Sharecropping As An Understandable Market Response: The Post-Bellum South

1973 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph D. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Real Income ◽  
National Average ◽  
Market Response ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita

On the eve of the Civil War southern per capita real income was eighty percent of northern. Treating slaves as property, real income per free southerner was four percent greater and growing at the same rate as its northern counterpart. Southern per capita income was but fifty-one percent of the national average in 1880, and only slowly began to relatively advance after 1900.

scholarly journals Is there a kink in the happiness literature?

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 131-139
Author(s):  
Morris Altman
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Empirical Finding ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Capabilities Approach ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Gallup Poll ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Survey Instruments ◽  
Per Capita

One of the early key empirical findings of the happiness literature is that at higher levels of per capita real income there appears to be diminishing returns to income at least with regards to marginal changes in ‘happiness’ measured by various survey instruments. Although these results have been recently challenged, these earlier findings and the results of many contemporary studies suggest that an inelastic relationship exists between real per capita income and happiness after a relatively low threshold of per capita income is reached. Appling some of the results of prospect theory I argue that even if it were true that the marginal effect of income on happiness is zero, a reduction in income would probably reduce the level of happiness, yielding a kink in the ‘happiness curve’. Also, applying a target income approach to the happiness literature, one can argue that pursuing higher target income, in itself, is a means of increasing life satisfaction. These two theoretical instruments yield results consistent with some of the most recent empirical finding based on Gallup Poll Survey data. In addition, applying insights from the capabilities approach, I argue, that increasing income is a means of purchasing the capabilities to increase individual levels of happiness through the production of public goods, such as health care and education. A given marginal increase in income need not generate any increase in happiness if this income increase is highly unequally distributed in a population or is not used to purchase goods and services that contribute to increases in the level of happiness.

scholarly journals DESENVOLVEMENTO ECONÓMICO REXIONAL DE ESPAÑA, 1986-2013: 25 ANOS DE EVOLUCIÓN

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-154
Author(s):  
María-Carmen GUISÁN
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Autonomous Communities ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Year 2000

Neste estudo presentamos unha síntese da evolución do desenvolvementoeconómico rexional de España durante 25 anos no período 1986-2013. Malia que oincremento tanto do emprego non agrario como da renda real por habitante foi positivoen todas as Comunidades Autónomas, hai que constatar que moitas rexións poderían terexperimentado un incremento maior de renda real por habitante se as políticaseconómicas, tanto a nivel rexional, como nacional e europeo, apoiaran en maior medida odesenvolvemento industrial. Isto débese a que a evidencia empírica amosa a importanciadas leis de Kaldor, con respecto aos efectos positivos que a industria ten sobre os sectoresde servizos e outros sectores produtivos, incrementando a produtividade xeral e a rendaper cápita. No conxunto de España o incremento da renda real producida por habitantesuperou os 4000 euros a prezos constantes do ano 2000. Destacan, con incrementossuperiores á media nacional, as seguintes Comunidades Autónomas: Aragón, Castela eLeón, Cataluña, Galicia, Madrid, Navarra e País Vasco. Preséntase tamén unhacomparación do conxunto de España con outros países da OCDE e destácase a necesidadede recuperar e impulsar o desenvolvemento industrial en moitas rexións españolas.In this study we present a synthesis of the evolution of the regional economicdevelopment of Spain for 25 years in the period 1986-2013. Although the increase in nonagriculturalemployment and real per capita income has been positive in all AutonomousCommunities, it should be noted that many regions may have experienced a higherincrease in per capita real income if economic policies, both at the regional as national andEuropean levels, would have been more supportive of industrial development. This isbecause the empirical evidence shows the importance of Kaldor's laws with regards to thepositive effects that industry has on the service sectors and other productive sectors,increasing overall productivity and per capita income. In the whole of Spain, the increasein real income produced per inhabitant, for the period 1995-2010, exceeded 4000 Eurosat constant prices in the year 2000. The following Autonomous Communities stand out ashaving had increases higher than the national average: Aragon, Castile and Leon,Catalonia, Galicia, Madrid, Navarre and the Basque Country. This study also presents acomparison of economic development between Spain and other OECD countries, for thisperiod, and highlights the need to recover and boost industrial development in manyregions of Spain.

scholarly journals A simulation analysis of the longer-term effects of immigration on per capita in-come in an aging population

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank T. Denton ◽  
Byron G. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Labour Participation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Very High

Immigration is a possible instrument for offsetting longer-run adverse effects of population aging on per capita income. Our “laboratory” is a fictitious country Alpha to which we assign demographic characteristics typical of a country experiencing population aging. Si-mulations indicate that a very high immigration rate with heavy concentration in younger working ages might be required to keep per capita income from declining. More rapid produc-tivity growth would also offset population aging as would higher rates of labour participation of older people. Longer life expectancy, taken alone, would lower per capita real income, as would higher fertility rates.

The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

A Successful Population Policy: Potentials and Constraints (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4I) ◽  
pp. 411-431
Author(s):  
Hans-Rimbert Hemmer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Per Capita

The current rapid population growth in many developing countries is the result of an historical process in the course of which mortality rates have fallen significantly but birthrates have remained constant or fallen only slightly. Whereas, in industrial countries, the drop in mortality rates, triggered by improvements in nutrition and progress in medicine and hygiene, was a reaction to economic development, which ensured that despite the concomitant growth in population no economic difficulties arose (the gross national product (GNP) grew faster than the population so that per capita income (PCI) continued to rise), the drop in mortality rates to be observed in developing countries over the last 60 years has been the result of exogenous influences: to a large degree the developing countries have imported the advances made in industrial countries in the fields of medicine and hygiene. Thus, the drop in mortality rates has not been the product of economic development; rather, it has occurred in isolation from it, thereby leading to a rise in population unaccompanied by economic growth. Growth in GNP has not kept pace with population growth: as a result, per capita income in many developing countries has stagnated or fallen. Mortality rates in developing countries are still higher than those in industrial countries, but the gap is closing appreciably. Ultimately, this gap is not due to differences in medical or hygienic know-how but to economic bottlenecks (e.g. malnutrition, access to health services)

Income-Based Poverty among Non-Farm Households in Rural Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 204-210
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Service Category ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Per Capita

This paper focuses upon the magnitude of income-based poverty among non-farm households in rural Punjab. Based on the primary survey, a sample of 440 rural non-farm households were taken from 44 sampled villages located in all 22 districts of Punjab.The poverty was estimated on the basis of income level. For measuring poverty, various methods/criteria (Expert Group Criteria, World Bank Method and State Per Capita Income Criterion) were used. On the basis of Expert Group Income criterion, overall, less than one-third of the persons of rural non-farm household categories are observed to be poor. On the basis, 40 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, around three-fourth of the persons of all rural non-farm household categories are falling underneath poverty line. Similarly, the occurrence of the poverty, on the basis of 50 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, showed that nearly four-fifths of the persons are considered to be poor. As per World Bank’s $ 1.90 per day, overall, less than one-fifth of rural non-farm household persons are poor. Slightly, less than one-fourth of the persons are belonging to self-employment category, while, slightly, less than one-tenth falling in-service category. On the basis of $ 3.10 per day criteria, overall, less than two-fifth persons of all rural non-farm household categories were living below the poverty line.

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