cycle. The concentrations of reducing and nonreducing sugars and starch were analyzed in leaf, stem, and root plus nodule tissues for all samples. Control plants accumulated about twice the dry matter, nodule mass, and fixed N2 as shaded. The carbohydrate concentration was greater in tissues of controls than in those of shaded plants. Growth stage affected both carbohydrate concentration in tissues and the diurnal variation within tissues. All plants harvested at the bloom stage showed significant but individual diurnal effects on concentrations of reducing and nonreducing sugars and starch in leaves, and significant and comparable patterns of nonreducing sugars and starch in roots. Plants harvested at the pod stage exhibited few significant diurnal effects; there was substantial plant-to-plant variability at this stage. Results from this study emphasize the importance of considering the time of day and developmental stage when analyzing nonstructural carbohydrates in peanut tissues.

Effects of divergent Holstein-Friesian strain and diet on diurnal patterns of plasma metabolites and hormones

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Meier ◽  
Eric S Kolver ◽  
Gwyneth A Verkerk ◽  
John R Roche
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Diurnal Patterns ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Friesian Cows

Commonly measured metabolite and hormone concentrations used to describe the metabolic status of lactating cows undergo diurnal variation resulting in distinct patterns. Studies have shown that feeding events can modulate these diurnal patterns as cows respond to the nutrient intake. What is less clear is the extent to which cow genetics and diet interact to modify the diurnal patterns of specific nutritionally related metabolites and hormones. The objective of this study was to investigate diurnal patterns in circulating metabolite and hormone concentrations in divergent strains of Holstein-Friesian cows (North American, NA; and New Zealand, NZ) offered either fresh pasture (FP) or a total mixed ration (TMR). Plasma concentrations of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), glucose, insulin, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were determined at 4-h intervals for a minimum of three consecutive days. All of the above metabolites and hormones exhibited within-day variability. Main effects of genetic strain and diet were observed for plasma IGF-1, and a strain by diet interaction was observed for GH. Time of day×diet interactions were observed for both glucose and insulin. Three-way interactions (time of day×diet×strain) were observed for BHBA and NEFA. These data indicate different levels of diurnal variation, with glucose, insulin, NEFA and BHBA having the largest daily variation. These diurnal patterns need to be considered in future investigations of these metabolites and hormones.

scholarly journals Hygroscopic properties of ultrafine aerosol particles in the boreal forest: diurnal variation, solubility and the influence of sulfuric acid

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ehn ◽  
T. Petäjä ◽  
H. Aufmhoff ◽  
P. Aalto ◽  
K. Hämeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
Hygroscopic Growth ◽  
Hygroscopic Properties

Abstract. The hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles present in a boreal forest was measured at a relative humidity of 88%. Simultaneously the gas phase concentration of sulfuric acid, a very hygroscopic compound, was monitored. The focus was mainly on days with new particle formation by nucleation. The measured hygroscopic growth factors (GF) correlated positively with the gaseous phase sulfuric acid concentrations. The smaller the particles, the stronger the correlation, with r=0.20 for 50 nm and r=0.50 for 10 nm particles. The increase in GF due to condensing sulfuric acid is expected to be larger for particles with initially smaller masses. During new particle formation, the changes in solubility of the new particles were calculated during their growth to Aitken mode sizes. As the modal diameter increased, the solubility of the particles decreased. This indicated that the initial particle growth was due to more hygroscopic compounds, whereas the later growth during the evening and night was mainly caused by less hygroscopic or even hydrophobic compounds. For all the measured sizes, a diurnal variation in GF was observed both during days with and without particle formation. The GF was lowest at around midnight, with a mean value of 1.12–1.24 depending on particle size and if new particle formation occurred during the day, and increased to 1.25–1.34 around noon. This can be tentatively explained by day- and nighttime gas-phase chemistry; different vapors will be present depending on the time of day, and through condensation these compounds will alter the hygroscopic properties of the particles in different ways.

scholarly journals Influences of Shading and Fall Fertilization on Fluorescence, Freeze Resistance, Flower Production and Growth of Rhododendron ×kurume ‘Pink Pearl’

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Frank P. Henning ◽  
Timothy J. Smalley ◽  
Orville M. Lindstrom ◽  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Freeze Resistance ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Shade Cloth ◽  
Main Plot

We investigated the influences of fall fertilization and light intensity on photosynthesis and freeze resistance of Rhododendron ×kurume ‘Pink Pearl’, an evergreen azalea cultivar, grown outdoors in containers under nursery conditions. The study included two main-plot fall fertilization treatments: 1) 0.5 liter solution containing 75 mg·liter−1 N applied for 60 days from August 1 through September 29 and 2) 0.5 liter solution containing 125 mg·liter−1 N applied for 120 days from August 1 through November 28, and four subplot light intensity treatments 1) 100% ambient photon flux density (PPFD) from May 1, 2004, through May 1, 2005, 2) shade fabric rated to reduce PPFD by 50% from May 1 through September 30, 2004, followed by 100% PPFD from October 1, 2004, through May 1, 2005, 3) 100% PPFD from May 1 through September 30, 2004, followed by 50% PPFD from October 1, 2004, through May 1, 2005, and 4) 50% PPFD from May 1, 2004, through May 1, 2005. Fertilizer application and shade treatments did not interact in their effects on stem freeze resistance or the timing of anthesis. The high rate of extended fertigation (125 mg·liter−1 N applied August 1 through September 28) reduced freeze resistance of azalea stems and advanced anthesis by 4.9 days compared to plants that received moderate fertigation (75 mg·liter−1 N from August 1 through September 29). The high rate of extended fall fertigation failed to increase leaf or stem dry weight compared to plants that received the moderate rate of fertigation. Plants grown in 50% PPFD from May 1 through September 30 produced 163% more above ground dry weight compared to plants grown in 100% light during the same time period. The addition or removal of shade cloth beginning October 1 failed to enhance azalea stem freeze resistance compared to plants that were only exposed to 100 or 50% PPFD respectively. Shade treatments affected the chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (Fv · Fm−1) of leaves, but leaf fluorescence was unrelated to stem freeze resistance. Shade treatments affected azalea growth and photosynthetic stress, but shade neither interacted with fall fertilization to increase stem freeze resistance, nor had a biologically significant effect on stem freeze resistance.

Diurnal variation in gas exchange and nonstructural carbohydrates throughout sugarcane development

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda P. De Souza ◽  
Adriana Grandis ◽  
Bruna C. Arenque-Musa ◽  
Marcos S. Buckeridge
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Saccharum Spp ◽  
Diurnal Cycles

Photosynthesis and growth are dependent on environmental conditions and plant developmental stages. However, it is still not clear how the environment and development influence the diurnal dynamics of nonstructural carbohydrates production and how they affect growth. This is particularly the case of C4 plants such as sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). Aiming to understand the dynamics of leaf gas exchange and nonstructural carbohydrates accumulation in different organs during diurnal cycles across the developmental stages, we evaluated these parameters in sugarcane plants in a 12-month field experiment. Our results show that during the first 3 months of development, light and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) were the primary drivers of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and growth. After 6 months, in addition to light and VPD, drought, carbohydrate accumulation and the mechanisms possibly associated with water status maintenance were also likely to play a role in gas exchange and growth regulation. Carbohydrates vary throughout the day in all organs until Month 9, consistent with their use for growth during the night. At 12 months, sucrose is accumulated in all organs and starch had accumulated in leaves without any diurnal variation. Understanding of how photosynthesis and the dynamics of carbohydrates are controlled might lead to strategies that could increase sugarcane’s biomass production.

Diurnal Variation in the Response of the Mandible to Orthopedic Force

2002 ◽  
Vol 81 (10) ◽  
pp. 711-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Yamada ◽  
S. Saeki ◽  
I. Takahashi ◽  
K. Igarashi ◽  
H. Shinoda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Considerable Reduction ◽  
Cartilage Metabolism ◽  
Differentiation And Proliferation ◽  
And Cartilage

Bone and cartilage metabolism is known to be more active during rest than during periods of activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that mandibular retractive force could be more effective when applied to rats during rest. Mandibular retractive force caused a considerable reduction in the condylar length in experimental groups, and the magnitude of this reduction was greater in the Light-period (08:00-20:00) group than in the Dark-period (20:00-08:00) group. The differentiation and proliferation of chondrocytes were inhibited in animals in the Light-period group, compared with those in the Dark-period group. These results suggest that the orthopedic effects of mandibular retractive force vary depending on the time of day the force is applied, and that such force may be more effective while animals are resting than while they are active.

α1-Adrenoreceptor activity does not explain lower morning endothelial-dependent, flow-mediated dilation in humans

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (6) ◽  
pp. R1437-R1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Jones ◽  
Nia C. S. Lewis ◽  
Daniel J. Green ◽  
Philip N. Ainslie ◽  
Samuel J. E. Lucas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Shear Rate ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Flow Mediated Dilation ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Dependent Flow

Early morning reduction in endothelium-dependent, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) may contribute to the high incidence of sudden cardiac death at this time of day. The mechanisms underpinning diurnal variation in FMD are unclear, but potentially relate to a circadian rhythm in sympathetic nerve activity. We hypothesized that blockade of α1-mediated sympathetic nerve activity would act to attenuate the diurnal variation in FMD. In a randomized and placebo-controlled design, we measured brachial artery FMD in 12 participants (mean age = 26 yr, SD = 3) at 0600 and 1600 after ingestion of an α1-blocker (prazosin, 1 mg/20 kg body mass) or placebo. Arterial diameter and shear rate were assessed using edge-detection software. Heart rate and blood pressure were also measured. Data were analyzed using linear mixed modeling. Following placebo, FMD was 8 ± 2% in the morning compared with 10 ± 3% in the afternoon ( P = 0.04). Blockade with prazosin led to a slight but nonsignificant increase in morning FMD ( P = 0.24) and a significant ( P = 0.04) decrease in afternoon FMD, resulting in no diurnal variation ( P = 0.20). Shear rate did not differ in the morning or afternoon under either condition ( P > 0.23). Blood pressure was lower following prazosin compared with placebo ( P < 0.02), an effect that was similar at both times of day ( P > 0.34). Heart rate and norepinephrine levels were higher in the afternoon following prazosin. These data indicate that α1-adrenoreceptor activity does not explain lower morning endothelium-dependent FMD.

scholarly journals Accelerometer-Measured Diurnal Patterns of Sedentary Behavior among Japanese Workers: A Descriptive Epidemiological Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 3814
Author(s):  
Sayaka Kurosawa ◽  
Ai Shibata ◽  
Kaori Ishii ◽  
Mohammad Javad Koohsari ◽  
Koichiro Oka
Keyword(s):  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Sedentary Time ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Diurnal Patterns ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Japanese Workers ◽  
Sociodemographic Correlates ◽  
Day Of The Week

Increased sedentary behavior (SB) can adversely affect health. Understanding time-dependent patterns of SB and its correlates can inform targeted approaches for prevention. This study examined diurnal patterns of SB and its sociodemographic associations among Japanese workers. The proportion of sedentary time (% of wear time) and the number of breaks in SB (times/sedentary hour) of 405 workers (aged 40–64 years) were assessed using an accelerometer. SB patterns and sociodemographic associations between each time period (morning, afternoon, evening) on workdays and nonworkdays were examined in a series of multivariate regression analyses, adjusting for other sociodemographic associations. On both workdays and nonworkdays, the proportion of sedentary time was lowest in the morning and increased towards evening (b = 12.95, 95% CI: 11.28 to 14.62; b = 14.31, 95% CI: 12.73 to 15.88), with opposite trend for breaks. Being male was consistently correlated with SB. Other sociodemographic correlates differed depending on time-of-day and day-of-the-week. For instance, desk-based workstyles and urban residential area were associated with SB during workday mornings and afternoons, being single was related to mornings and evenings, workdays and nonworkdays. Initiatives to address SB should focus not only on work-related but time-of-day contexts, especially for at-risk subgroups during each period.

scholarly journals Shotgun Lipidomics Discovered Diurnal Regulation of Lipid Metabolism Linked to Insulin Sensitivity in Nondiabetic Men

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 1501-1514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Kessler ◽  
Mathias J Gerl ◽  
Silke Hornemann ◽  
Markus Damm ◽  
Christian Klose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Shotgun Lipidomics ◽  
Meal Timing

Abstract Context Meal timing affects metabolic homeostasis and body weight, but how composition and timing of meals affect plasma lipidomics in humans is not well studied. Objective We used high throughput shotgun plasma lipidomics to investigate effects of timing of carbohydrate and fat intake on lipid metabolism and its relation to glycemic control. Design 29 nondiabetic men consumed (1) a high-carb test meal (MTT-HC) at 09.00 and a high-fat meal (MTT-HF) at 15.40; or (2) MTT-HF at 09.00 and MTT-HC at 15.40. Blood was sampled before and 180 minutes after completion of each MTT. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) was collected after overnight fast and both MTTs. Prior to each investigation day, participants consumed a 4-week isocaloric diet of the same composition: (1) high-carb meals until 13.30 and high-fat meals between 16.30 and 22:00 or (2) the inverse order. Results 12 hour daily lipid patterns showed a complex regulation by both the time of day (67.8%) and meal composition (55.4%). A third of lipids showed a diurnal variation in postprandial responses to the same meal with mostly higher responses in the morning than in the afternoon. Triacylglycerols containing shorter and more saturated fatty acids were enriched in the morning. SAT transcripts involved in fatty acid synthesis and desaturation showed no diurnal variation. Diurnal changes of 7 lipid classes were negatively associated with insulin sensitivity, but not with glucose and insulin response or insulin secretion. Conclusions This study identified postprandial plasma lipid profiles as being strongly affected by meal timing and associated with insulin sensitivity.

Diurnal Variation in Tennis Service

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1335-1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Atkinson ◽  
Louise Speirs
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Achievement Test ◽  
Nonlinear Relationship ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Video Footage ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

With informed consent, 6 competitive tennis players performed alternate 15 “first” (emphasis-speed) serves and 15 “second” (emphasis-accuracy) serves at 09:00, 14:00 and 18:00 hours. Serve velocity was measured by the digitisation of video footage of each serve. The Hewitt Tennis Achievement Test was employed to measure the accuracy of serve. The amount of spin imparted on the ball was not measured. First serves were at all times of day faster than second serves. First serves were faster but least accurate at 18:00 hours, the time of day that body temperature and grip strength were highest. At 09:00 hours, first serves were just as accurate as second serves, even though velocity of first serves was higher. No effects for time of day were found for the speed and accuracy of second serves. These results indicate that time of day does affect the performance of tennis serves in a way that suggests a nonlinear relationship between velocity and accuracy.

scholarly journals Effect of sleep deprivation on diurnal variation of vertical perception and postural control

2018 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Martin ◽  
A. Gauthier ◽  
Z. Ying ◽  
N. Benguigui ◽  
S. Moussay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Mean Deviation ◽  
Oral Temperature ◽  
Total Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Control Capability

The aim of the study was to test the effect of total sleep deprivation on performance and time-of-day pattern of subjective visual vertical (SVV) and postural control. Nineteen healthy, young participants (4 women and 15 men 21.9 ± 1.2 yr) were engaged in two counterbalanced experimental sessions with or without total sleep deprivation. Oral temperature, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, and visual analogic scale for fatigue, postural control, and SVV were randomly measured every 4 h, from 0600 to 2200. A linear mixed model was used to capture the effect of time of day and sleep condition as factors. A classical adjusted COSINOR function was then used to modelize this daily variation. After the control night of sleep, SVV as well as oral temperature, sleepiness, and fatigue showed significant time-of-day variation, contrasting with measures of postural control which remained stable across the day. After sleep deprivation, SVV showed no diurnal variation, but its mean deviation value increased by 29%. Postural control capability also decreased after sleep deprivation, with a higher center of pressure surface (+70.4%) and total length (+7.37%) but remained stable throughout the day. These results further confirm the negative effect of sleep loss on postural control capability. Even if a direct relationship cannot be confirmed, the disruption of SVV capacity after sleep deprivation could strongly play a role in postural control capacity changes. Sleep deprivation should be considered as a potent factor involved in balance loss and subsequent fall. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The topic of sleep deprivation and postural control is not understood, with discrepancy among results. This study described that postural control displays a stable level throughout the day and that sleep deprivation, even if it increases postural sway, does not affect this stable diurnal pattern. The modification of the perception of the vertical level after sleep deprivation could strongly play a role in the observed changes in postural control capacity.

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