Mechanical Power in the Industrialization of Japan

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 935-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoshin Minami
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Mechanical Power ◽  
Electric Motors ◽  
Industry Group ◽  
Rapid Industrialization ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
The Impact

The rapid industrialization of pre-war Japan depended upon extensive use of mechanical power. This dependence is studied quantitatively based on historical statistics of power for the years from 1890 to 1940. The introduction of engines (the change from human to mechanical power) and shifts in the kinds of engines (from water wheels to steam engines to electric motors) are clarified by industry group. The impact of these changes on technological progress in manufacturing is revealed.

The Role of Research and Innovation in the Transformation of Agri-Food Systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-63
Author(s):  
Mariana Sandu ◽  
Stefan Mantea
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Food System ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Determinant Factor ◽  
Rapid Transformation

Abstract Agri-food systems include branching ramifications, which connect in the upstream the input suppliers with farmers, and downstream farmers, processors, retailers and consumers. In the last decades, at the level of the regions, food systems have undergone rapid transformation as a result of technological progress. The paper analyzes the changes made to the structure, behavior and performance of the agri-food system and the impact on farmers and consumers. Also, the role of agricultural research as a determinant factor of transformation of agri-food system is analyzed. The research objective is to develop technologies that cover the entire food chain (from farm to fork) and meet the specific requirements of consumers (from fork to farm) through scientific solutions in line with the principles of sustainable agriculture and ensuring the safety and food safety of the population.

scholarly journals Effects of Technological Progress from Different Sources on Haze Pollution in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2730
Author(s):  
Yuan Zhao ◽  
Tian Zhang ◽  
Ting Wu ◽  
Shujing Xu ◽  
Shuwang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
National Level ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Dynamic Panel Model ◽  
Independent Innovation ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
Technology Introduction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Sources

Technological progress has always been regarded as an important factor affecting haze pollution. A large number of academic studies have focused on the effect of technological progress on haze pollution, but there are few discussions on the effects of technological progress from different sources. In view of this, a dynamic panel model is constructed, and a systematic generalized method of moments (GMM) method is applied to empirically test the overall impact of technological progress from different sources on haze pollution and the regional heterogeneity of the impact. The results show that the overall and regional impact of technological progress from different sources on haze pollution is entirely different. Among them, for the whole country, independent innovation has a significant inhibitory effect on haze pollution, and technology introduction has aggravated haze pollution to a certain extent. At the regional level, all types of technological progress in the east can effectively reduce haze, the central region having haze reduction results consistent with the overall national level, and in the west, independent innovation and direct introduction can effectively reduce haze, while reverse technology spillover is ineffective. Therefore, policy recommendations such as improving the ability of independent innovation, improving the quality of technology introduction, and coordinating regional technology against haze are put forward.

scholarly journals ‘I’m not being paid for this conversation’: Uncovering the challenges of artist–academic collaborations in the neoliberal institution

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-333
Author(s):  
Alena Pfoser ◽  
Sara de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Knowledge Exchange ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
The Political ◽  
Institutional Pressures ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Collective Response ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
The Impact

Artist–academic collaborations are fuelled by increasing institutional pressures to show the impact of academic research. This article departs from the celebratory accounts of collaborative work and pragmatic toolkits for successful partnerships, which are dominant in existing scholarship, arguing for the need to critically interrogate the structural conditions under which collaborations take place. Based on a reflexive case study of a project developed in the context of Tate Exchange, one of the UK’s highest-profile platforms for knowledge exchange, we reveal three sets of (unequal) pressures, which mark artist–academic collaborations in the contemporary neoliberal academy: asymmetric funding and remuneration structures; uneven pressures of audit cultures; acceleration and temporal asymmetries. Innovations at the level of individual projects or partners can only mitigate the negative effects to a limited extent. Instead this article offers a systemic critique of the political economy of artist–academic collaborations and shifts the research agenda to developing a collective response.

Peripheral Immunological Cells in Pregnant Women and their Change during Diabetes

2017 ◽  
Vol 125 (10) ◽  
pp. 677-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Friebe-Hoffmann ◽  
Linda Antony ◽  
Jan-Steffen Kruessel ◽  
Brigitte Pawlowski ◽  
Thomas Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Γδ T Cells ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pregnant Diabetic

AbstractDuring the last decades the incidence of diabetes has dramatically increased as well as the number of pregnant diabetic women. There is still missing data regarding patterns and shifts of immune cell populations due to pregnancy with or without diabetes. The study aimed to investigate the impact of pregnancy, type 1 diabetes (T1D) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on different immune cells in female. The number and proportion of CD3-, CD4-, CD8- and γδ T-cells as well as B-, NK-, NKT- and dendritic cells (DC) incl. rate of apoptosis was analyzed in peripheral blood samples from 24 non-pregnant women, 24 pregnant controls, 25 non-pregnant T1D, 18 women with GDM and 15 pregnant T1D (PT1D) women. Compared to healthy controls, healthy pregnant women had reduced numbers of lymphoid DC and γδ T-cells, while women with gestational diabetes presented with increased numbers of γδ T-cells. Pregnant women with T1D showed increased NKT cells and a decrease of NK cells compared to healthy pregnant or non-pregnant T1D women. Apoptosis of γδ T-cells in healthy pregnant women was found to be decreased in comparison to their non-pregnant controls while apoptosis of myeloid and lymphoid DC was increased in pregnant T1D in comparison to non-pregnant T1D. Those results may indicate that increased complication rates during diabetic pregnancies might be due to an impaired adaptation of the immune system.

scholarly journals Examining banking productivity drivers in MENA banks after financial liberalisation in 1990s

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-74
Author(s):  
Hatem Elfeituri
Keyword(s):  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
State Ownership ◽  
Scale Efficiency ◽  
Efficiency Change ◽  
Mena Countries ◽  
Financial Liberalisation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Banking Productivity

The paper investigates whether deregulation and economic reforms have transformed the MENA banking sector into a more productive and efficient sector. This is the first study to cover a large sample of 11 MENA countries for an extended and recent period (1999-2012). Initially, this paper estimates the productivity and efficiency of MENA commercial banks using Malmquist DEA to estimate productivity (TFP), technological and technical efficiency, and scale efficiency change in order to investigate to what extent banking productivity in MENA economies has improved during the study period. Then, Tobit model is employed to examine the impact of bank and macroeconomic variables on the total factor productivity of MENA commercial banks. The obtained MPI results suggest that commercial banks operating in the Gulf countries have exhibited productivity progress mostly due to the technological progress rather than efficiency change. Results also suggest that expenses preference behaviour would help banks to enhance their productivity in the examined period and MENA countries. Whilst banking productivity is improved by financial reforms and technological progress, such findings overall do not indicate that foreign participation or state ownership lead to enhance productivity of banks, whilst suggesting that a number of sound policies should be implemented taking into account the characteristics of banking sector in MENA countries.

scholarly journals Peran Media Sosial Bagi Suami Istri dalam Menjalani Hubungan Pernikahan Jarak Jauh

AL-HUKAMA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-479
Author(s):  
Maulidia Mulyani
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Marital Relationship ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Marital Relationships ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

In the present time the impact of technological progress can be felt in many aspects of life, including marriage. The progress of the development of communication technology has made it easy to communicate specifically for married couples who are undergoing long-distance marital relationships, so that the relationship is maintained and harmonious. Social media is now used as a tool for communication, for example WhatsApp, Line, Facebook, or Instagram. All of those media are used because of their speed in conveying messages, so that long-distance couples can still communicate well and quickly. In a marital relationship, of course, there are fulfillments of rights and obligations. These fulfillments can still be fulfilled through social media, but they are not as maximized as when dealing directly.

scholarly journals The history of the creation of lasers and analysis of the impact of their application in the material processing on the development of certain industries

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-149
Author(s):  
Artemii Bernatskyi ◽  
Vladyslav Khaskin
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Laser Technology ◽  
Genetic Method ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Stable Growth ◽  
Patent Wars ◽  
The Impact

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the history of the creation of the laser as one of the greatest technical inventions of the 20th century. This paper focuses on establishing a relation between the periodization of the stages of creation and implementation of certain types of lasers, with their influence on the invention of certain types of equipment and industrial technologies for processing the materials, the development of certain branches of the economy, and scientific-technological progress as a whole. In preparing the paper, the generally accepted methods, which are widely used in the preparation of historical research works, have been applied: the historical method – for the study and interpretation of the texts of primary sources and the search for other evidence used for research, as well as for the presentation of historical events associated with the development of laser technology; the historical-genetic method – for studying the genesis of specific historical phenomena and analyzing the causality of changes in the development of laser technology; the historical-critical method – for displaying cause-and-effect relationships, reconstructing events that influenced the development of laser technology; the method of historical periodization. The variety of different possible options for the use of lasers did not allow placing all the collected materials within the framework of one paper, and therefore, the authors have decided to dwell on the facts, which, in the opinion of the paper’s authors, are the most interesting, significant, poorly studied, and little known. The paper discusses the stages of: invention of the first laser; creation of the first commercial lasers; development of the first applications of lasers in industrial technologies for processing the materials. Special attention is paid to the “patent wars” that accompanied different stages of the creation of lasers. A comparative analysis of the market development for laser technology from the stage of creation to the present has been carried out. It has been shown that the modern market for laser technology continues to develop actively, as evidenced by the continued stable growth of laser sales over the past 10 years. This indicates that the demand for laser technology is inextricably linked with the development of high technology production and scientific-technological progress. The analysis has shown that recently, the trends in the use of laser technology have changed; in particular, their industrial and medical applications are decreasing, while there is an increase in their use in the fields of sensor production and communication.

scholarly journals The life cycle impacton the distribution of construction and technical expertise tasks

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 130-140
Author(s):  
N. V. Lazareva ◽  
◽  
A. Yu. Zinoviev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Technical Expertise ◽  
Institutional Affiliation ◽  
Capital Construction ◽  
The Impact

Acceleration of scientific and technological progress, increasing requirements for safety, comfort, and efficiency of capital construction projects, and the impact of the external economic environment, among other things, determine organizational transformations not only in investment and construction activities, but also in all periods and stages of the life cycle of buildings and structures. At the same time, increasing complexity of the organizational foundations of construction and housing and communal complexes, growing number and intensity of interactions between contractors lead to the emergence of disputes and conflicts between them and as a result, to the need to get out of such situations. A tool for fair conflict resolution can be a construction and technical expertise, which can be classified as judicial, pre-trial and corporate, depending on the institutional affiliation. This article discusses the distribution of tasks of construction and technical expertise on the time scale of the object's life cycle, as well as the theoretical basis for the manifestation of these phenomena.

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