Schistosoma haematobiumin Lake Malaŵi: susceptibility and molecular diversity of the snail hostsBulinus globosusandB. nyassanus

AbstractIntermediate hosts ofSchistosoma haematobium, the causative agent of urinary schistosomiasis, in Lake Malaŵi include:Bulinus globosus, a member of theB. africanusgroup andB. nyassanus, a diploid member of theB. truncatus/tropicusspecies complex. We compared genetic variability between isolates ofS. haematobiumfrom the southern part of the lake (Cape Maclear), where bothB. globosusandB. nyassanusplay a role as intermediate hosts, and isolates from the northern part, where onlyB. globosusis host. Data show that theS. haematobiumisolates from these two areas of Lake Malaŵi cannot be distinguished using nuclear or mitochondrial sequences and are capable of cross-infections.

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Urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria: a 50 year review of prevalence, distribution and disease burden

Parasite ◽

10.1051/parasite/2019020 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 19 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Charles Ogbonna Ezeh ◽

Kenechukwu Chibuike Onyekwelu ◽

Olaoluwa Phebian Akinwale ◽

Lv Shan ◽

Hu Wei

Keyword(s):

Schistosoma Haematobium ◽

Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

Nationwide Survey ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Intermediate Hosts ◽

Biomphalaria Pfeifferi ◽

Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽

Schistosomiasis Control ◽

Ogun State ◽

Bulinus Globosus

We reviewed survey data deposited in the Global Neglected Tropical Diseases database and many other articles on the prevalence and distribution of Schistosoma haematobium in Nigeria. Schistosoma haematobium surveys conducted over the period of 50 years under review using different diagnostic tools revealed that Ogun State has the highest prevalence, followed by Ekiti state, while the lowest prevalence was recorded in Adamawa. No incidence of Schistosoma haematobium was recorded for states such as Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Nasarawa, Jigawa and Gombe. In terms of endemicity, this review has shown that Nigeria is divided into four zones: hyperendemic, moderately endemic, low endemic, and no endemic zones. A survey of 47 (15%) of the 323 dams in Nigeria revealed that 45 out of the 47 dams are located in the hyperendemic zone, while the remaining two are located in the moderately endemic zone. Twenty (43%) of the total surveyed dams harboured Bulinus globosus and/or Biomphalaria pfeifferi, the local intermediate hosts of schistosomes, and 18 of these are located in the hyperendemic zone, while the other two are in the moderately endemic zone. We conclude that there is an urgent need to carry out a nationwide survey to help in planning, coordinating, and evaluating schistosomiasis control activities.

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Investigation into the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in the Agulu Lake area of Anambra State, Nigeria

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x00013638 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 68 (2) ◽

pp. 119-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

A.C. Emejulu ◽

F.F. Alabaronye ◽

H.M.G. Ezenwaji ◽

F.C. Okafor

Keyword(s):

Schistosoma Haematobium ◽

Lake Area ◽

Host Age ◽

Prevalence Rates ◽

Intensity Of Infection ◽

Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽

Anambra State ◽

Epidemiological Surveys ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Bulinus Globosus

AbstractIn epidemiological surveys for urinary schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium in communities around Agulu Lake, Anambra State, Nigeria, between 1990 and 1992, the infection was found to be endemic in the area, especially in three towns: Nri, Agulu, and Adazi Nnukwu. The prevalence rates varied between these communities and with the year. Inter-town prevalence rates ranged from 5.96% to 54.00%. Intravillage prevalence rates ranged between 5.50% to 96.43%. Prevalence rates were highest in villages very close to Agulu lake. There was no significant difference in prevalence between the schools. Host age, but not sex, was found to play a significant role in prevalence and intensity of infection. There was also a strong correlation between visible haematuria and egg count per 10 ml urine, but eggs could be isolated in urine samples of different shades of coloration. Analysis of incidence of infection in these communities shows that Schistosoma haematobium incidence is high in Nri (55.17%) and low at Adazi Nnukwu (5.26%). Both Bulinus globosus and B. truncatus were found in the lake and both shed mammalian bifid schistosome cercariae.

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Molluscicidal Potential of Column Purified Fractions of Allium cepa against Intermediate Host of Urinary Schistosomiasis (Bulinus globosus) in Sokoto, Nigeria

Asian Journal of Research in Zoology ◽

10.9734/ajriz/2018/v1i129666 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

J. Suleiman ◽

K. Singh ◽

A. Y. Bala ◽

M. T. Muhammad ◽

M. S. Yakubu

Keyword(s):

Stationary Phase ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Intermediate Host ◽

Laboratory Condition ◽

Silica Gel ◽

Allium Cepa ◽

Mobile Phase ◽

Intermediate Hosts ◽

Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽

Bulinus Globosus

Potential of column purified fractions of Allium cepa bulb against intermediate hosts of urinary schistosomiasis (Bulinus globosus) was conducted in laboratory condition. The fresh bulbs of A. cepa were purchased from Ramin Kura market of Sokoto, identified and authenticated by a taxonomist. The bulbs were sliced into pieces, air dried and powdered. Extracts were obtained using methanol as polar then purified with silica gel as a stationary phase while N-hexane and ethyl acetate (1:1) as the mobile phase. Thirteen fractions each fraction containing 10 ml of the effluent was collected, the collected extracts were left open for evaporation for 48 hours. Ten adult B. globosus were immersed in 3liters of water containing different concentrations of the fraction and each treatment was replicated three times with control in the same condition without treatment, observations were recorded after 24 hours up to 96 hours. The toxicity experiment showed that fractions (F7, F8, F6 and F9) were most toxic fractions, LC50 after 96 hours was 19.371 mg/l. based on findings from this research it can be concluded that, A. Cepa was very potent and can be used for control of B. globosus in order to prevent urinary schistosomiasis infection in endemic areas and drugs industries may use the extracts of these plants for production of molluscicides.

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Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium and Its Intermediate Hosts in Makurdi Metropolis

Asian Journal of Research in Zoology ◽

10.9734/ajriz/2018/v1i11093 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

V. U. Obisike ◽

E. U. Amuta ◽

P. S. Adaaku

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

School Children ◽

Schistosoma Haematobium ◽

Control Measures ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Freshwater Snails ◽

Snail Species ◽

Intermediate Hosts ◽

Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽

Significant Difference

Introduction: Urinary Schistosomiasis (US) is a chronic water-borne infection caused by digenetic trematode belonging to the genus schistosoma, it is generally caused by Schistosoma haematobium. Bulinus globosus is a species of a tropical freshwater snail that acts as an intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium. Aim: The study was aimed at ascertaining the prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection and to describe its intermediate hosts among school children in Makurdi. Methodology: Snails were collected by hand picking and scooping net methods. An epidemiological survey research on urinary Schistosomiasis was undertaken from September to November 2017 among students that volunteered in the selected schools within Makurdi metropolis. A total of 97 freshwater snails were collected and 200 urine samples involving pupils aged between 5 to 18 years were collected and analyzed for the eggs of Schistosoma haematobium by microscopy using Urine Syringe Filtration Technique (USFT). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20. Chi-square test was used to determine the significant difference between variables. Results: Out of the 97 species of freshwater snails that were caught 41(42.3%) was Bulinus spp. Of the 200 urine samples analyzed, 49(24.5%) were found to be infected with ova of S. haematobium. The infection was higher among males 30(25.6%) than females 19(22.9%) although the difference was not statistically significant (χ2CAL=0.19, χ2TAB=3.84). The prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection among school children in relation to age showed that ages 15-19 years had the highest prevalence 13(38.2%) and ages 5-9 had the lowest prevalence 3(8.5%). The statistical analysis also revealed that there is no significant difference (8.302) in Schistosoma haematobium infection among the four schools in the study area. The presence of many snail species especially the Bulinus spp and increased contact time with the Schistosoma haematobium infested freshwater habitat was thought to be responsible for the prevalence of the disease in the area. Finding of this study shows that urinary Schistosomiasis was found to have a low prevalence in the area studied and there is the need to intensified integrated control measures to reduce or completely eradicate the disease.

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Mastomys natalensis (Smith, 1834) as a natural host for Schistosoma haematobium (Bilharz, 1852) Weinland, 1858 x Schistosoma bovis Sonsino, 1876 introgressive hybrids

Parasitology Research ◽

10.1007/s00436-021-07099-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Boris A.E.S. Savassi ◽

Gauthier Dobigny ◽

Jonas R. Etougbétché ◽

Thalasse T. Avocegan ◽

François T. Quinsou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Definitive Host ◽

Schistosoma Haematobium ◽

Rattus Rattus ◽

Introgressive Hybridization ◽

Mastomys Natalensis ◽

New Host ◽

Time Period ◽

Schistosoma Bovis ◽

Bulinus Globosus ◽

Internal Transcribed Spacer Rdna

AbstractCercarial emission of schistosomes is a determinant in the transmission to the definitive host and constitutes a good marker to identify which definitive host is responsible for transmission, mainly in introgressive hybridization situations. Our goal was to test the hypothesis that micro-mammals play a role in Schistosoma haematobium, S. bovis, and/or S. haematobium x S. bovis transmission. Small mammal sampling was conducted in seven semi-lacustrine villages of southern Benin. Among the 62 animals trapped, 50 individuals were investigated for Schistosoma adults and eggs: 37 Rattus rattus, 3 Rattus norvegicus, 9 Mastomys natalensis, and 1 Crocidura olivieri. Schistosoma adults were found in four R. rattus and two M. natalensis, with a local prevalence reaching 80% and 50%, respectively. Two cercarial chronotypes were found from Bulinus globosus experimentally infected with miracidia extracted from naturally infected M. natalensis: a late diurnal and nocturnal chronotype, and an early diurnal, late diurnal, and nocturnal chronotype. The cytochrome C oxidase subunit I mtDNA gene of the collected schistosomes (adults, miracidia, and cercariae) belonged to the S. bovis clade. Eleven internal transcribed spacer rDNA profiles were found; four belonged to S. bovis and seven to S. haematobium x S. bovis. These molecular results together with the observed multi-peak chronotypes add M. natalensis as a new host implicated in S. haematobium x S. bovis transmission. We discuss the origin of the new chronotypes which have become more complex with the appearance of several peaks in a 24-h day. We also discuss how the new populations of offspring may optimize intra-host ecological niche, host spectrum, and transmission time period.

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Genetic Diversity of Rice stripe necrosis virus and New Insights into Evolution of the Genus Benyvirus

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13050737 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 737

Author(s):

Issiaka Bagayoko ◽

Marcos Giovanni Celli ◽

Gustavo Romay ◽

Nils Poulicard ◽

Agnès Pinel-Galzi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Genetic Variability ◽

Sierra Leone ◽

Evolutionary History ◽

Molecular Diversity ◽

Genomic Data ◽

Gene Recombination ◽

Necrosis Virus ◽

History Of ◽

Complex Evolutionary History

The rice stripe necrosis virus (RSNV) has been reported to infect rice in several countries in Africa and South America, but limited genomic data are currently publicly available. Here, eleven RSNV genomes were entirely sequenced, including the first corpus of RSNV genomes of African isolates. The genetic variability was differently distributed along the two genomic segments. The segment RNA1, within which clusters of polymorphisms were identified, showed a higher nucleotidic variability than did the beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) RNA1 segment. The diversity patterns of both viruses were similar in the RNA2 segment, except for an in-frame insertion of 243 nucleotides located in the RSNV tgbp1 gene. Recombination events were detected into RNA1 and RNA2 segments, in particular in the two most divergent RSNV isolates from Colombia and Sierra Leone. In contrast to BNYVV, the RSNV molecular diversity had a geographical structure with two main RSNV lineages distributed in America and in Africa. Our data on the genetic diversity of RSNV revealed unexpected differences with BNYVV suggesting a complex evolutionary history of the genus Benyvirus.

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Hematospermia in a returned traveler

Canadian Urological Association Journal ◽

10.5489/cuaj.3836 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (1-2) ◽

pp. 41 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Raynell Lang ◽

Jessica Minion ◽

Alexander Wong

Keyword(s):

Schistosoma Haematobium ◽

Microscopic Analysis ◽

Lake Malawi ◽

Clinical Suspicion ◽

Eastern Africa ◽

Rare Presentation ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Common Complaint ◽

High Clinical Suspicion ◽

Global Travel

Hematospermia is a common complaint among patients seen in outpatient urology clinics. The differential diagnosis is broad and includes inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic, structural, systemic, and traumatic causes. The most common infectious causes are uropathogens and sexually transmitted infections. However, with increasing global travel, physicians must maintain a high clinical suspicion for pathogens not endemic to their region, including Echinococcus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Schistosoma.1 We present a case of hematospermia in a traveler returning from Eastern Africa with exposure to Lake Malawi. The patient’s microscopic analysis of semen was positive for Schistosoma haematobium, revealing a rare presentation of S. haematobium infection.

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