scholarly journals Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium and Its Intermediate Hosts in Makurdi Metropolis

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
V. U. Obisike ◽  
E. U. Amuta ◽  
P. S. Adaaku
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
School Children ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Freshwater Snails ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction: Urinary Schistosomiasis (US) is a chronic water-borne infection caused by digenetic trematode belonging to the genus schistosoma, it is generally caused by Schistosoma haematobium. Bulinus globosus is a species of a tropical freshwater snail that acts as an intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium. Aim: The study was aimed at ascertaining the prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection and to describe its intermediate hosts among school children in Makurdi. Methodology: Snails were collected by hand picking and scooping net methods. An epidemiological survey research on urinary Schistosomiasis was undertaken from September to November 2017 among students that volunteered in the selected schools within Makurdi metropolis. A total of 97 freshwater snails were collected and 200 urine samples involving pupils aged between 5 to 18 years were collected and analyzed for the eggs of Schistosoma haematobium by microscopy using Urine Syringe Filtration Technique (USFT). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20. Chi-square test was used to determine the significant difference between variables. Results: Out of the 97 species of freshwater snails that were caught 41(42.3%) was Bulinus spp. Of the 200 urine samples analyzed, 49(24.5%) were found to be infected with ova of S. haematobium. The infection was higher among males 30(25.6%) than females 19(22.9%) although the difference was not statistically significant (χ2CAL=0.19, χ2TAB=3.84). The prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection among school children in relation to age showed that ages 15-19 years had the highest prevalence 13(38.2%)  and ages 5-9 had the lowest prevalence 3(8.5%). The statistical analysis also revealed that there is no significant difference (8.302) in Schistosoma haematobium infection among the four schools in the study area. The presence of many snail species especially the Bulinus spp and increased contact time with the Schistosoma haematobium infested freshwater habitat was thought to be responsible for the prevalence of the disease in the area. Finding of this study shows that urinary Schistosomiasis was found to have a low prevalence in the area studied and there is the need to intensified integrated control measures to reduce or completely eradicate the disease.

URINARY SCHISTOSOMIASIS AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA: CONSEQUENCES OF INDIGENOUS BELIEFS AND WATER CONTACT ACTIVITIES

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. O. AMAZIGO ◽  
C. I. ANAGO-AMANZE ◽  
J. C. OKEIBUNOR
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Individual Perception ◽  
Significant Difference

A study of urinary schistosomiasis in Umueze-Anam, Anambra State, Nigeria, showed a Schistosoma haematobium infection of 26% (85) among school children with no significant difference by sex except when age as a variable is introduced. Eleven percent (37) of the 333 children were positive for haematuria; all these 37 children lived within 1·0 km of the water sources. Of the 85 infected children, swimming and laundering accounted for 65% and 48% of all water contact activities, for boys and girls respectively. One-third of the 230 adults interviewed believed haematuria to be a venereal disease and 20% thought it was a sign of maturity. Individual perception of causation and seriousness of haematuria differed by level of education and by sex. Less than 2% of the respondents knew that snails transmitted the disease. The effects of social restrictions on the epidemiology of infection is discussed.

Urinary schistosomiasis among primary school pupils in selected communities of Abua/Odual Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
K. Elele ◽  
E. Karibi ◽  
L.B. Gboeloh
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Drug Distribution ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
Primary School Pupils ◽  
Rivers State

The aim of the study was to determine urinary schistosomiasis in primary school pupils in some selected communities in Abua/Odual Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria, the risk factors of schistosomiasis with the view of suggesting control measures suitable to reduce infectivity and morbidity. Urine samples were collected and investigated using centrifugation and sedimentation techniques for the presence ofS. heamatobium eggs. Also, the urine was examined using the chemical reagent strip, Medi-test Combi-9 for the presence of haematuria and proteinuria in the urine. Of 140 urine samples collected and examined, haematuria and proteinuria shows prevalence of 61 (43.6%) and 94 (67.1%) respectively, and an overall prevalence of S. haematobium infection of 25% was recorded. Males (51.9%) had higher infection rate than females (17.4%). Children within age 10-13 years had the highest occurrence (55.4%), due to frequent visit in the water bodies to swim, paddle, play in the mud, fish, wash, fetch water from the infected water while the least was recorded among children within age 3-5 seen as infant whose parents restrict from visiting the river often. Emago-Kugbo recorded the highest infection with (32.3%), but the least was recorded in Akani-Kugbo with (15%). Statistical analysis showed that the infection varied significantly among sexes, age at p>0.05, community infection was equally significant at 0.05. The result of this study has shown the presence of urinary schistosomiasis in the Kugbo Clan, though prevalence was below 50%. The childrenhave no knowledge about schistosomiasis infection in the area. Also the presence of snail species especially the Bulinus globosus and increase contact with fresh water were taught to be responsible for the occurrence of the infection in the Kugbo Area. The results show that the communities around the Kugbo Clan are prevalent with schistosomiasis and that there is immediate attention for mass drug distribution of praziquantel and public health education in curbing the disease in the study-area. Keywords: Urinary schistosomiasis; primary school pupils; Abua/Odual LGA; Rivers State; Nigeria.

scholarly journals Schistosoma haematobiumin Lake Malaŵi: susceptibility and molecular diversity of the snail hostsBulinus globosusandB. nyassanus

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Stauffer ◽  
H. Madsen ◽  
B. Webster ◽  
K. Black ◽  
D. Rollinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Lake Malawi ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
Bulinus Globosus ◽  
Mitochondrial Sequences

AbstractIntermediate hosts ofSchistosoma haematobium, the causative agent of urinary schistosomiasis, in Lake Malaŵi include:Bulinus globosus, a member of theB. africanusgroup andB. nyassanus, a diploid member of theB. truncatus/tropicusspecies complex. We compared genetic variability between isolates ofS. haematobiumfrom the southern part of the lake (Cape Maclear), where bothB. globosusandB. nyassanusplay a role as intermediate hosts, and isolates from the northern part, where onlyB. globosusis host. Data show that theS. haematobiumisolates from these two areas of Lake Malaŵi cannot be distinguished using nuclear or mitochondrial sequences and are capable of cross-infections.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Urinary Schistosomiasis among Basic School Children in the Akyemansa District, Ghana

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Albert Abaka-Yawson ◽  
Christian Hotorvi ◽  
Enos Amoako Oduro ◽  
Philip Apraku Tawiah ◽  
Solomon Sosu Quarshie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
School Children ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Basic School ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background: Globally, urinary schistosomiasis has devastating implications on school children. It predisposes them to dysuria, haematuria among others which can negatively influence their academic performance. This study determined the prevalence and associated risk factors of urinary schistosomiasis among basic school children in the Akyemansa district.  Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design using multi-stage sampling was used to enroll 504 basic school children from six communities of the Akyemansa District into study. Structured questionnaires were used to gather information on risk factors. Urine samples were collected and microscopically examined for the presence of Schistosoma haematobium (SH) ova. The observed ova were then quantified as light or heavy. Results: Prevalence of SH infection among school children in Akyemansa District was 10.32% [95% CI: 7.80 -13.31%]. Out of 52 participants who were infected, 69.2% had light infection whilst the rest had heavy infection. Female participants were less likely to be infected with SH than males [OR=0.47; 95% CI: 0.23-0.97], children who do not stay by the river/stream were also less likely to be infected with SH compared to those who lived near waterbodies [OR=0.35; 95% CI: 0.17-0.72]. Additionally, participants who did not play around water bodies were also less likely to be infected with SH compared to those who did [OR=0.17; 95% CI= 0.04-0.71; p=0.015]. However, inhabitants of Kotokuom were more likely to be infected compared to those in Pawuda [OR=8.54; 95% CI: 1.91-38.27; p=0.005] Conclusion: The prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among basic school children in the Akyemansa district was found to be 10.32% [95% CI: 7.80 -13.31%]. Gender, staying around river/ stream, playing at river/ stream and habitation of participants were significantly associated with the prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection. The study therefore recommends that periodic drug administration and a comprehensive intervention strategy should be designed and implemented to reduce schistosomiasis prevalence.

scholarly journals MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the identification of freshwater snails from Senegal, including intermediate hosts of schistosomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. e0009725
Author(s):  
Fatima Zohra Hamlili ◽  
Fatou Thiam ◽  
Maureen Laroche ◽  
Adama Zan Diarra ◽  
Souleymane Doucouré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neglected Diseases ◽  
Freshwater Snails ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Biomphalaria Pfeifferi ◽  
Bulinus Truncatus ◽  
Maldi Tof Ms ◽  
Maldi Tof ◽  
Tof Ms

Freshwater snails of the genera Biomphalaria, Bulinus, and Oncomelania are intermediate hosts of schistosomes that cause human schistosomiasis, one of the most significant infectious neglected diseases in the world. Identification of freshwater snails is usually based on morphology and, potentially, DNA-based methods, but these have many drawbacks that hamper their use. MALDI-TOF MS has revolutionised clinical microbiology and has emerged in the medical entomology field. This study aims to evaluate MALDI-TOF MS profiling for the identification of both frozen and ethanol-stored snail species using protein extracts from different body parts. A total of 530 field specimens belonging to nine species (Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Bulinus forskalii, Bulinus senegalensis, Bulinus truncatus, Bulinus globosus, Bellamya unicolor, Cleopatra bulimoides, Lymnaea natalensis, Melanoides tuberculata) and 89 laboratory-reared specimens, including three species (Bi. pfeifferi, Bu. forskalii, Bu. truncatus) were used for this study. For frozen snails, the feet of 127 field and 74 laboratory-reared specimens were used to validate the optimised MALDI-TOF MS protocol. The spectral analysis yielded intra-species reproducibility and inter-species specificity which resulted in the correct identification of all the specimens in blind queries, with log-score values greater than 1.7. In a second step, we demonstrated that MALDI-TOF MS could also be used to identify ethanol-stored snails using proteins extracted from the foot using a specific database including a large number of ethanol preserved specimens. This study shows for the first time that MALDI-TOF MS is a reliable tool for the rapid identification of frozen and ethanol-stored freshwater snails without any malacological expertise.

scholarly journals Comparative Observation of the Use of Combi 10 and Filter Paper in the Diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium Infections

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
V. U. Obisike ◽  
F. O. Ikpe ◽  
E. U. Amuta
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Primary School Pupils ◽  
Filtration Technique

Urinary Schistosomiasis is neglected tropical disease (NTDs) caused by the trematode, Schistosoma haematobium. This Study was designed to comparatively observe the use of Combi 10 and filter paper in the diagnosis of Schistosoma hameatobium, and to determine the prevalence and intensity of the Infection among Primary School Pupils in Makurdi Metropolis. A survey involving 202 pupils from four different primary schools within the Makurdi Metropolis was conducted. Urine samples were collected from pupils between the ages 5 to 19 and examined for hematuria and Ova of Schistosoma haematobium using Medi Test Combi 10 and Polycarbonate Filters in Urine Syringe Filtration Technique (USFT) respectively. The prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium based on microscopic examination of Filter papers was 25.7% while prevalence of Hematuria was 35%. Prevalence of Proteinuria was observed to be 50% Infection Intensity varied from Light to heavy. In general infection was higher among males (26.3%) than females (25.8%; P>0.05) although statistically non-significant. The age specific prevalence ranged from 11.1% to 40% in 5-9 years and 15-19 years respectively (P >0.05), and showed no significant difference. There was also a strong positive correlation between the use Medi-test Combi 10 reagent strips and Poly membrane Filtration technique.  A total of 111 urine samples were positive to haematuria using combi 10 while only 52 urine samples were positive to S. haematobium using poly membrane filter paper, hence correlation is significant at 0.05 level. The above finding shows that S. haematobiumis prevalent among primary school pupils and the use of Combi 10 and Filter paper are both diagnostic tools that can be used in S. haematobium diagnosis. They can both ascertain the prevalence of the disease will provide a guide for the treatment and eradicating of the infection. Hence, decisive control measures including administration of praziquantel to pupils are needed.

scholarly journals Urinary schistosomiasis and iron deficiency anemia among Malian school children

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (30) ◽  
pp. 1845-1858
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ayoya ◽  
◽  
KM Koné ◽  
AK Traoré ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽  
School Children ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis

Anemia continues to be a major public health problem in many countries. The prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis, which contributes to anemia, often peak at school age adding to that age group’s nutrition and disease burdens. However, unlike malaria and hookworm infections, little is known on the role of urinary schistosomiasis in iron deficiency anemia. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and the effect of iron supplementation on hemoglobin (Hb) and serum ferritin (SF) levels among school children infected with Schistosoma haematobium in Bamako, the capital city of Mali. A total of 150 anemic school children between 7 and 12 years were randomly assigned to receive either 40mg/kg of praziquantel or 40mg/kg of praziquantel (P) + daily 66 mg of iron (Fe), five days a week for three months. Hb and SF were measured at baseline and at 6 and 12 weeks of the intervention. Only children who had complete Hb and SF data at each stage of the trial were included in the statistical analyses (n = 74 in the P+Fe group; n = 66 in the P group). At baseline, mean Hb (g/dl) was 10.53±0.93 in the P group and 10.47±1.17 in the Fe+P group; mean SF (µg/l) was 34.39±37.58 in the P group and 29.82±23.34 in the Fe+P group, and the prevalence of iron deficiency was 17.2%. At 6 and 12 weeks of the intervention, there was an important reduction in anemia and in iron deficiency in both treatment groups. Mean Hb (g/dl) was higher in the Fe+P group (11.63±0.88 and 11.55±0.94) than in the P group (11.14±0.98 and 10.84±0.86) at 6 and 12 weeks, respectively. Mean SF (µg/l) was also higher in the P+Fe group (74.26±40 and 100.29±53.92) than in the P group(40.65±35.63 and 40.70±29.57) at 6 and 12 weeks, respectively. In these Schistosoma haematobium infected children, iron deficiency was prevalent and treatments with P alone or in combination with Fe supplementation were able to increase hemoglobin and iron stores. Neither P nor P+Fe by alone completely reversed anemia in this sample population.

Investigation into the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in the Agulu Lake area of Anambra State, Nigeria

1994 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.C. Emejulu ◽  
F.F. Alabaronye ◽  
H.M.G. Ezenwaji ◽  
F.C. Okafor
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bulinus Globosus

AbstractIn epidemiological surveys for urinary schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium in communities around Agulu Lake, Anambra State, Nigeria, between 1990 and 1992, the infection was found to be endemic in the area, especially in three towns: Nri, Agulu, and Adazi Nnukwu. The prevalence rates varied between these communities and with the year. Inter-town prevalence rates ranged from 5.96% to 54.00%. Intravillage prevalence rates ranged between 5.50% to 96.43%. Prevalence rates were highest in villages very close to Agulu lake. There was no significant difference in prevalence between the schools. Host age, but not sex, was found to play a significant role in prevalence and intensity of infection. There was also a strong correlation between visible haematuria and egg count per 10 ml urine, but eggs could be isolated in urine samples of different shades of coloration. Analysis of incidence of infection in these communities shows that Schistosoma haematobium incidence is high in Nri (55.17%) and low at Adazi Nnukwu (5.26%). Both Bulinus globosus and B. truncatus were found in the lake and both shed mammalian bifid schistosome cercariae.

scholarly journals Land use/land cover change, physico-chemical parameters and freshwater snails in Yewa North, Southwestern Nigeria

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246566
Author(s):  
Opeyemi G. Oso ◽  
Alex B. Odaibo
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Land Cover Change ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Freshwater Snails ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Land Use Land Cover ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Physico Chemical

The management of ecosystem has been a major contributor to the control of diseases that are transmitted by snail intermediate hosts. The ability of freshwater snails to self-fertilize, giving rise to thousands of hatchlings, enables them to contribute immensely to the difficulty in reducing the endemicity of some infections in the world. One of the effects of land use/land cover change (LU/LCC) is deforestation, which, in turn, leads to the creation of suitable habitats for the survival of freshwater snails. This study was aimed at studying the land use/land cover change, physico-chemical parameters of water bodies and to understand the interplay between them and freshwater snails in an environment where a new industrial plant was established. Landsat TM, 1984, Landsat ETM+ 2000 and Operational land Imager (OLI) 2014 imageries of the study area were digitally processed using ERDAS Imagine. The land use classification includes settlement, water bodies, wetlands, vegetation and exposed surface. Dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH, total dissolved solids and conductivity were measured with multipurpose digital meters. Snail sampling was done at each site for 30 minutes along the littoral zones, using a long-handled scoop (0.2mm mesh size) net once every month for 24 months. Independent t-test was used to determine the variation between seasons, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to test the relationship between physico-chemical parameters and snail species while regression was used to analyze the relationship between LU/LCC and freshwater snails. Species’ richness, diversity and evenness were examined using Margalef, Shannon Weiner and Equitability indexes. Snail species recovered include: Bulinus globosus, Bulinus jousseaumei, Bulinus camerunensis, Bulinus senegalensis, Bulinus forskalii, Amerianna carinatus, Ferrissia spp., Segmentorbis augustus, Lymnaea natalensis, Melanoides tuberculata, Physa acuta, Gyraulus costulatus, Indoplanorbis exuxtus and Gibbiella species. Out of the total snails recovered, M. tuberculata (2907) was the most abundant, followed by Lymnaea natalensis (1542). The highest number of snail species was recovered from Iho River while the least number of snails was recovered from Euro River. The mean and standard deviation of physico-chemical parameters of the water bodies were DO (2.13±0.9 mg/L), pH (6.80±0.4), TDS (50.58±18.8 mg/L), Temperature (26.2±0.9°C) and Conductivity (74.00±27.5 μS/cm). There was significant positive correlation between pH and B. globosus (r = 0.439; P<0.05). Dissolved oxygen showed significant positive correlation with B. globosus (r = 0.454; P<0.05) and M. tuberculata (r = 0.687; P<0.01). There was a positive significant relationship between LULCC and B. camerunensis (p<0.05). The positive relationship between LULCC and the abundance of B. globosus, B. jousseaumei was not significant. The area covered by water bodies increased from 3.72 to 4.51 kilometers; this indicates that, more suitable habitats were being created for the multiplication of freshwater snails. We therefore conclude that, increase in areas suitable for the survival of freshwater snails could lead to an increase in water-borne diseases caused by the availability of snail intermediate hosts.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Intensity of Urinary Schistosomiasis Among Selected People in Tulus Area, South Darfur State, Sudan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Maki ◽  
Gafar A Ali ◽  
Khalid Hajissa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
The City ◽  
Gross Haematuria

Abstract Objective: Urinary schistosomiasis is a major public health issue in Sudan. The disease is endemic in many rural communities across the country. This is a cross-sectional study conducted to determine the prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis among selected induvial in the city of Tulus, South Darfur state, Sudan. One hundred terminal urine samples were collected and examined for Schistosoma haematobium eggs using standard filtration technique.Results: A total of 100 individual were enrolled in the study with a mean (± SD) age of 17.7 ± 0.73 years. Out of them, 62 (62%) were found to be infected with Schistosoma haematobium. The statistical analysis showed significant association with gender (P = 0.043) with higher prevalence 70.9% (39/55) in female than males 51.1% (23/45). Majority of the S. haematobium infections were classified as intense infection (82%, 51/62) with egg count ≥ 50 eggs/10 ml urine, while gross haematuria was observed in 10% of urine samples. Further studies, including large sample size will be essential to assess the burden of the disease in the study area.

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