Laissez-faire Theory in Presidential Messages during the Nineteenth Century

1941 ◽  
Vol 1 (S1) ◽  
pp. 86-95
Author(s):  
R. M. Havens
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Industrial Nation ◽  
American People ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Laissez Faire ◽  
American Way

During the past decade the rapid spread of governmental activities into new fields and their extension within the fields that had previously been entered have increased the attention always given to the question of the legitimate sphere of activity for the Federal Government. There has been a widespread assumption that throughout the nineteenth century with only insignificant exceptions this country followed a policy of laissez-faire. From this assumption many people have proceeded to argue that in the past decade the American people have suddenly turned from the tradition which made this the greatest industrial nation of the world and have adopted a course which leads away from the “American way of life.”

Discussants' Reactions

1962 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-129
Author(s):  
James Bowen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Atomic Bomb ◽  
The United States ◽  
American People ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The Past ◽  
American Way

The past few years have been particularly troublesome for the American people, not the least of the worries being a concern with the Russian challenge to the American way of life. The incredible successes of the Russians in orbiting satellites and exploding nuclear weapons has been both a disturbing and a sobering thought to the United States, long secure in its isolation and power, and in the belief that it was the best society on earth. More than a decade ago an enduring Pax Americana based upon the unilateral possession of the atomic bomb disappeared; with the launching of various Sputniki since 1958 morale has dropped even lower.

scholarly journals The sportification of judo: global convergence and evolution

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shohei Sato
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Global Convergence ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The West ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Olympic Sport

AbstractThis article re-examines our understanding of modern sport. Today, various physical cultures across the world are practised under the name of sport. Almost all of these sports originated in the West and expanded to the rest of the world. However, the history of judo confounds the diffusionist model. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, a Japanese educationalist amalgamated different martial arts and established judo not as a sport but as ‘a way of life’. Today it is practised globally as an Olympic sport. Focusing on the changes in its rules during this period, this article demonstrates that the globalization of judo was accompanied by a constant evolution of its character. The overall ‘sportification’ of judo took place not as a diffusion but as a convergence – a point that is pertinent to the understanding of the global sportification of physical cultures, and also the standardization of cultures in modern times.

Some Classical Economists, Laissez Faire, and the Factory Acts

1952 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd R. Sorenson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Interpretation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Laissez Faire

Until very recently scholars have been able to solve certain problems of historical interpretation to their own and presumably to their reader's satisfaction by merely uttering the magic words, “laissez faire.” Thus, much of what was done and most of what was not done, some of what was good and practically all of what was evil in nineteenth-century England and America have been accounted for by a facile reference to laissez faire. During the past few years, however, several studies have cast much doubt on the validity of this catchall interpretation. Laissez faire, it seems now, is a principle more easily imposed upon nineteenth-century data than found there; and in successive investigations supposed instances of this principle have dropped away one by one.

Background and Foreground: Getting Things in Context

1987 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Knight
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Information Retrieval ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Reader ◽  
The World ◽  
Exact Reproduction ◽  
The 1960S

Historians generally grumble at the liberties taken with letters and papers by editors and biographers in the past, while reviewers may complain at the professorial pomposities which interfere with the reader's interaction with the text. Certainly, reading is not a mere matter of information retrieval or of source-mining, but a meeting of minds, and any over-zealous editing which makes this more difficult will have failed. Editors, whether of journals or of documents, are midwives of ideas—self-effacingly bringing an author's meaning and style into the world. What reviewers praise is the unobtrusive, and what they damn is ‘a manner at once slapdash and intrusive’, making allowances perhaps for an ‘introduction which is as admirable as his footnotes are useless’. When in the 1960s new technology brought us a flood of facsimile reprints of scientific works, some avoided these problems by appearing naked and unashamed: but for a text on phrenology, or for Goethe's Theory of Colours, a fig leaf or two of commentary is really necessary to help the innocent reader to interact with the book. Facsimiles of nineteenth-century editions of Wilkins' papers, of some Newton correspondence, or of Henry More's poetry are even more problematic; the reader should know that these editors' assumptions cannot be taken for granted, and that their introductions are themselves historical documents. The exact reproduction of misprints and misbindings (giving pages out of order and misnumbered) is of dubious assistance to the modern reader.

Law and the Economy: 1776–1850

2019 ◽  
pp. 147-172
Author(s):  
Lawrence M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Laissez Faire ◽  
High Noon

This chapter focuses on regulation in the early nineteenth century. The nineteenth century is considered the high noon of laissez-faire. Government, by habit and design, kept its hands off the economy and let the market do its magic. The first half of the century, in particular, was strongly pro-enterprise, pro-growth. The aim of public policy was the release of creative energy and that meant economic energy, enterprise energy. Government reflected what its constituents wanted. It did what it could to boost the economy, which could mean subsidy or outright intervention. Government intervention, or government regulation, primarily meant the states, not the federal government.

History of Testing in the United States: PK–12 Education

2019 ◽  
Vol 683 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maris A. Vinovskis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
No Child Left Behind ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
The United States ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
National Education ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
K 12

This article provides a brief history of K–12 education testing in the United States from colonial America to the present. In early America, students were examined orally. After the mid-nineteenth century, written tests replaced oral presentations. In the late nineteenth century, graded schools gradually replaced the single-teacher, one-room schools. In the beginning of the twentieth century, standardized intelligence tests were increasingly used to categorize and promote students. State departments of education have played a larger role in local school funding and policies in the past hundred years. Since the 1960s, the federal government has expanded its involvement in national education while also promoting the role of states. During the past three decades, the federal government and states increased the use of high-stakes national testing with initiatives such as America 2000, Goals 2000, No Child Left Behind, and Every Student Succeeds.

The World-Revealing Goblet: Reading Farhād Mīrzā’s Geographical Treatise Jām-i Jam as a Lithograph

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 409-449
Author(s):  
Zeinab Azarbadegan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
Persian Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
University Library ◽  
Political Networks ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Geographic Knowledge ◽  
The World

Abstract This article examines a copy of Farhād Mīrzā’s Jām-i Jam (the World-Revealing Goblet) published in 1856 in Tehran and kept at Columbia University Library offsite storage. It demonstrates the dual importance of this book in geographic knowledge production and as part of the library of Saʿīd Nafīsī, one of the most prominent Iranian scholars of Persian literature. Methodologically, the paper offers various ways to study a single lithograph to decipher larger historical processes in histories of education, translation, and print. First, it analyzes the paratext to expose scholarly and political networks in order to examine the genealogy of geographic knowledge production in mid-nineteenth century Qajar Iran. Second, it studies the content and translation practices employed by Farhād Mīrzā to offer novel strategies for analyzing dissemination and reception of new ways of production and categorization of geographic knowledge as well as methods utilized in composition of pedagogical geography books. Finally, it discusses how cataloging practices affect current scholarship and lead to rendering certain texts “hidden.” It therefore illustrates how the study of Farhād Mīrzā’s Jām-i Jam, a book aspiring to reveal the world, can expose much about scholarly practices not only in the past but also the present.

Cornish Emigrants and America

1959 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
John Rowe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Considerable Contribution ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
American Way ◽  
Geographic Remoteness

Among the immigrant groups which made a considerable contribution to the development of the United States and of the American way of life the Cornish people must be reckoned. Older accounts of the mining, camps of the Pacific Coast actually enumerate the “Cornish nationality” among the races that thronged to the gold and silver diggings. Yet, throughout the nineteenth century, British, census returns reveal that there were rarely more than a third of a million Cornish folk in the “old country”, and after 1861 their numbers declined. Yet this people impressed themselves upon the American scene, even on some of its most superficial observers, and this for a variety of reasons, apart from the local provincialisms created by geographic remoteness and physical difficulties of communication in the homeland until well into the “railway age”.

Ushering in the Millennium, Or How an American City Reversed the Past and Single-Handedly Inaugurated the End-Time

Prospects ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 35-67
Author(s):  
Paul E. Chevedden
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
The United States ◽  
American City ◽  
Turn Of The Millennium ◽  
The Past ◽  
Major Significance ◽  
The World ◽  
To Come ◽  
The U.S

The story of millennialism extends down the ages from the ancient Near East to the present. In his seminal study on the origins of millennialism,Cosmos, Chaos and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith, Norman Cohn exclaims, “What a story it has become!”Much theological speculation; innumerable millenarian movements, including those now flourishing so vigorously in the United States; even the appeal once exercised by Marxist-Leninist ideology – all this belongs to it. Nor is there any reason to think that the story is nearing its end. The tradition whose origins are studied in this book is still alive and potent. Who can tell what fantasies, religious or secular, it may generate in the unforseeable future?What fantasies, indeed!All scholars who have studied millennialism have investigated unsuccessful movements, or movements that have yet to succeed, that is, achieve the millennium. This essay explores a successful millennial movement, one that has already ushered in the messianic age. Although this achievement is restricted geographically — to a city — it is nonetheless of major significance. Not only did this millennial movement receive support from the U.S. federal government, but it also accomplished its goal prior to the turn of the millennium.

scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (9SE) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Purnendu Sharma
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Eternal Truth ◽  
World Community ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World

From the beginning of the world to the present age, man has set a long journey of development. But in this journey, he has come forward alone leaving behind the eternal truth of life, as a result of which the catastrophic problems of the environment have taken birth and the world community has been trying to move forward by grappling with them for the past several decades. In view of its seriousness in 1972, a United Nations Conference was held in Stockholm, in which Mrs. Indira Gandhi, in her statement given for the protection of environment and welfare of mankind, said, "Man cannot be a civilized and true human being unless That he should not view the entire human civilization and the whole world in a friendly manner. In his statement, he highlighted the superiority of Vedic tradition and Indian way of life for environmental protection. सृष्टि के प्रारम्भ से वर्तमान युग तक मनुष्य ने विकास की लम्बी यात्रा तय की है। किन्तु इस यात्रा में वह जीवन के शाश्वत सत्य को पीछे छोड़कर अकेला आगे निकल आया है जिसके परिणाम में पर्यावरण की प्रलयंकारी समस्याओं ने जन्म ले लिया है और विश्व समुदाय विगत कई दशकों से इनसे जूझता हुआ आगे बढ़ने का प्रयास कर रहा है। 1972 में इसकी गम्भीरता को देखते हुए स्टाॅकहोम में संयुक्त राष्ट्र सम्मेलन आयोजित किया गया जिसमें श्रीमती इन्दिरा गांधी ने पर्यावरण संरक्षण एवं मानव जाति के कल्याण हेतु दिये गये अपने वक्तव्य में कहा कि, ’’मनुष्य तब तक सभ्य एवं सच्चा मानव नहीं हो सकता जब तक कि वह सम्पूर्ण मानव सभ्यता एवम् सम्पूर्ण सृष्टि को मित्रभाव से न देखे। अपने वक्तव्य में पर्यावरण संरक्षण हेतु वैदिक परम्परा एवम् भारतीय जीवन पद्धति की श्रेष्ठता को रेखांकित किया।

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