In vivo passage through calves of nematophagous fungi selected for biocontrol of parasitic nematodes

1992 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Larsen ◽  
J. Wolstrup ◽  
S. A. Henriksen ◽  
J. Grønvold ◽  
P. Nansen
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Nematophagous Fungi ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Barley Grains ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Predatory Capacity ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

ABSTRACTThe experiment was designed to test the survival and performance of stress selected nematophagous fungi after passage through the gastro-intestinal tract of cattle. Ruminating calves were fed daily with a fixed amount of fungal material grown on barley grains. The excreted dung was collected on days four and five after the start of the feeding experiment. Barley grains were washed out of the excreted dung and incoculated on water-agar plates. After incubation for one week, nine out of ten fungal isolates were re-isolated from these plates. The predatory capacity of the fungi in the excreted faeces was tested in a dung pat bioassay and a faecal culture system. In the dung pat bioassay. two fungi of the genus Arthrobotrys and six of the genus Duddingtonia reduced the development of Ostertagia ostertagi third stage larvae by 85% (61%–93%). compared to the number of larvae developed from fungus-free control pats. In seven out of these eight isolates, the reduction of larvae in the faecal cultures was 92% (76%–99%).

Effects of four tanniferous plant extracts on thein vitroexsheathment of third-stage larvae of parasitic nematodes

Parasitology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. BAHUAUD ◽  
C. MARTINEZ-ORTIZ DE MONTELLANO ◽  
S. CHAUVEAU ◽  
F. PREVOT ◽  
F. TORRES-ACOSTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Rye Grass ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Third Stage

The anthelmintic properties of tanniferous plants and of their secondary metabolites represent one possible alternative to chemotherapy that is currently being explored as a means of achieving sustainable control of gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants. Previousin vivoandin vitroresults suggest that tanniferous plants can have direct anti-parasitic effect against different stages of nematodes. However, the mode of action of the bioactive plant compounds remains obscure. The objectives of the current study were (1) to examine the hypothesis that extracts of tanniferous plants might interfere with the exsheathment of third-stage infective larvae (L3); (2) to assess the role of tannins in the process by examining the consequence of adding an inhibitor of tannins (polyethylene glycol: PEG) to extracts. The effects of 4 tanniferous plant extracts on exsheathment have been examined on L3 ofHaemonchus contortusandTrichostrongylus colubriformis. Artificial exsheathment was inducedin vitroby adding hypochloride solution to larval suspension. The evolution of exsheathment with time was measured by repeated observations at 10-min interval for 60 min. The selected plants were: genista (Sarothamnus scoparius), heather (Erica erigena), pine tree (Pinus sylvestris), and chestnut tree (Castanea sativa), with tannin contents ranging from 1·5 to 24·7% of DM. Extracts of a non-tanniferous plant (rye grass, tannin content: 0·3% of DM) were included in the assay as negative controls. The extracts were tested at the concentration of 600 μg/ml and the effects were compared to the rate of exsheathment of control larvae in PBS. No statistical differences in the pattern of exsheathment was observed after addition of rye grass or genista extracts for both nematode species and with heather extracts forT. colubriformis. In contrast, pine tree extracts on larvae of both species and heather extracts withH. contortusinduced a significant delay in exsheathment. Last, contact with chest nut extracts led to a total inhibition of the process for both nematodes. These results suggest that extracts of tanniferous plants might affect a key process in the very early stages of larval invasion of the host. In most cases, the addition of PEG led to a total or partial restoration towards control values. This suggests that tannins are largely involved in the inhibitory process. However, other secondary metabolites may also interfere with the process that would help to explain some of the differences in response observed between the two nematode species.

scholarly journals A Review on the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Pomegranate in the Gastrointestinal Tract

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Colombo ◽  
Enrico Sangiovanni ◽  
Mario Dell'Agli
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

Several biological activities of pomegranate have been widely described in the literature, but the anti-inflammatory effect in the gastrointestinal tract has not been reviewed till now. The aim of the present paper is to summarize the evidence for or against the efficacy of pomegranate for coping with inflammatory conditions of the gastro-intestinal tract. The paper has been organized in three parts: (1) the first one is devoted to the modifications of pomegranate active compounds in the gastro-intestinal tract; (2) the second one considering the literature regarding the anti-inflammatory effect of pomegranate at gastric level; (3) the third part considers the anti-inflammatory effect of pomegranate in the gut.In vivostudies performed on the whole fruit or juice, peel, and flowers demonstrate antiulcer effect in a variety of animal models. Ellagic acid was the main responsible for this effect, although other individual ellagitannins could contribute to the biological activity of the mixture. Different preparations of pomegranate, including extracts from peels, flowers, seeds, and juice, show a significant anti-inflammatory activity in the gut. No clinical studies have been found, thus suggesting that future clinical studies are necessary to clarify the beneficial effects of pomegranate in the gastrointestinal tract.

Morphological observations and the effects of artificial digestive fluids on the survival of Diploscapter coronata from a Japanese patient

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Morimoto ◽  
M. Korenaga ◽  
K. Yagyu ◽  
N. Kagei ◽  
M. Fujieda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Gastric Fluid ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Japanese Female ◽  
Old Japanese ◽  
Free Living Nematode ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Schonlein Purpura

AbstractUnusual non-human parasitic nematodes and eggs were detected in the faeces of an 8-year-old Japanese female suffering from Henoch-Schönlein purpura. The worms were adult female rhabditiform nematodes measuring 325.6–441.2 μm in length and 18.3–26.5 μm in width. One pair of the labia oris was notched with many spiny projections, while the other pair was strongly curved outwards. The worms were identified using light and scanning electron microscopy as the free-living nematode Diploscapter coronata (Cobb) based on their characteristic morphology. The patient's faeces containing worms and eggs were cultured using a filter-paper culture technique and after 7 days of culture, male as well as female worms were recovered. Worm survival time and hatchability of the eggs were examined in vitro after treatment with an artificial gastric or intestinal fluid. Although adult worms survived for less than one minute, eggs hatched after treatment with artificial gastric fluid. This suggests that eggs accidentally ingested or produced by adult D. coronata could develop in the human gastro-intestinal tract. Some morphological features of male D. coronata are also described.

scholarly journals Changes in the distribution of copper and molybdenum after Mo administration and subsequent additional oral or intraperitoneal Cu administration to rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Nederbragt
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Inbred Rats ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Minor Extent

1. Male WAG/Cpb inbred rats fed on rations containing 1·5 mg copper/kg (deficient) and 6·0 mg Cu/kg (adequate) were supplemented with molybdenum (500 mg/kg diet). Starting at week 0 rats were killed weekly for up to 6 weeks and the caeruloplasmin activity of plasma, the Cu concentration of plasma, liver and kidney and the Mo concentration of liver and kidney were determined. The experiment was repeated with rats fed on diets of the same composition but given additional Cu for periods of 2 weeks. Cu was given orally by increasing dietary Cu to 6·0 mg/kg and 25·0 mg/kg for Cu-deficient and Cu-adequate rats respectively or intraperitoneally by injecting 75 μg and 250 μg every second day to Cu-deficient and Cu-adequate rats respectively.2. After Mo administration to Cu-deficient rats plasma and kidney Cu and liver and kidney Mo increased but caeruloplasmin activity and liver Cu decreased. In Cu-adequate rats plasma, liver and kidney Cu and liver and kidney Mo increased to much higher levels than in Cu-deficient rats. Caeruloplasmin activity was not affected. Fluctuations in plasma Cu and kidney Mo were correlated closely.3. No qualitative difference between the effect of oral or intraperitoneal Cu administered to Mo-treated Cu-deficient or Cu-adequate rats was found. In Cu-deficient Mo-supplemented rats additional Cu increased plasma Cu, caeruloplasmin activity and liver and kidney Cu and Mo. In Cu-adequate Mo-supplemented rats additional Cu decreased plasma Cu and liver and kidney Mo and increased caeruioplasmin activity and kidney Cu and, to a minor extent, liver Cu.4. In view of the assumption that in rats a Cu, Mo and S containing compound, related to Cu-thiomolybdate, may be formed in vivo the results suggest thai Cu binds to the Mo-S part of the compound; when this compound is formed in the gastro-intestinal tract it can not be absorbed and when it is formed at systemic sites it changes the Cu distribution.

scholarly journals In vivotransfer of an R factor within the lower gastro-intestinal tract of sheep

1977 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Resistance Determinants ◽  
R Factor ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

SUMMARYThe transfer of an R factor from donorE. coliintroduced into the rumen of adult sheep to strains of the coliform microflora resident post rumen in the lower gastro-intestinal tract was found to be greatly increased when the animals were subjected to a short period of starvation (ca. 24–48 h). This also resulted in coliform organisms containing the resistance determinants of the R factor being excreted for much longer periods, sometimes for months afterwards. As no antibiotic treatment was given to the animals during these experiments, possession of the R factor should have conferred no selective advantages on the host cells and other plasmids could possibly be transferred similarlyin vivoin sheep or other ruminants and perhaps also within the gut of monogastric animals.

scholarly journals Predatory activity of nematophagous fungi on infective larvae of Ancylostoma sp.: evaluation in vitro and after passing through the gastrointestinal tract of dogs

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.O. Carvalho ◽  
J.V. Araújo ◽  
F.R. Braga ◽  
J.M. Araujo ◽  
A.R. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Nematophagous Fungi ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Duddingtonia Flagrans ◽  
Predatory Activity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Predatory Capacity ◽  
I 31

AbstractThe predatory capacity of nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001), Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34a), M. appendiculatum (CGI), M. sinense (SF53), Arthrobotrys conoides (I-40), A. cladodes (CG719) and A. robusta (I-31) on infective Ancylostoma sp. larvae (L3) was evaluated. Compared with the control without fungi there was a significant reduction (P < 0.05) of 87.02%, 82.74%, 47.93%, 60.49%, 76.89%, 71.33% and 86.02% in the mean number of Ancylostoma sp. (L3) recovered from treatments with the isolates AC001, NF34a, CGI, SF53, I-40, CG719 and I-31, respectively. Isolates AC001, I-31 and NF34a were more effective in capturing L3 during the in vitro assay. Isolates were then in vivo evaluated for the capacity to remain viable after passing through the gastrointestinal tract of dogs, while still maintaining their predatory activity against L3. Fungal isolates survived the passage and showed efficient predation 48 h after fungal administration to the dogs (P < 0.05). After this time, only the isolate NF34a remained effective up to 96 h after administration (P < 0.05). Monacrosporium thaumasium, D. flagrans and A. robusta are potential biological control agents of Ancylostoma sp. in dogs.

In vitro stress selection of nematophagous fungi for biocontrol of parasitic nematodes in ruminants

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Larsen ◽  
J. Wolstrup ◽  
S. A. Henriksen ◽  
C. Dackman ◽  
J. Grønvold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Acid Treatment ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nematophagous Fungi ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Primary Stress ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid Treatment ◽  
Selection Step ◽  
Predatory Capacity

ABSTRACTLaboratory experiments were designed to select nematophagous fungi that were able to survive in vitro conditions simulating passage through the gastro-intestinal tract of cattle. All of the tests were conducted at 39°C. In a primary stress selection step in diluted rumen fluid, 21 isolates were obtained. Each of the primary stress selected isolates was tested in synthetic saliva, rumen fluid simulating the activity in the rumen, rumen fluid followed by pepsin-hydrochloric acid treatment simulating the additional effect of ruminal and abomasal activity, pepsin-hydrochloric acid solution simulating conditions in the abomasum and finally in a trypsin solution as an example of enzyme activity in the gut. The effect of the rumen fluid alone, or rumen fluid followed by pepsin-hydrochloric acid treatment, were responsible for the reduction in surviving fungal isolates. Only six of thirteen isolates belonging to the genus Arthrobotrys survived while seven of eight isolates of the genus Duddingtonia survived. Fourteen isolates were tested for their predatory capacity in a dung pat bioassay. Fungi of the genera Arthrobotrys and Duddingtonia reduced the development of Ostertagia ostertagi third stage larvae by approximately 75% and 96% respectively compared to the number of larvae that developed from fungus-free control pats.

Association and predatory capacity of fungi Pochonia chlamydosporia and Arthrobotrys cladodes in the biological control of parasitic helminths of bovines

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 146 (10) ◽  
pp. 1347-1351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ítalo Stoupa Vieira ◽  
Isabela de Castro Oliveira ◽  
Artur Kanadani Campos ◽  
Jackson Victor de Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Nematophagous Fungus ◽  
Nematophagous Fungi ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Pochonia Chlamydosporia ◽  
Parasitic Helminths ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
Volatile Metabolites ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Predatory Capacity

AbstractNematophagous fungi are used in the biological control of the parasitic helminths of animals and plants. The association of ovicidal and predator nematophagous fungi may present a complementary and increased action on the biological control of helminths. Joint growth compatibility and predation tests were carried out on infective larvae of nematode parasites of bovines with the nematophagous fungus ovicide Pochonia chlamydosporia and the nematophagous fungus predator Arthrobotrys cladodes. The tests of antagonism in direct confrontation, antibiosis and the effect of volatile metabolites between the isolates of P. chlamydosporia and A. cladodes indicated the viability of joint growth of these fungi. The association of the fungi P. chlamydosporia and A. cladodes presented a higher predatory capacity of infective larvae of the parasitic nematodes of bovines when compared to the predation of the fungi used alone. Therefore, under laboratory conditions, the fungi studied presented growth compatibility and the association of these increased the nematicidal activity against parasitic helminths of cattle.

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