Investigation into the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in the Agulu Lake area of Anambra State, Nigeria

1994 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.C. Emejulu ◽  
F.F. Alabaronye ◽  
H.M.G. Ezenwaji ◽  
F.C. Okafor
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bulinus Globosus

AbstractIn epidemiological surveys for urinary schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium in communities around Agulu Lake, Anambra State, Nigeria, between 1990 and 1992, the infection was found to be endemic in the area, especially in three towns: Nri, Agulu, and Adazi Nnukwu. The prevalence rates varied between these communities and with the year. Inter-town prevalence rates ranged from 5.96% to 54.00%. Intravillage prevalence rates ranged between 5.50% to 96.43%. Prevalence rates were highest in villages very close to Agulu lake. There was no significant difference in prevalence between the schools. Host age, but not sex, was found to play a significant role in prevalence and intensity of infection. There was also a strong correlation between visible haematuria and egg count per 10 ml urine, but eggs could be isolated in urine samples of different shades of coloration. Analysis of incidence of infection in these communities shows that Schistosoma haematobium incidence is high in Nri (55.17%) and low at Adazi Nnukwu (5.26%). Both Bulinus globosus and B. truncatus were found in the lake and both shed mammalian bifid schistosome cercariae.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Intensity of Urinary Schistosomiasis among Residence: A Case Study in River Benue, Adamawa State, North Eastern Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
R. S. Naphtali ◽  
J. S. Ngwamah
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
Vulnerable Communities ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
North Eastern

Background: In Nigeria, an infection caused by Schistosoma haematobium has been known to be endemic especially among residents along Rivers, and it is responsible for considerable public health problems. Aims: This study aimed at assessing the prevalence and intensity of infection among the vulnerable communities. Study Design: A cross-sectional study involving 1,404 participants within age bracket 5-55 years old and above, in ten communities across five Local Government Areas along River Benue in Adamawa State, was conducted. Urine samples were collected from randomly selected study subjects and were examined using centrifugation and sedimentation techniques. The intensity of infection was ascertained as eggs/10mls of urine and values expressed as Mean ± SD. Data on demography were obtained by structured questionnaires. The simple percentage was used and Chi-square as well to ascertain the associations between prevalence and other parameters. P<0.05 was considered as significant. Results and Discussion: The overall prevalence and intensity of infection were 23.2% and 513±0.05 eggs/10 ml of urine respectively. Kabawa had the highest infection rate and intensity with 12.4% and 80±0.02 respectively. The lowest was recorded in Kangle (12.3% and 24±0.82 eggs/10 ml), with a significant association between parasite intensity and community (p<0.05). Gender-related prevalence and intensity revealed that males (25.5% and 289±4.66 eggs/10 ml) were more affected than the females (20.8% and 206±4.49 eggs/10 ml). Participants within age bracket 5-14 years old had the highest prevalence (36.6%) and intensity (142±0.005 eggs/10 ml), while the lowest was recorded among age group 45-54 years old with 9.0% and 42±0.040 eggs/10 ml. Prevalence and intensity of infection was highest among Subjects fetching water from River/Streams (31.8%, 46±0.080 egg/10 ml of urine), whereas the least were observed among borehole fetchers (13.8% and 241±0.302 egg/10 ml of urine). Occupational related prevalence and intensity were highest among Fishers with 35.0% and 188±0.012 egg/10 ml of urine. Chemotherapy and Health Education should be advocated across the study area. Conclusion: This study has established that Schistosoma haematobium infection is prevalent among the residents living along the River Benue in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Although infection was more among the males than the females, there was no significant difference, but there were significant differences in prevalence and intensity with age, the source of drinking water, and occupation.

URINARY SCHISTOSOMIASIS AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN IN NIGERIA: CONSEQUENCES OF INDIGENOUS BELIEFS AND WATER CONTACT ACTIVITIES

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. O. AMAZIGO ◽  
C. I. ANAGO-AMANZE ◽  
J. C. OKEIBUNOR
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Individual Perception ◽  
Significant Difference

A study of urinary schistosomiasis in Umueze-Anam, Anambra State, Nigeria, showed a Schistosoma haematobium infection of 26% (85) among school children with no significant difference by sex except when age as a variable is introduced. Eleven percent (37) of the 333 children were positive for haematuria; all these 37 children lived within 1·0 km of the water sources. Of the 85 infected children, swimming and laundering accounted for 65% and 48% of all water contact activities, for boys and girls respectively. One-third of the 230 adults interviewed believed haematuria to be a venereal disease and 20% thought it was a sign of maturity. Individual perception of causation and seriousness of haematuria differed by level of education and by sex. Less than 2% of the respondents knew that snails transmitted the disease. The effects of social restrictions on the epidemiology of infection is discussed.

scholarly journals Schistosoma haematobiumin Lake Malaŵi: susceptibility and molecular diversity of the snail hostsBulinus globosusandB. nyassanus

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Stauffer ◽  
H. Madsen ◽  
B. Webster ◽  
K. Black ◽  
D. Rollinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Lake Malawi ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
Bulinus Globosus ◽  
Mitochondrial Sequences

AbstractIntermediate hosts ofSchistosoma haematobium, the causative agent of urinary schistosomiasis, in Lake Malaŵi include:Bulinus globosus, a member of theB. africanusgroup andB. nyassanus, a diploid member of theB. truncatus/tropicusspecies complex. We compared genetic variability between isolates ofS. haematobiumfrom the southern part of the lake (Cape Maclear), where bothB. globosusandB. nyassanusplay a role as intermediate hosts, and isolates from the northern part, where onlyB. globosusis host. Data show that theS. haematobiumisolates from these two areas of Lake Malaŵi cannot be distinguished using nuclear or mitochondrial sequences and are capable of cross-infections.

Epidemiology of Toxocara spp. in stray dogs and cats in Dublin, Ireland

1994 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. O'Lorcain
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Toxocara Canis ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Age And Sex

AbstractA survey was undertaken to study the epidemiology of Toxocara spp. in 350 dogs and 181 cats. A prevalence of 82.6% was recorded for Toxocara canis and 42% for T. cati. The distribution of parasite burdens in both dogs and cats was overdispersed. The highest parasite prevalence rates and burdens were found in hosts of 12 to 24 weeks of age. No Toxocara parasites were found in cats between 0 to 4 weeks old. There was no significant difference in parasite prevalence between male and female dogs or between male and female cats. The relationships between host age and sex with parasite prevalence, burden and length are discussed. Female T. canis worms with mature ova and those with immature ova differed significantly with regard to their length. The relationship between the length of mature T. canis female worms and the proportion of body length occupied by the uterus was highly significant.

Toxocara catiinfections in stray cats in northern Iran

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sharif ◽  
M. Nasrolahei ◽  
S. P. Ziapour ◽  
S. Gholami ◽  
H. Ziaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Host Age ◽  
Toxocara Cati ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stray Cats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Urban Sites

AbstractA cross-sectional survey was undertaken to study the prevalence and intensity of infection withToxocara catiin 100 stray cats, from April to October 2004 in urban areas of Sari, northern Iran. A total of 44 cats (44%) were found to be infected withT. cati. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of infection relative to host age and weight (P = 0.000). There was also a significant difference in the intensity of infection relative to body weight and urban sites (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the prevalence of infection relative to host gender, urban sites and season (P>0.05), nor in the intensity of infection between host gender, age and season (P>0.05). The intensity of infection ranged from 1 to 32 worms per cat, with a mean of 7.30 ± 6.82.

scholarly journals Comparison for the Effectiveness of Column Purified Fractions of Allium cepa Bulbs and Allium sativum Cloves against Bulinus globosus (Intermediate Host of Urinary Schistosomiasis) in Sokoto, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
J. Suleiman ◽  
Kiran Singh ◽  
A. Y. Bala ◽  
M. T. Muhammad ◽  
A. Abdullahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
World Health ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bulinus Globosus ◽  
Health Organization

Synthetic molluscicides widely used for the control of urinary schistosomiasis are expensive, toxic to non-target organisms, not available and may have deleterious long-term effects in the environment. The aim of this research is to compare the efficacy of column purified fractions of Allium cepa and Allium sativum against Bulinus globosus specimens (intermediate host of urinary schistosomiasis) under laboratory conditions as an increment for the cheaper, non-toxic, available way of controlling urinary schistosomiasis. Extracts were obtained using cold maceration method with methanol as a polar solvent; column purification was achieved using silica gel (stationary phase) while ethyl acetate and n-hexane (mobile phase); thirteen fractions were collected from each plant and each fraction contained 10ml of the eluent; the fractions were left open for 48 hours for evaporation of the solvents. Experiments were performed according to the methodology described by the World Health Organization for molluscicidal activity tests; each treatment was replicated three times; mortality was recorded after each 24 hours up to 96 hours. The results showed that; A. sativum was more effective against B. globosus as compared with A. cepa with statistical significant difference (P<0.05) and LC50 were 15.60mg/l and 19.37mg/l for the efficacy of A. cepa and A. sativum respectively. It was concluded that, although, A. cepa purified fractions are more effective than A. sativum against B. globosus, both of the plants species may be helpful in snail control at acceptable doses since the plant extracts caused mortality of the snail.

scholarly journals Urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria: a 50 year review of prevalence, distribution and disease burden

Parasite ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Ogbonna Ezeh ◽  
Kenechukwu Chibuike Onyekwelu ◽  
Olaoluwa Phebian Akinwale ◽  
Lv Shan ◽  
Hu Wei
Keyword(s):  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Biomphalaria Pfeifferi ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
Schistosomiasis Control ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Bulinus Globosus

We reviewed survey data deposited in the Global Neglected Tropical Diseases database and many other articles on the prevalence and distribution of Schistosoma haematobium in Nigeria. Schistosoma haematobium surveys conducted over the period of 50 years under review using different diagnostic tools revealed that Ogun State has the highest prevalence, followed by Ekiti state, while the lowest prevalence was recorded in Adamawa. No incidence of Schistosoma haematobium was recorded for states such as Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Nasarawa, Jigawa and Gombe. In terms of endemicity, this review has shown that Nigeria is divided into four zones: hyperendemic, moderately endemic, low endemic, and no endemic zones. A survey of 47 (15%) of the 323 dams in Nigeria revealed that 45 out of the 47 dams are located in the hyperendemic zone, while the remaining two are located in the moderately endemic zone. Twenty (43%) of the total surveyed dams harboured Bulinus globosus and/or Biomphalaria pfeifferi, the local intermediate hosts of schistosomes, and 18 of these are located in the hyperendemic zone, while the other two are in the moderately endemic zone. We conclude that there is an urgent need to carry out a nationwide survey to help in planning, coordinating, and evaluating schistosomiasis control activities.

Urinary schistosomiasis in rural communities of some Local Government Areas in Plateau State, Nigeria: a preliminary parasitological and malacological Survey

1996 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Akufongwe ◽  
D. A. Dakul ◽  
P.D. Michael ◽  
P.D. Dajagat ◽  
W.L. Arabs
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Snail Infection ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
Plateau State ◽  
Transmission Foci

AbstractA preliminary parasitological and malacological survey was effected in rural communities of some Local Government Areas (LGA) in Plateau State, Nigeria, to estimate the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and identify active transmission foci. Out of 2888 persons examined in six LGAs, 1381 (47.82%) were excreting eggs of Schistosoma haematobium in their urine. Prevalence rates did not vary significantly (P > 0.05) between the LGAs: Pankshin (62.4%), Shendam (40.2%), Qua'an-Pan (22.9%), Langtang South (45.4%), Langtang North (58.8%) and Wase (50.0%). Infection rates were significantly different (P < 0.001) between the sexes. Many water bodies in the study communities were colonized by infected Bulinus snails. Snail infection rates varied significantly (P < 0.001) between the dry and wet seasons. A positive correlation was observed between snail infection rates and the prevalence of S. haematobium.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium and Its Intermediate Hosts in Makurdi Metropolis

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
V. U. Obisike ◽  
E. U. Amuta ◽  
P. S. Adaaku
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
School Children ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Freshwater Snails ◽  
Snail Species ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction: Urinary Schistosomiasis (US) is a chronic water-borne infection caused by digenetic trematode belonging to the genus schistosoma, it is generally caused by Schistosoma haematobium. Bulinus globosus is a species of a tropical freshwater snail that acts as an intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium. Aim: The study was aimed at ascertaining the prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection and to describe its intermediate hosts among school children in Makurdi. Methodology: Snails were collected by hand picking and scooping net methods. An epidemiological survey research on urinary Schistosomiasis was undertaken from September to November 2017 among students that volunteered in the selected schools within Makurdi metropolis. A total of 97 freshwater snails were collected and 200 urine samples involving pupils aged between 5 to 18 years were collected and analyzed for the eggs of Schistosoma haematobium by microscopy using Urine Syringe Filtration Technique (USFT). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20. Chi-square test was used to determine the significant difference between variables. Results: Out of the 97 species of freshwater snails that were caught 41(42.3%) was Bulinus spp. Of the 200 urine samples analyzed, 49(24.5%) were found to be infected with ova of S. haematobium. The infection was higher among males 30(25.6%) than females 19(22.9%) although the difference was not statistically significant (χ2CAL=0.19, χ2TAB=3.84). The prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium infection among school children in relation to age showed that ages 15-19 years had the highest prevalence 13(38.2%)  and ages 5-9 had the lowest prevalence 3(8.5%). The statistical analysis also revealed that there is no significant difference (8.302) in Schistosoma haematobium infection among the four schools in the study area. The presence of many snail species especially the Bulinus spp and increased contact time with the Schistosoma haematobium infested freshwater habitat was thought to be responsible for the prevalence of the disease in the area. Finding of this study shows that urinary Schistosomiasis was found to have a low prevalence in the area studied and there is the need to intensified integrated control measures to reduce or completely eradicate the disease.

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